id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e11807cd28a01900c67591 | Catalan_language | In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/. | Since what year has this term been used? | {
"text": [
"1652"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56e11a70cd28a01900c675bd | Catalan_language | The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below. | Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Valencian Community"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56e11a70cd28a01900c675be | Catalan_language | The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below. | What are Catalan and Valencian the names for? | {
"text": [
"the same language"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
56e11a70cd28a01900c675c1 | Catalan_language | The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below. | What affect does different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce? | {
"text": [
"dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56e129a7cd28a01900c6766f | Catalan_language | By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988. | What language did Catalan descend from? | {
"text": [
"Vulgar Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56e129a7cd28a01900c67670 | Catalan_language | By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988. | When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees? | {
"text": [
"9th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56e129a7cd28a01900c67671 | Catalan_language | By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988. | Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century? | {
"text": [
"Hispania Tarraconensis"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56e129a7cd28a01900c67672 | Catalan_language | By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988. | Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century? | {
"text": [
"Catalan counts"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56e129a7cd28a01900c67673 | Catalan_language | By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988. | When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire? | {
"text": [
"988"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
56e12f03e3433e1400422c96 | Catalan_language | In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries. | When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"11th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56e12f03e3433e1400422c97 | Catalan_language | In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries. | When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance? | {
"text": [
"by 1080"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
56e12f03e3433e1400422c98 | Catalan_language | In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries. | To what language did Catalan display similarities? | {
"text": [
"Gallo-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
56e12f03e3433e1400422c9a | Catalan_language | In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries. | What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from? | {
"text": [
"Old Occitan"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56e132ebcd28a01900c67697 | Catalan_language | During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century. | When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River? | {
"text": [
"11th and 12th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56e132ebcd28a01900c67698 | Catalan_language | During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century. | When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands? | {
"text": [
"13th century"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e132ebcd28a01900c67699 | Catalan_language | During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century. | When Catalan reach Sardinia? | {
"text": [
"14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
56e132ebcd28a01900c6769a | Catalan_language | During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century. | Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century? | {
"text": [
"Murcia"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
56e132ebcd28a01900c6769b | Catalan_language | During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century. | When did Murcia become Spanish speaking? | {
"text": [
"15th century"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
56e134e9cd28a01900c676ab | Catalan_language | In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". | When was the golden age of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Low Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56e134e9cd28a01900c676ac | Catalan_language | In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". | Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon? | {
"text": [
"city of Valencia"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
56e134e9cd28a01900c676ad | Catalan_language | In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". | What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
56e134e9cd28a01900c676ae | Catalan_language | In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". | Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia? | {
"text": [
"17th"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
56e134e9cd28a01900c676af | Catalan_language | In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". | Who called Catalan one of the great languages? | {
"text": [
"Costa Carreras"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
56e1373de3433e1400422cbe | Catalan_language | Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. | Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc? | {
"text": [
"Martorell"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e1373de3433e1400422cbf | Catalan_language | Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. | What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc? | {
"text": [
"chivalry"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56e1373de3433e1400422cc0 | Catalan_language | Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. | To what does Matorell's work show a transition? | {
"text": [
"Renaissance values"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56e1373de3433e1400422cc1 | Catalan_language | Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. | What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? | {
"text": [
"Metge"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e1373de3433e1400422cc2 | Catalan_language | Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. | In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula? | {
"text": [
"movable type"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd2 | Catalan_language | With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual. | When were Castille and Aragon united? | {
"text": [
"1479"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd3 | Catalan_language | With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual. | After 1479, what language became more valued? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd4 | Catalan_language | With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual. | When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend? | {
"text": [
"16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd5 | Catalan_language | With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual. | What language began to supersede Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd6 | Catalan_language | With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual. | At this time what classes became bilingual? | {
"text": [
"urban and literary"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdc | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees? | {
"text": [
"1659"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdd | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France? | {
"text": [
"northern part"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cde | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France? | {
"text": [
"Treaty of the Pyrenees"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdf | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | What language began to influence Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422ce0 | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"1700"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676d9 | Catalan_language | Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | When did France outlaw Catalan? | {
"text": [
"1789"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676da | Catalan_language | Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois? | {
"text": [
"French Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676dc | Catalan_language | Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned? | {
"text": [
"Occitan, Flemish, and Basque"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676dd | Catalan_language | Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | What are French non standard languages called? | {
"text": [
"patois"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfa | Catalan_language | Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | When did the French obtain Algeria? | {
"text": [
"1833"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfb | Catalan_language | Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | Where did the Algiers immigrants come from? | {
"text": [
"Northern Catalonia and Minorca"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfc | Catalan_language | Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called? | {
"text": [
"patuet"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfd | Catalan_language | Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911? | {
"text": [
"around 100,000"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfe | Catalan_language | Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d1e | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | What is the official language of France? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d20 | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan? | {
"text": [
"in public life and education"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d21 | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language? | {
"text": [
"General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d22 | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | What language does the General Council want to promote? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67751 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67752 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | Where did Catalan experience defeat? | {
"text": [
"War of Spanish Succession"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67753 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | When was the war of Spanish Succession? | {
"text": [
"1714"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67754 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67755 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7e | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature? | {
"text": [
"revival"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7f | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | What is Renaixenca? | {
"text": [
"Catalan literary revival"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d80 | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland? | {
"text": [
"1833"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d81 | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | When did this revival period begin? | {
"text": [
"1833"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d82 | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte? | {
"text": [
"early 20th"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c67798 | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c67799 | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory? | {
"text": [
"in all schools"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779a | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Since the transition, what is the official language? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779b | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Besides as an official and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language? | {
"text": [
"mass media"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422daa | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | Where has Catalan always been the only language? | {
"text": [
"Andorra"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dab | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | When was the Andorran constitution produced? | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dac | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | What policies are the Andorrans enforcing? | {
"text": [
"Andorranization policies"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dad | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | What is an Andorran school policy? | {
"text": [
"Catalan medium education"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dae | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | What is the only language of Andorra? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dba | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | What kind of shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas? | {
"text": [
"language shift processes"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbb | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"60 or older"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbc | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbd | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language? | {
"text": [
"30%"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbe | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e5 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e6 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero? | {
"text": [
"Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e7 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza? | {
"text": [
"ingrained diglossic attitudes"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e8 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is another expression for bilingual attitudes? | {
"text": [
"diglossic attitudes"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e9 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56e1573fe3433e1400422ddf | Catalan_language | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed? | {
"text": [
"Occitano-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56e1573fe3433e1400422de1 | Catalan_language | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch? | {
"text": [
"linguists"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e1573fe3433e1400422de2 | Catalan_language | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category? | {
"text": [
"Spanish ones"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e4e | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What is Catalan a variety of? | {
"text": [
"Occitan language"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e4f | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"varying degrees"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e50 | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan? | {
"text": [
"differences"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e51 | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What does Catalan share with other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"many traits"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e52 | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"closely related"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e74 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"many traits"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e75 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | Where is the Catalan language mostly located? | {
"text": [
"Iberian Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e76 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | In pronunciation what is Catalan different from? | {
"text": [
"Ibero-Romance group"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e77 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"Spanish and Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e78 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | To what group is Catalan most closely related? | {
"text": [
"Occitan"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e88 | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian? | {
"text": [
"87%"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e89 | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese? | {
"text": [
"85%"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8a | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish? | {
"text": [
"80%"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8b | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | What is the relationship similarity to Ladin? | {
"text": [
"76%"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8c | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | How related is Sardinian to Catalan? | {
"text": [
"75%"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56e167b2e3433e1400422ea6 | Catalan_language | During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French). | What has Catalan often been considered? | {
"text": [
"dialect of Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56e167b2e3433e1400422ea7 | Catalan_language | During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French). | During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect? | {
"text": [
"Francoist"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
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