id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f81cabaef2371900625dda | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | What was promised by Buda King Casimer? | {
"text": [
"the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625ddb | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts? | {
"text": [
"the king and the court"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cd | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce? | {
"text": [
"1374"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cf | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles? | {
"text": [
"exempted the entire class from all but one tax"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d0 | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes? | {
"text": [
"abolished"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d1 | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war? | {
"text": [
"King to pay indemnities"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e1 | Szlachta | In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), inclu... | Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property? | {
"text": [
"King Władysław II Jagiełło"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e2 | Szlachta | In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), inclu... | When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property? | {
"text": [
"1422"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e3 | Szlachta | In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), inclu... | What happened to the right to mint coinage? | {
"text": [
"ceded"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e07 | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place? | {
"text": [
"at Kraków in 1433"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e08 | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of? | {
"text": [
"Brześć Kujawski privilege"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e09 | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus? | {
"text": [
"nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e0a | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? | {
"text": [
"warrant from a court of justice"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e0b | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? | {
"text": [
"King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17405 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | When were the Nieszawa statutes granted? | {
"text": [
"1454"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17406 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | What did the Nieszawa statues clarify? | {
"text": [
"the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17407 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | THe nobility was protected from what? | {
"text": [
"judicial abuses"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17408 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | Whos power was curbed? | {
"text": [
"magnates"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17409 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | Why did the szlachta demand privileges? | {
"text": [
"their participation in the Thirteen Years' War."
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741d | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | When did the first free election take place? | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741e | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | What was different about later elections then first free election? | {
"text": [
"no restrictions on the choice of candidates."
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741f | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | Who only voted in the election of 1492? | {
"text": [
"senators"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e17420 | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | Who won the election of 1492? | {
"text": [
"John I Albert"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e17421 | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492? | {
"text": [
"Jagiellonian Dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e1742f | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow? | {
"text": [
"King John I Albert"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17430 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when? | {
"text": [
"On April 26, 1496"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17431 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power? | {
"text": [
"increasing"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17432 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | Who was allowed to leave the village? | {
"text": [
"one son (not the eldest)"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17433 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing? | {
"text": [
"owning land"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e89 | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform? | {
"text": [
"23 October 1501"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8a | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed? | {
"text": [
"Union of Mielnik"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8b | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | Where was the coronation Sejm founded? | {
"text": [
"Union of Mielnik"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8d | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | What right was given to the nobles? | {
"text": [
"disobey the King or his representatives"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9d | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen? | {
"text": [
"3 May 1505"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9e | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"? | {
"text": [
"King Alexander I Jagiellon"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625ea0 | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | What happened to the notabilities political position? | {
"text": [
"greatly strengthened"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625ea1 | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | What has happened to the legislative power? | {
"text": [
"legislative power from the king to the Sejm."
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea7 | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | What was the movement called also known as execution of laws? | {
"text": [
"\"executionist movement"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea9 | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do? | {
"text": [
"return many leased crown lands to the king,"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625eaa | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die? | {
"text": [
"1605"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625eab | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | What happened when Jan Zamoyski died? | {
"text": [
"movement lost its political force."
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec5 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Sigismund II Augustus"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec6 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus? | {
"text": [
"monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec7 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch? | {
"text": [
"any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec8 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | How many documents should the new elected king sign? | {
"text": [
"two documents"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec9 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa? | {
"text": [
"basic laws of the Commonwealth"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ecf | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | The crown tribunal was created when? | {
"text": [
"1578"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed0 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | Who created the crown tribunal? | {
"text": [
"king Stefan Batory"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed1 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | What was the crown tribunal supposed to do? | {
"text": [
"reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed2 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal? | {
"text": [
"the nobility class"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed3 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually? | {
"text": [
"Lithuanian Tribunal"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625ed9 | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought? | {
"text": [
"gain legal privileges over their peers"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625eda | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | What were most szlachtas class? | {
"text": [
"Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625edb | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | What is another name for magnates? | {
"text": [
"Crimsons"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625edc | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | A proper magnates own what? | {
"text": [
"own at least 20 villages or estates."
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625edd | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth? | {
"text": [
"magnates"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17473 | Szlachta | Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on ... | Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta? | {
"text": [
"1%"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17474 | Szlachta | Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on ... | Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? | {
"text": [
"200–300"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17475 | Szlachta | Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on ... | Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically? | {
"text": [
"30–40"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e17479 | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | Magnates recieved gifts often from who? | {
"text": [
"monarchs"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747a | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | What significantly increased the magnates wealth? | {
"text": [
"Magnates"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747b | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | What terms were these gifts given? | {
"text": [
"temporary leases"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747c | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts? | {
"text": [
"never returned"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625eed | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group? | {
"text": [
"magnates"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625eee | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | When did the right to create ordynacja's happen? | {
"text": [
"late 16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625ef0 | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | What did the powerful families do with the kings estates? | {
"text": [
"often rivalled"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625ef1 | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | What was an important power basis for the magnates? | {
"text": [
"estates of the king"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17481 | Szlachta | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | When did the sovereignty of szlachta end? | {
"text": [
"1795"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17482 | Szlachta | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta? | {
"text": [
"Partitions of Poland"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17483 | Szlachta | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta? | {
"text": [
"szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17491 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status? | {
"text": [
"Nicholas I"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17492 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles? | {
"text": [
"62.8%"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17493 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | When and who abolished the serfdom? | {
"text": [
"Russian Poland on February 19, 1864"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17494 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | Who could the ex serfs sell their land to? | {
"text": [
"only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17495 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | How much land was held by the peasants? | {
"text": [
"48.9%"
],
"answer_start": [
985
]
} |
56f83483aef2371900625f0c | Szlachta | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | What happened to nobility at expense of the king? | {
"text": [
"actually gained power"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
56f83483aef2371900625f0d | Szlachta | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | What did the political system eventually evolve into? | {
"text": [
"oligarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
56f83483aef2371900625f0e | Szlachta | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | What did the ruler strive for? | {
"text": [
"absolute monarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2b | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | How much of the total population was polish common wealth? | {
"text": [
"10–12%"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2c | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population? | {
"text": [
"8%"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2e | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania? | {
"text": [
"1–3%"
],
"answer_start": [
939
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2f | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy? | {
"text": [
"March Constitution of Poland"
],
"answer_start": [
1330
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f53 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | What class was polands nobility? | {
"text": [
"closed class"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f54 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | Who could rise into polish ennoblement? | {
"text": [
"Many low-born individuals"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f55 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics? | {
"text": [
"enormous influence"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f56 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm? | {
"text": [
"any nobleman"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f57 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | What is is called to nullify proceedings? | {
"text": [
"liberum veto"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f67 | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | Children inherited polish nobility from whom? | {
"text": [
"noble mother and father"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f68 | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | What does an individual do to attain ennoblement? | {
"text": [
"special services to the state"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f69 | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | WHo could naturalize a polish noble? | {
"text": [
"Polish king"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f6a | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | What is another name for ennoblement? | {
"text": [
"nobilitacja"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f6b | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | WHat is another name for polish noble? | {
"text": [
"indygenat"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17555 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed? | {
"text": [
"equals"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17556 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | Was was unique about the dignities? | {
"text": [
"not hereditary"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17557 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form? | {
"text": [
"ritual"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17558 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | Nobles held land form whom? | {
"text": [
"other lords were only peers \"de iure\""
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17567 | Szlachta | Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all la... | Who could compose the polish landed gentry? | {
"text": [
"any nobility that owned lands"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17568 | Szlachta | Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all la... | whats is another name for polish landed gentry? | {
"text": [
"(ziemianie or ziemiaństwo"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17569 | Szlachta | Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all la... | Did all hold title of nobility? | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
56f85351aef2371900625fd9 | Szlachta | Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Juno... | What was very important to the polish nobility? | {
"text": [
"Coats of arms"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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