id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c25 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility? | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c26 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did? | {
"text": [
"retained all their constitutional prerogatives"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2b | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure? | {
"text": [
"obscure"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2c | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha? | {
"text": [
"odwieczna"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2d | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins? | {
"text": [
"descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2e | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta? | {
"text": [
"Alexander the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729d | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class? | {
"text": [
"Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729e | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | In this theory, what was the upper class? | {
"text": [
"was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729f | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHen did they find the polish kingdom? | {
"text": [
"about the fifth century."
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a0 | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHat caste system does the hindu society have? | {
"text": [
"military caste"
],
"answer_start": [
1284
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a1 | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | Who shares the same caste system as Hindu? | {
"text": [
"The szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
1255
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c35 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights? | {
"text": [
"documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c36 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices? | {
"text": [
"Middle Ages and in the early modern period"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c37 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | The polish anem and cry ritualized what? | {
"text": [
"the ius militare,"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c38 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what? | {
"text": [
"define knightly status"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3d | Szlachta | Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance... | Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar? | {
"text": [
"Around the 14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3e | Szlachta | Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance... | What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas? | {
"text": [
"defend the country"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c42 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What contributed to the long standing traditions? | {
"text": [
"geography"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c43 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was governing the polish tribes? | {
"text": [
"wiec"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c44 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was the wiec? | {
"text": [
"an assembly of free tribesmen"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c45 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern? | {
"text": [
"an elected prince"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c46 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was the governing position limited to? | {
"text": [
"elites"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4c | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What ruled over the tribes? | {
"text": [
"clans (ród)"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4d | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What did the clans people all have in common? | {
"text": [
"theoretically descending from a common ancestor"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4e | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What gave them a sense of solidarity? | {
"text": [
"related by blood or marriage"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4f | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What were stronghold called? | {
"text": [
"grόd"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c50 | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What was the territory occupied by a single tribe? | {
"text": [
"opole"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a7 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | WHo established an elite knightly retinue? | {
"text": [
"Mieszko I of Poland"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a8 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning? | {
"text": [
"(c. 935 – 25 May 992)"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a9 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in? | {
"text": [
"preserving the unity of his state"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172aa | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | Who also established this retinue as well? | {
"text": [
"Mieszko I's successors"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172b9 | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century? | {
"text": [
"rycerz"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172ba | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz? | {
"text": [
"knight"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bd | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility? | {
"text": [
"could serve as officials in state administration."
],
"answer_start": [
1005
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e172ff | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | WHen was the period of Division? | {
"text": [
"A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17300 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | What stemmed the period of division? | {
"text": [
"Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17301 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | What tribe was the prior social structure from? | {
"text": [
"Polish"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17302 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | WHen did the Piast dynasty appear? | {
"text": [
"850 A.D."
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17303 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | Polish nation ruled by what dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Piast dynasty,"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625cce | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | What did some Mozni regard themselves with? | {
"text": [
"co-proprietors of Piast realms"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625ccf | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms? | {
"text": [
"attempted to deprive them of their independence"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625cd0 | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority? | {
"text": [
"możni"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731b | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | WHat were nobles named in german language? | {
"text": [
"die beste leuten"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731c | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What were the nobles named in lithuanian? | {
"text": [
"ponai"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731d | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What were the higher nobility named? | {
"text": [
"kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731e | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | The kunigai were subordinate to who? | {
"text": [
"King of Lithuania."
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731f | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What word is used to denominate nobility? | {
"text": [
"бояре"
],
"answer_start": [
725
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17325 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility? | {
"text": [
"Polish szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17326 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What did the polish szlachta become more of? | {
"text": [
"polonized"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17327 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox? | {
"text": [
"they were of Roman extraction"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17328 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility? | {
"text": [
"šlėkta"
],
"answer_start": [
851
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17329 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | Who forbid the use of the word slekta? | {
"text": [
"Lithuanian linguists"
],
"answer_start": [
896
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfc | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | WHo was first invloved in the polonization? | {
"text": [
"the highest members of the nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfd | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | Who imposed various sanction on the people? | {
"text": [
"Russian Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfe | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians? | {
"text": [
"removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cff | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What did the russian officials announce as a sanction? | {
"text": [
"\"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism\""
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625d00 | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What language was banned from printing on books? | {
"text": [
"Lithuanian language."
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d06 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards? | {
"text": [
"Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d07 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? | {
"text": [
"multicultural and multilingual"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d08 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania? | {
"text": [
"principalities of Halych and Volhynia"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d09 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian? | {
"text": [
"intermarried"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17343 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles? | {
"text": [
"Polish and Lithuanian nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17344 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What social pressure was pressing down the people? | {
"text": [
"convert to Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17345 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. | {
"text": [
"Union of Brest"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17346 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What year was the union of brest | {
"text": [
"1596"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d36 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what? | {
"text": [
"by monarch"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d37 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | What right was reversed by sijm? | {
"text": [
"ennoblement"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d38 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | What would be given to the enobled one? | {
"text": [
"undifferentiated coat of arms"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d39 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement? | {
"text": [
"sejm"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d3a | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | What clan was given the privileged of enoblement? | {
"text": [
"szlachta clan"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17371 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland. | Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800? | {
"text": [
"between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17372 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland. | What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century. | {
"text": [
"two ennoblements per year"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17373 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland. | What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements? | {
"text": [
"heraldic sources"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17381 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth | {
"text": [
"1,600"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17382 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | When did theys tart recording the ennoblements? | {
"text": [
"14th century onward"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17383 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | When were most ennoblements implemented? | {
"text": [
"final years of the late 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a5 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | WHo reformed the grand duchy army? | {
"text": [
"Vytautas the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a6 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors? | {
"text": [
"bajorai"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a7 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR? | {
"text": [
"Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a8 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | What is an example of noble family name? | {
"text": [
"Goštautai,"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a9 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | Who gave the coat of arms to others? | {
"text": [
"Union of Horodlo"
],
"answer_start": [
746
]
} |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbd | Szlachta | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | Who defined the significant legislative changes? | {
"text": [
"Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbe | Szlachta | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation? | {
"text": [
"1374 exemption from the land tax,"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56f816a9aef2371900625dc0 | Szlachta | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from? | {
"text": [
"rights of commoners"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc5 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | What was a rarest rare to become a noble? | {
"text": [
"service to the state"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc6 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way? | {
"text": [
"really usurpers, being commoners,"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc7 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | Who denounced many nobles? | {
"text": [
"Hieronim Nekanda Trepka"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc8 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | When did the denouncing of many nobles take place? | {
"text": [
"first half of the 16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc9 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | What did the nobles lose by being denounced? | {
"text": [
"owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173af | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what? | {
"text": [
"many rights"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b0 | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | What was the nobilities commonwealth? | {
"text": [
"Poland"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b1 | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | WHo elected the king? | {
"text": [
"not of the king or the ruling dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b3 | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom? | {
"text": [
"dynasty's female-line descendants."
],
"answer_start": [
739
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dcf | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | When did kings grant privileges to the nobles? | {
"text": [
"at the time of their election to the throne"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dd0 | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | What specified the kings privileges? | {
"text": [
"king-elect's Pacta conventa"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dd1 | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | What was also in exchange during he election of the throne? | {
"text": [
"ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dd2 | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | What did nobles get in from the king during election? | {
"text": [
"privileges"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd7 | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew? | {
"text": [
"1355"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd8 | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? | {
"text": [
"Buda King Casimir III the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd9 | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great? | {
"text": [
"Louis I of Hungary"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.