id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e1a3cbe3433e1400423066 | Catalan_language | In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep'). | Where is IEC's standard used? | {
"text": [
"the Balearic Islands"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e1a3cbe3433e1400423067 | Catalan_language | In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep'). | How is the standard used there? | {
"text": [
"adapted for the Balearic dialect"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56e1a3cbe3433e1400423069 | Catalan_language | In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep'). | What is a first person singular feature of the Balearic standard? | {
"text": [
"non-ending"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a6 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect? | {
"text": [
"Alghero"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a7 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What definite article is found rather than el? | {
"text": [
"lo"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a8 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What is -v- used for? | {
"text": [
"imperfect tense"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a9 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What dialect employs many archaic words? | {
"text": [
"Alguerese"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230aa | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted? | {
"text": [
"weak pronouns"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8e | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon? | {
"text": [
"La Franja"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8f | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | When did the government of Aragon degree the establishment of a language regulator? | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a91 | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | What language is the regulator meant to standardize? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a92 | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | Where is the language to be regulated located? | {
"text": [
"La Franja"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aac | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | How is Valencian classified? | {
"text": [
"Western dialect"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aad | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"northwestern varieties"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aae | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalonia"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aaf | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | What forms are mutually intelligible? | {
"text": [
"Catalan and Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67ab0 | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"90% to 95%"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad6 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"as the same language"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad7 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"as the same language"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad8 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | What is the official regulating body of Valencian? | {
"text": [
"the Valencian Academy of Language"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad9 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"Valencian Academy of Language"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fa | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard. | Who established the AVL? | {
"text": [
"Valencian parliament"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fb | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard. | Over what does the AVL make rules governing? | {
"text": [
"use of Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fc | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard. | What is the AVL standard based on? | {
"text": [
"Norms of Castelló"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fd | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard. | Who uses this standard? | {
"text": [
"everyone who writes"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fe | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard. | Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own? | {
"text": [
"Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0e | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan? | {
"text": [
"different"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0f | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian? | {
"text": [
"between 2001 and 2004"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b10 | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different? | {
"text": [
"younger generations"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b11 | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b12 | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy? | {
"text": [
"A minority"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b18 | Catalan_language | This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. | What has produced a great deal of controversy? | {
"text": [
"clash of opinions"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1b | Catalan_language | This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. | When did the EU create the European Constitution? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1c | Catalan_language | This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. | Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution? | {
"text": [
"Spanish government"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b47 | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | As what can divergence in the groups be shown? | {
"text": [
"as an archaism"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b48 | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | How does central Catalan behave with the groups? | {
"text": [
"as an innovative element"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b49 | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Eastern and Western"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b4a | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What language has a lexical unity? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423160 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What can use words from different dialects? | {
"text": [
"Literary Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423161 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What kind of words are excepted from literary use? | {
"text": [
"restricted use"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423162 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423163 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects? | {
"text": [
"detriment of others"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423164 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What kind of choice is now available in word choice? | {
"text": [
"greater freedom of choice"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423174 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words? | {
"text": [
"Greek and Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423175 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin? | {
"text": [
"very early"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423176 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | In whose work can you find examples of acquired words? | {
"text": [
"Ramon Llull"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423177 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"fourteenth and fifteenth centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423178 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Roís de Corella"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b98 | Catalan_language | The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What is common in Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"agglutination"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b99 | Catalan_language | The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages? | {
"text": [
"morphological"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9a | Catalan_language | The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What word additive is usually added to verbs? | {
"text": [
"Prefixes"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9b | Catalan_language | The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What other word changes can occur in derivations? | {
"text": [
"sound alternations"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9c | Catalan_language | The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What word supplement can be put on an already existing word base? | {
"text": [
"affixes"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e1cd44e3433e140042319d | Catalan_language | In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as: | What is the usual masculine suffix? | {
"text": [
"-o"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231b8 | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What kind of words does Catalan have few of? | {
"text": [
"suppletive couplets"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231b9 | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What languages have more couplets than Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231ba | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What languages are similar to Catalan in numbers of couplets? | {
"text": [
"Italian and Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231bb | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56e1d349e3433e14004231c0 | Catalan_language | There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent. | What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives? | {
"text": [
"Occitan and French"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56e1d349e3433e14004231c1 | Catalan_language | There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent. | What is ab example of a gender marked adjective? | {
"text": [
"bullent/bullenta"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e1d349e3433e14004231c2 | Catalan_language | There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent. | What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective? | {
"text": [
"bullent/bullenta"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc0 | Catalan_language | As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | What is the usual way to make a plural? | {
"text": [
"suffix -s"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc1 | Catalan_language | As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | What can the addition of the suffix -s produce? | {
"text": [
"morphological alternations"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc2 | Catalan_language | As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | To what are these morphological changes similar? | {
"text": [
"gender inflection"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc3 | Catalan_language | As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | What is an important plural alternation? | {
"text": [
"addition of -o-"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231de | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What does the large number of omissions make the determinatives? | {
"text": [
"complex"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231df | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What is much like the neighboring languages? | {
"text": [
"inflection of determinatives"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e0 | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What language does Catalan have more contractions than? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e1 | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | Catalan has less contractions than what language? | {
"text": [
"Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e2 | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition? | {
"text": [
"article"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bda | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned? | {
"text": [
"unstressed possessives"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdc | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What other language shares this type of construction? | {
"text": [
"Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdd | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What is an example of an article +stressed forms? | {
"text": [
"el meu"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bde | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What is an example of an unstressed possessive? | {
"text": [
"mon"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be4 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"13 distinct forms"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be5 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish? | {
"text": [
"11"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be6 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian? | {
"text": [
"9"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be7 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there? | {
"text": [
"65"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
56e1e388e3433e14004231e9 | Catalan_language | Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality. | What is this distinction similar to? | {
"text": [
"all other Romance languages"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56e1e388e3433e14004231ea | Catalan_language | Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality. | What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56e1e388e3433e14004231ec | Catalan_language | Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality. | What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for? | {
"text": [
"formality"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f2 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French or Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f4 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What do you not need to use in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"passive voice"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f5 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French or English"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f6 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What method does Spanish use to identify the object? | {
"text": [
"preposition"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bee | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | What is Catalan verbal inflection ? | {
"text": [
"more complex"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf0 | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | What plays a primary part in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Suffixation"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf1 | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | What plays a secondary part in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"morphological alternations"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf2 | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | How are vowel alternances in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"active"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf8 | Catalan_language | The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive. | What system is common to Western Romance? | {
"text": [
"Catalan verbal system"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf9 | Catalan_language | The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive. | What have many dialects replaced? | {
"text": [
"synthetic indicative perfect"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bfb | Catalan_language | The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive. | What is the Catalan verbal system common to? | {
"text": [
"all Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c00 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | How are Catalan verbs grouped? | {
"text": [
"into three conjugations"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c02 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs? | {
"text": [
"first conjugation"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c03 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | How many verbs are in the third conjugation? | {
"text": [
"700"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c04 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs? | {
"text": [
"second"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e1400423206 | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | How many surnames does everyone in Spain have? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e1400423207 | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | Which one of one's father's surnames is used? | {
"text": [
"first"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e1400423209 | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames? | {
"text": [
"joining both surnames"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e140042320a | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames? | {
"text": [
"in"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
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