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5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac60
New_Delhi
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, W...
In what city is the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology located?
{ "text": [ "New Delhi" ], "answer_start": [ 183 ] }
5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac61
New_Delhi
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, W...
What major city is home to most regional UN offices in India?
{ "text": [ "New Delhi" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac62
New_Delhi
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, W...
What is one regional UN office located in New Delhi?
{ "text": [ "UNDP" ], "answer_start": [ 260 ] }
5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac63
New_Delhi
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, W...
The regional office of the World Bank in India is located in what city?
{ "text": [ "New Delhi" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac64
New_Delhi
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, W...
The regional offices of the IMF, UNICEF, and UNESCO are all located in what major Indian city?
{ "text": [ "New Delhi" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7734
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
Where does migration mainly occur?
{ "text": [ "the northern hemisphere" ], "answer_start": [ 317 ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7735
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
Why do birds primarily migrate?
{ "text": [ "availability of food" ], "answer_start": [ 275 ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7736
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
Which birds migrate?
{ "text": [ "Many species" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7738
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
What is a cause of death to birds during migration?
{ "text": [ "humans" ], "answer_start": [ 240 ] }
5705e90375f01819005e7748
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
When was migration first recorded?
{ "text": [ "3,000 years ago" ], "answer_start": [ 53 ] }
5705e90375f01819005e7749
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
Who recorded the earliest records of migration?
{ "text": [ "Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job" ], "answer_start": [ 104 ] }
5705e90375f01819005e774a
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
Where was Johannes Leche from?
{ "text": [ "Finland" ], "answer_start": [ 291 ] }
5705e90375f01819005e774b
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?
{ "text": [ "storks, turtle doves, and swallows" ], "answer_start": [ 169 ] }
5705e90375f01819005e774c
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
What is a major threat to migratory birds?
{ "text": [ "habitat destruction" ], "answer_start": [ 442 ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689692
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
Which birds migrate the furthest?
{ "text": [ "The Arctic tern" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689693
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?
{ "text": [ "between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689694
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
which bird migrates by circling the earth?
{ "text": [ "albatrosses" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689695
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?
{ "text": [ "between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean" ], "answer_start": [ 324 ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689696
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
What is an example of a shorter migration?
{ "text": [ "altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas" ], "answer_start": [ 429 ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7752
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
What causes the timing of migration?
{ "text": [ "changes in day length" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7753
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
How do migrating birds navigate?
{ "text": [ "celestial cues from the sun and stars" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7754
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
How else to migrating birds navigate?
{ "text": [ "the earth's magnetic field" ], "answer_start": [ 153 ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7755
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
What might help migrating birds navigate?
{ "text": [ "mental maps" ], "answer_start": [ 199 ] }
5705eb3152bb89140068969d
Bird_migration
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah...
Who recorded early records of migration?
{ "text": [ "Ancient Greek writers" ], "answer_start": [ 70 ] }
5705eb3152bb89140068969e
Bird_migration
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah...
Where in the bible does it mention migration?
{ "text": [ "the Book of Job (39:26)" ], "answer_start": [ 171 ] }
5705eb3152bb89140068969f
Bird_migration
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah...
What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?
{ "text": [ "hawk" ], "answer_start": [ 255 ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896e8
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?
{ "text": [ "Aristotle" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896e9
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
Who repeats Aristotle's observations?
{ "text": [ "Pliny the Elder" ], "answer_start": [ 107 ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896ea
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?
{ "text": [ "in his Historia Naturalis" ], "answer_start": [ 124 ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896eb
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?
{ "text": [ "cranes" ], "answer_start": [ 21 ] }
5705f22952bb891400689700
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?
{ "text": [ "swallows" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
5705f22952bb891400689701
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?
{ "text": [ "1878" ], "answer_start": [ 103 ] }
5705f22952bb891400689702
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?
{ "text": [ "Elliott Coues" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
5705f22952bb891400689703
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?
{ "text": [ "Gilbert White" ], "answer_start": [ 243 ] }
5705f31c52bb89140068970e
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
When was migration finally accepted?
{ "text": [ "the end of the eighteenth century" ], "answer_start": [ 17 ] }
5705f31c52bb89140068970f
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
Who wrote A History of British Birds?
{ "text": [ "Thomas Bewick" ], "answer_start": [ 157 ] }
5705f31c52bb891400689710
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?
{ "text": [ "1797" ], "answer_start": [ 211 ] }
5705f31c52bb891400689711
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
Where were Swallows seen flying?
{ "text": [ "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca" ], "answer_start": [ 286 ] }
5705f31c52bb891400689712
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
Which directions were the Swallows flying?
{ "text": [ "northward" ], "answer_start": [ 367 ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c2
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
Who describes an experiment with swallows?
{ "text": [ "Bewick" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c3
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
Where did this experiment take place?
{ "text": [ "Britain" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c4
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
How did the experiment succeed?
{ "text": [ "they remained warm and dry through the winters" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c5
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
How long did the birds stay alive?
{ "text": [ "several years" ], "answer_start": [ 93 ] }
5705f53452bb891400689736
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
Why do birds migrate?
{ "text": [ "response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
5705f53452bb891400689737
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
What are non=migratory birds called?
{ "text": [ "resident or sedentary" ], "answer_start": [ 477 ] }
5705f53452bb891400689738
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
How many species of birds are there?
{ "text": [ "10,000" ], "answer_start": [ 534 ] }
5705f53452bb891400689739
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
How many bird species are long distance migrants?
{ "text": [ "1800" ], "answer_start": [ 514 ] }
5705f53452bb89140068973a
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
{ "text": [ "north and south" ], "answer_start": [ 50 ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77ca
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
Along where do many birds migrate?
{ "text": [ "a flyway" ], "answer_start": [ 51 ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77cb
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?
{ "text": [ "flying north" ], "answer_start": [ 94 ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77cc
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?
{ "text": [ "south" ], "answer_start": [ 238 ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77cd
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
Why do the birds fly north?
{ "text": [ "to breed" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e6
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
What is the primary motivation for migration?
{ "text": [ "food" ], "answer_start": [ 51 ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e7
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?
{ "text": [ "hummingbirds" ], "answer_start": [ 75 ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e8
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
When do the birds return to warmer regions?
{ "text": [ "autumn" ], "answer_start": [ 382 ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e9
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?
{ "text": [ "time for breeding birds to feed their young." ], "answer_start": [ 199 ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77ea
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?
{ "text": [ "larger clutches" ], "answer_start": [ 280 ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77f8
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What is hightened during migration?
{ "text": [ "Predation" ], "answer_start": [ 100 ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77f9
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?
{ "text": [ "Mediterranean islands" ], "answer_start": [ 197 ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77fa
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?
{ "text": [ "southbound passerine migrants" ], "answer_start": [ 292 ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77fb
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?
{ "text": [ "the greater noctule bat" ], "answer_start": [ 385 ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77fc
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?
{ "text": [ "higher concentrations of migrating birds" ], "answer_start": [ 459 ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780c
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
What is partial migration?
{ "text": [ "not all populations may be migratory" ], "answer_start": [ 17 ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780d
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
Where is partial migration most common?
{ "text": [ "the southern continents" ], "answer_start": [ 129 ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780e
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?
{ "text": [ "44%" ], "answer_start": [ 168 ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780f
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?
{ "text": [ "32%" ], "answer_start": [ 199 ] }
5705fae575f01819005e7816
Bird_migration
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?
{ "text": [ "Female" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
5705fae575f01819005e7817
Bird_migration
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?
{ "text": [ "Eastern Fennoscandia" ], "answer_start": [ 157 ] }
5705fae575f01819005e7818
Bird_migration
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?
{ "text": [ "autumn" ], "answer_start": [ 201 ] }
5705fb9e52bb89140068975a
Bird_migration
Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as...
How do most migrations begin?
{ "text": [ "the birds starting off in a broad front" ], "answer_start": [ 27 ] }
5705fb9e52bb89140068975b
Bird_migration
Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as...
What to the migrating birds usually follow?
{ "text": [ "mountain ranges or coastlines" ], "answer_start": [ 174 ] }
5705fb9e52bb89140068975c
Bird_migration
Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as...
What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?
{ "text": [ "large stretches of open water" ], "answer_start": [ 321 ] }
5705fb9e52bb89140068975d
Bird_migration
Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as...
What is a common pattern in North America migration?
{ "text": [ "clockwise" ], "answer_start": [ 540 ] }
5705fb9e52bb89140068975e
Bird_migration
Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as...
What are the preferred routes for migration called?
{ "text": [ "flyways" ], "answer_start": [ 135 ] }
5705fc5b75f01819005e7830
Bird_migration
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ...
How do most birds migrate?
{ "text": [ "in flocks" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
5705fc5b75f01819005e7831
Bird_migration
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ...
How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?
{ "text": [ "12–20%" ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
5705fc5b75f01819005e7832
Bird_migration
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ...
How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?
{ "text": [ "3.1 mph" ], "answer_start": [ 289 ] }
5705fc5b75f01819005e7833
Bird_migration
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ...
How do birds conserve energy?
{ "text": [ "a V-formation" ], "answer_start": [ 113 ] }
5705fc5b75f01819005e7834
Bird_migration
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ...
What does flying in flocks reduce?
{ "text": [ "energy cost" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
5706017552bb89140068978e
Bird_migration
Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin...
What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?
{ "text": [ "skeletons" ], "answer_start": [ 84 ] }
5706017552bb89140068978f
Bird_migration
Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin...
Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?
{ "text": [ "Bar-headed geese Anser indicus" ], "answer_start": [ 209 ] }
5706017552bb891400689790
Bird_migration
Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin...
What kind of birds fly low over water?
{ "text": [ "Seabirds" ], "answer_start": [ 518 ] }
5706017552bb891400689791
Bird_migration
Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin...
What altitude range is most migration recorded?
{ "text": [ "150 to 600 m" ], "answer_start": [ 677 ] }
5706017552bb891400689792
Bird_migration
Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin...
Where do most in air collisions occur?
{ "text": [ "below 600 m" ], "answer_start": [ 788 ] }
5706021475f01819005e7864
Bird_migration
Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo...
How do penguins migrate?
{ "text": [ "by swimming" ], "answer_start": [ 100 ] }
5706021475f01819005e7865
Bird_migration
Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo...
How far do penguins travel when they migrate?
{ "text": [ "over 1,000 km" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
5706021475f01819005e7866
Bird_migration
Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo...
How do Dusky grouse migrate?
{ "text": [ "mostly by walking" ], "answer_start": [ 224 ] }
5706021475f01819005e7867
Bird_migration
Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo...
How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?
{ "text": [ "on foot" ], "answer_start": [ 342 ] }
5706021475f01819005e7868
Bird_migration
Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo...
Where are Emus from?
{ "text": [ "Australia" ], "answer_start": [ 276 ] }
570602f875f01819005e786e
Bird_migration
The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa...
Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?
{ "text": [ "from Iceland to Britain" ], "answer_start": [ 378 ] }
570602f875f01819005e786f
Bird_migration
The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa...
Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?
{ "text": [ "arctic climates to the contiguous United States" ], "answer_start": [ 500 ] }
570602f875f01819005e7870
Bird_migration
The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa...
Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?
{ "text": [ "Asia and Europe" ], "answer_start": [ 992 ] }
570602f875f01819005e7871
Bird_migration
The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa...
Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?
{ "text": [ "Africa" ], "answer_start": [ 1025 ] }
570602f875f01819005e7872
Bird_migration
The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa...
How do young learn migratory routes?
{ "text": [ "during their first migration with their parents" ], "answer_start": [ 750 ] }
5706046752bb8914006897aa
Bird_migration
Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra...
What route does a migrating bird usually follow?
{ "text": [ "an hooked or arched line" ], "answer_start": [ 155 ] }
5706046752bb8914006897ab
Bird_migration
Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra...
What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?
{ "text": [ "large water bodies or high mountain ranges" ], "answer_start": [ 282 ] }
5706046752bb8914006897ac
Bird_migration
Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra...
Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?
{ "text": [ "the lack of stopover or feeding sites" ], "answer_start": [ 337 ] }
5706046752bb8914006897ad
Bird_migration
Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra...
Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?
{ "text": [ "lack of thermal columns" ], "answer_start": [ 383 ] }
5706057875f01819005e788c
Bird_migration
The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex...
What do water birds avoid while migrating?
{ "text": [ "a large area of land without bodies of water" ], "answer_start": [ 137 ] }
5706057875f01819005e788d
Bird_migration
The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex...
Where do brent geese migrate from?
{ "text": [ "the Taymyr Peninsula" ], "answer_start": [ 370 ] }