id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8e | Wood | Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a f... | Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color? | {
"text": [
"density"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8f | Wood | Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a f... | What category of trees show this difference greatly? | {
"text": [
"coniferous"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf90 | Wood | Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a f... | What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface? | {
"text": [
"ring-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf91 | Wood | Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a f... | With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color? | {
"text": [
"no indication"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf97 | Wood | Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an ... | What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood? | {
"text": [
"diseased"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf98 | Wood | Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an ... | What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased? | {
"text": [
"unsoundness"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf99 | Wood | Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an ... | What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks? | {
"text": [
"insect attacks"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf9a | Wood | Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an ... | What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood? | {
"text": [
"birds"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf9b | Wood | Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an ... | What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi? | {
"text": [
"spalting"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
56fa115c8f12f319006300bd | Wood | In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry. | What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried? | {
"text": [
"water"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56fa115c8f12f319006300be | Wood | In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry. | Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls? | {
"text": [
"16"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56fa115c8f12f319006300bf | Wood | In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry. | What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry? | {
"text": [
"oven-dried"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa1 | Wood | The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect. | Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else? | {
"text": [
"softer"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa2 | Wood | The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect. | What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content? | {
"text": [
"rawhide"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa3 | Wood | The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect. | What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet? | {
"text": [
"paper"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa4 | Wood | The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect. | When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect? | {
"text": [
"greater"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa5 | Wood | The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect. | What type of action does water create in cloth? | {
"text": [
"softening"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56fa160f8f12f319006300c3 | Wood | Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will. | What will drying often increase in wood? | {
"text": [
"strength"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56fa160f8f12f319006300c4 | Wood | Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will. | What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood? | {
"text": [
"green"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56fa160f8f12f319006300c5 | Wood | Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will. | What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried? | {
"text": [
"spruce"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56fa184cf34c681400b0bfab | Wood | The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. | What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood? | {
"text": [
"crushing"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56fa184cf34c681400b0bfac | Wood | The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. | What property of wood is least affected by drying? | {
"text": [
"elasticity"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56fa184cf34c681400b0bfad | Wood | The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. | Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood? | {
"text": [
"strength at elastic limit in endwise compression"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56fa184cf34c681400b0bfae | Wood | The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. | Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried? | {
"text": [
"modulus of rupture"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300c9 | Wood | Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). | Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described? | {
"text": [
"heterogeneous"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300ca | Wood | Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). | What does wood consist of? | {
"text": [
"cells"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300cb | Wood | Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). | What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose? | {
"text": [
"walls"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300cc | Wood | Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). | What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood? | {
"text": [
"cellulose"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300cd | Wood | Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). | What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with? | {
"text": [
"lignin"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d3 | Wood | In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. | What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees? | {
"text": [
"tracheids"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d4 | Wood | In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. | Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure? | {
"text": [
"softwood"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d5 | Wood | In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. | What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called? | {
"text": [
"pores"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d6 | Wood | In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. | What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores? | {
"text": [
"oak"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d7 | Wood | In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. | Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores? | {
"text": [
"ash"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb3 | Wood | The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them int... | Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex? | {
"text": [
"complex"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb4 | Wood | The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them int... | What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods? | {
"text": [
"vessels"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb5 | Wood | The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them int... | Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small? | {
"text": [
"large"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb6 | Wood | The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them int... | In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels? | {
"text": [
"a hand lens"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb7 | Wood | The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them int... | Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into? | {
"text": [
"diffuse-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbd | Wood | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees? | {
"text": [
"ring-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbe | Wood | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized? | {
"text": [
"spring"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbf | Wood | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species? | {
"text": [
"summer"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfc0 | Wood | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of? | {
"text": [
"wood fibers"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfc1 | Wood | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood? | {
"text": [
"toughness"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc7 | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonw... | What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized? | {
"text": [
"diffuse-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc8 | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonw... | What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to? | {
"text": [
"Populus"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc9 | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonw... | With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group? | {
"text": [
"cherry"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfca | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonw... | What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species? | {
"text": [
"water conducting"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfcb | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonw... | Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous? | {
"text": [
"diffuse-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd1 | Wood | In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the sea... | What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood? | {
"text": [
"temperate"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd2 | Wood | In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the sea... | Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood? | {
"text": [
"denser"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd3 | Wood | In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the sea... | Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells? | {
"text": [
"walls"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd4 | Wood | In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the sea... | Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin? | {
"text": [
"thin"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd5 | Wood | In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the sea... | What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood? | {
"text": [
"very small"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56fa236c8f12f319006300dd | Wood | If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a r... | Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood? | {
"text": [
"heavy"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
56fa236c8f12f319006300de | Wood | If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a r... | What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced? | {
"text": [
"growth rings"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
56fa236c8f12f319006300df | Wood | If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a r... | What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings? | {
"text": [
"white pines"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56fa236c8f12f319006300e0 | Wood | If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a r... | Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture? | {
"text": [
"easy"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
56fa236c8f12f319006300e1 | Wood | If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a r... | What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood? | {
"text": [
"hard pines"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdb | Wood | It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent stren... | Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important? | {
"text": [
"quality"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdc | Wood | It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent stren... | What can we judge in wood just by looking at it? | {
"text": [
"comparative density"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdd | Wood | It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent stren... | What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density? | {
"text": [
"strength"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfde | Wood | It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent stren... | What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood? | {
"text": [
"porous"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe3 | Wood | No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very ... | What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows? | {
"text": [
"character"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe4 | Wood | No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very ... | If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have? | {
"text": [
"moderate to slow"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe5 | Wood | No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very ... | What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth? | {
"text": [
"conifers"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe6 | Wood | No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very ... | What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of? | {
"text": [
"latewood"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe7 | Wood | No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very ... | While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it? | {
"text": [
"a rule"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
56fa2ab88f12f319006300e7 | Wood | In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before. | What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth? | {
"text": [
"ring-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fa2ab88f12f319006300e8 | Wood | In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before. | What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season? | {
"text": [
"large"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56fa2ab88f12f319006300e9 | Wood | In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before. | When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from? | {
"text": [
"the year before"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfed | Wood | In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. T... | Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor? | {
"text": [
"rate of growth"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfee | Wood | In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. T... | Is harder, heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings? | {
"text": [
"wider"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfef | Wood | In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. T... | What kind of wood with a name that starts with "H" is a ring-porous hardwood? | {
"text": [
"hickory"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bff0 | Wood | In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. T... | If the growth rings are wider, was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid? | {
"text": [
"more rapid"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bff1 | Wood | In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. T... | What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster? | {
"text": [
"ring-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bff7 | Wood | In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good ... | Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong? | {
"text": [
"latewood"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bff8 | Wood | In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good ... | When there is less latewood, what is diminishing? | {
"text": [
"breadth of ring"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bff9 | Wood | In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good ... | Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood? | {
"text": [
"slow"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bffa | Wood | In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good ... | What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log? | {
"text": [
"good"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bffb | Wood | In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good ... | What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm? | {
"text": [
"thick-walled"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c001 | Wood | Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferre... | What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings? | {
"text": [
"second-growth"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c002 | Wood | Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferre... | Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest? | {
"text": [
"open stands"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c003 | Wood | Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferre... | What property is important to manufacturers who use "second-growth" hardwood? | {
"text": [
"strength"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c004 | Wood | Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferre... | What specific kind of "second-growth" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? | {
"text": [
"hickory"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c005 | Wood | Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferre... | What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties? | {
"text": [
"U.S. Forest Service"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
56fa33388f12f319006300ed | Wood | In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring. | What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it? | {
"text": [
"diffuse-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56fa33388f12f319006300ee | Wood | In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring. | In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be? | {
"text": [
"structure"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56fa33388f12f319006300ef | Wood | In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring. | What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help? | {
"text": [
"unaided"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00b | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions i... | What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels? | {
"text": [
"diffuse-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00c | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions i... | What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly? | {
"text": [
"medium"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00d | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions i... | The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring? | {
"text": [
"water"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00e | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions i... | What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods? | {
"text": [
"conifers"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00f | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions i... | Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood? | {
"text": [
"little"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c015 | Wood | Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely u... | What's another term used for "conifer" wood? | {
"text": [
"dicot"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c016 | Wood | Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely u... | What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not? | {
"text": [
"monocot"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c017 | Wood | Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely u... | What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer? | {
"text": [
"bamboo"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c018 | Wood | Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely u... | While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to? | {
"text": [
"grass"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c019 | Wood | Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely u... | Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called "wood"? | {
"text": [
"palms"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f3 | Wood | The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a s... | Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality? | {
"text": [
"specific gravity"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
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