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5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e27
Bird_migration
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
What is a re-introduction scheme?
{ "text": [ "to teach a migration route to a flock of birds" ], "answer_start": [ 21 ] }
5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e28
Bird_migration
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
What did they use to teach birds a migration route?
{ "text": [ "microlight aircraft" ], "answer_start": [ 160 ] }
5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e29
Bird_migration
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?
{ "text": [ "whooping cranes" ], "answer_start": [ 247 ] }
5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e2a
Bird_migration
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
Which birds did they use as a trial run?
{ "text": [ "Canada geese" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
5706c7a52eaba6190074ad02
Bird_migration
Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timi...
What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?
{ "text": [ "their metabolism" ], "answer_start": [ 20 ] }
5706c7a52eaba6190074ad03
Bird_migration
Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timi...
How often do birds molt?
{ "text": [ "usually once a year" ], "answer_start": [ 338 ] }
5706c7a52eaba6190074ad04
Bird_migration
Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timi...
How do birds store energy?
{ "text": [ "through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep" ], "answer_start": [ 102 ] }
5706c7a52eaba6190074ad05
Bird_migration
Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timi...
Why do birds need to molt?
{ "text": [ "feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear" ], "answer_start": [ 241 ] }
5706c7a52eaba6190074ad06
Bird_migration
Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timi...
When do birds molt?
{ "text": [ "varies with some species" ], "answer_start": [ 380 ] }
5706cfe02eaba6190074ad14
Bird_migration
Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to devel...
How was migration developed?
{ "text": [ "independently" ], "answer_start": [ 70 ] }
5706cfe02eaba6190074ad15
Bird_migration
Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to devel...
What is highly labile?
{ "text": [ "Migration in birds" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5706cfe02eaba6190074ad16
Bird_migration
Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to devel...
What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?
{ "text": [ "genetic control" ], "answer_start": [ 211 ] }
5706cfe02eaba6190074ad17
Bird_migration
Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to devel...
What exists in nearly all avian lineages?
{ "text": [ "genetic framework for migratory behavior" ], "answer_start": [ 358 ] }
5706d7150eeca41400aa0e69
Bird_migration
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far ...
What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?
{ "text": [ "20%" ], "answer_start": [ 78 ] }
5706d7150eeca41400aa0e6a
Bird_migration
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far ...
What kind of bird flies less efficiently?
{ "text": [ "a bird that loads itself with food" ], "answer_start": [ 130 ] }
5706d7150eeca41400aa0e6b
Bird_migration
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far ...
What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?
{ "text": [ "Swainson's thrush" ], "answer_start": [ 412 ] }
5706d7150eeca41400aa0e6c
Bird_migration
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far ...
Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?
{ "text": [ "far east across North America" ], "answer_start": [ 460 ] }
5706d7962eaba6190074ad30
Bird_migration
Large scale climatic changes, as have been experienced in the past, are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration, breeding as well as population variations.
What is expected to have an effect on migration timing?
{ "text": [ "climatic changes" ], "answer_start": [ 12 ] }
5706d7962eaba6190074ad31
Bird_migration
Large scale climatic changes, as have been experienced in the past, are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration, breeding as well as population variations.
What have studies shown regarding climate change?
{ "text": [ "timing changes in migration" ], "answer_start": [ 177 ] }
5706d7962eaba6190074ad32
Bird_migration
Large scale climatic changes, as have been experienced in the past, are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration, breeding as well as population variations.
What else is climate change been shown to change?
{ "text": [ "breeding as well as population variations" ], "answer_start": [ 206 ] }
5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e71
Bird_migration
The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice, which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of avian influenza, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease tra...
What other species does migration help?
{ "text": [ "ectoparasites such as ticks and lice" ], "answer_start": [ 83 ] }
5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e72
Bird_migration
The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice, which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of avian influenza, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease tra...
What is a greater threat of disease transmission?
{ "text": [ "import of pet and domestic birds" ], "answer_start": [ 384 ] }
5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e73
Bird_migration
The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice, which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of avian influenza, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease tra...
What has been studied as a mechanism of disease transmission?
{ "text": [ "bird migration" ], "answer_start": [ 250 ] }
5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e74
Bird_migration
The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice, which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of avian influenza, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease tra...
What has a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton?
{ "text": [ "Birds" ], "answer_start": [ 574 ] }
5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e75
Bird_migration
The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice, which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of avian influenza, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease tra...
What virus is maintained in birds without lethal effects?
{ "text": [ "West Nile Virus" ], "answer_start": [ 516 ] }
5706d88c0eeca41400aa0e7b
Bird_migration
Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration. Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines. Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders.
Who takes advantage of migrating birds?
{ "text": [ "Greater noctule bats" ], "answer_start": [ 78 ] }
5706d88c0eeca41400aa0e7c
Bird_migration
Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration. Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines. Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders.
What do greater noctule bats feed on?
{ "text": [ "nocturnal migrating passerines" ], "answer_start": [ 107 ] }
5706d88c0eeca41400aa0e7d
Bird_migration
Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration. Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines. Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders.
What do some birds of prey specialize on?
{ "text": [ "migrating waders" ], "answer_start": [ 172 ] }
5706d9820eeca41400aa0e81
Bird_migration
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.
What is the oldest way to study migration?
{ "text": [ "marking" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
5706d9820eeca41400aa0e82
Bird_migration
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.
How have swans been marked?
{ "text": [ "a nick on the beak" ], "answer_start": [ 126 ] }
5706d9820eeca41400aa0e83
Bird_migration
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.
Since when have swans been marked?
{ "text": [ "1560" ], "answer_start": [ 157 ] }
5706d9820eeca41400aa0e84
Bird_migration
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.
Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?
{ "text": [ "Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen" ], "answer_start": [ 210 ] }
5706d9820eeca41400aa0e85
Bird_migration
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.
What are other forms of studying migration?
{ "text": [ "radar and satellite tracking" ], "answer_start": [ 279 ] }
5706f6a190286e26004fc76d
Bird_migration
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. Th...
How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out?
{ "text": [ "the Emlen funnel" ], "answer_start": [ 101 ] }
5706f6a190286e26004fc76e
Bird_migration
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. Th...
What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel?
{ "text": [ "circular" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
5706f6a190286e26004fc76f
Bird_migration
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. Th...
What is studied quantitatively inside the cage?
{ "text": [ "The orientation behaviour" ], "answer_start": [ 318 ] }
5706f6a190286e26004fc770
Bird_migration
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. Th...
What does the bird leave on the walls of the cage?
{ "text": [ "marks" ], "answer_start": [ 424 ] }
5706f6a190286e26004fc771
Bird_migration
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. Th...
Where does the homing pigeon vanish?
{ "text": [ "on the horizon" ], "answer_start": [ 577 ] }
5706fac590286e26004fc791
Bird_migration
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in ...
What threatens some bird species?
{ "text": [ "Hunting along migration routes" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5706fac590286e26004fc792
Bird_migration
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in ...
What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?
{ "text": [ "Siberian cranes" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
5706fac590286e26004fc793
Bird_migration
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in ...
When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park?
{ "text": [ "2002" ], "answer_start": [ 320 ] }
5706fac590286e26004fc794
Bird_migration
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in ...
What can power lines, wind farms and oil rigs affect?
{ "text": [ "migratory birds" ], "answer_start": [ 422 ] }
5706fac590286e26004fc795
Bird_migration
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in ...
What are other migration hazards?
{ "text": [ "pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction" ], "answer_start": [ 471 ] }
5706070375f01819005e78a4
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.
What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?
{ "text": [ "Absecon Island" ], "answer_start": [ 9 ] }
5706070375f01819005e78a5
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.
In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?
{ "text": [ "1854" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
5706070375f01819005e78a6
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.
What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?
{ "text": [ "Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township" ], "answer_start": [ 112 ] }
5706070375f01819005e78a7
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.
How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?
{ "text": [ "Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City" ], "answer_start": [ 172 ] }
5706070375f01819005e78a8
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.
Which coast is Atlantic City located on?
{ "text": [ "Atlantic" ], "answer_start": [ 32 ] }
5706099a52bb8914006897e8
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built.
What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
{ "text": [ "The Belloe House" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
5706099a52bb8914006897e9
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built.
In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
{ "text": [ "1853" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
5706099a52bb8914006897ea
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built.
What are the names of the two avenues at which The Belloe House is located?
{ "text": [ "Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue" ], "answer_start": [ 255 ] }
5706099a52bb8914006897eb
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built.
What are the two geographical features that Atlantic City is located between?
{ "text": [ "marshlands and islands" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
5706099a52bb8914006897ec
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built.
What were the two potential aspects of Atlantic City that originally attracted developers?
{ "text": [ "prime real estate and a potential resort town" ], "answer_start": [ 142 ] }
57060b8852bb8914006897ff
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of ...
What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?
{ "text": [ "Philadelphia" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
57060b8852bb891400689800
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of ...
By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?
{ "text": [ "500,000" ], "answer_start": [ 423 ] }
57060b8852bb891400689801
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of ...
What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast?
{ "text": [ "Absecon Lighthouse" ], "answer_start": [ 272 ] }
57060b8852bb891400689802
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of ...
Who is considered to be "Atlantic City's Godfather?"
{ "text": [ "Nelson Johnson" ], "answer_start": [ 592 ] }
57060d1275f01819005e78fc
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and wid...
In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
{ "text": [ "1870" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
57060d1275f01819005e78fd
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and wid...
Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
{ "text": [ "to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies" ], "answer_start": [ 80 ] }
57060d1275f01819005e78fe
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and wid...
What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
{ "text": [ "1944" ], "answer_start": [ 433 ] }
57060d1275f01819005e78ff
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and wid...
What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
{ "text": [ "about 7 miles" ], "answer_start": [ 468 ] }
57060d1275f01819005e7900
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and wid...
Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?
{ "text": [ "Longport" ], "answer_start": [ 528 ] }
57060ece75f01819005e791a
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.
The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?
{ "text": [ "Pleasantville" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
57060ece75f01819005e791b
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.
The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?
{ "text": [ "1870" ], "answer_start": [ 85 ] }
57060ece75f01819005e791c
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.
How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?
{ "text": [ "30-cent" ], "answer_start": [ 104 ] }
57060ece75f01819005e791d
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.
What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?
{ "text": [ "Albany Avenue" ], "answer_start": [ 118 ] }
5706109452bb891400689842
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming hous...
By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?
{ "text": [ "1878" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
5706109452bb891400689843
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming hous...
What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878?
{ "text": [ "Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
5706109452bb891400689844
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming hous...
What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block?
{ "text": [ "The United States Hotel" ], "answer_start": [ 353 ] }
5706109452bb891400689845
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming hous...
Besides massive hotels, what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period?
{ "text": [ "rooming houses" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
5706109452bb891400689846
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming hous...
What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?
{ "text": [ "Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues" ], "answer_start": [ 411 ] }
570612ce52bb891400689854
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.
When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom?
{ "text": [ "early part of the 20th century" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
570612ce52bb891400689855
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.
What replaced many of the modest boarding houses?
{ "text": [ "large hotels" ], "answer_start": [ 171 ] }
570612ce52bb891400689856
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.
What were the names of two of the city's most distinctive hotels?
{ "text": [ "Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel" ], "answer_start": [ 236 ] }
570612ce52bb891400689857
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.
What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century?
{ "text": [ "a radical building boom" ], "answer_start": [ 66 ] }
570612ce52bb891400689858
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.
Where were the modest boarding houses located before they were replaced by large hotels?
{ "text": [ "the boardwalk" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
5706143352bb891400689876
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of co...
In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?
{ "text": [ "1903" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
5706143352bb891400689877
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of co...
What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III?
{ "text": [ "Marlborough House" ], "answer_start": [ 116 ] }
5706143352bb891400689878
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of co...
In what style was the Malborough House buit?
{ "text": [ "Queen Anne" ], "answer_start": [ 99 ] }
5706143352bb891400689879
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of co...
In what year was reinforced concrete invented?
{ "text": [ "1848" ], "answer_start": [ 490 ] }
5706143352bb89140068987a
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of co...
What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III?
{ "text": [ "Blenheim" ], "answer_start": [ 747 ] }
5706160975f01819005e7966
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to ...
What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk?
{ "text": [ "The Traymore Hotel" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5706160975f01819005e7967
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to ...
What year was The Traymore Hotel begun?
{ "text": [ "1879" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
5706160975f01819005e7968
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to ...
Who was the owner of The Traymore Hotel?
{ "text": [ "Daniel White" ], "answer_start": [ 213 ] }
5706160975f01819005e7969
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to ...
How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation?
{ "text": [ "16" ], "answer_start": [ 355 ] }
5706160975f01819005e796a
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to ...
What was the name of the firm commissioned to build The Traymore Hotel?
{ "text": [ "Price and McLanahan" ], "answer_start": [ 297 ] }
5706176852bb89140068989a
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. ...
What year did the Quaker-owned Chalfonte House open?
{ "text": [ "1868" ], "answer_start": [ 232 ] }
5706176852bb89140068989b
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. ...
What year did the Haddon House open?
{ "text": [ "1869" ], "answer_start": [ 266 ] }
5706176852bb89140068989c
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. ...
How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904?
{ "text": [ "eight" ], "answer_start": [ 456 ] }
5706176852bb89140068989d
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. ...
How many rooms were in the merged Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel?
{ "text": [ "nearly 1,000" ], "answer_start": [ 718 ] }
5706176852bb89140068989e
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. ...
What was the name given to the 24 story tall, 400-room Claridge?
{ "text": [ "Skyscraper By The Sea" ], "answer_start": [ 982 ] }
5706195175f01819005e797a
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mothe...
In what year was salt water taffy conceived?
{ "text": [ "1883" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
5706195175f01819005e797b
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mothe...
Who was the creator of salt water taffy?
{ "text": [ "David Bradley" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
5706195175f01819005e797c
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mothe...
What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?
{ "text": [ "Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
5706195175f01819005e797d
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mothe...
Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?
{ "text": [ "a girl" ], "answer_start": [ 239 ] }
5706195175f01819005e797e
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mothe...
Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?
{ "text": [ "Atlantic Ocean" ], "answer_start": [ 182 ] }
57061add52bb8914006898ae
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that...
What years do many historians consider Atlantic City's golden age?
{ "text": [ "1920s" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
57061add52bb8914006898af
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that...
What year was Prohibition enacted nationally?
{ "text": [ "1919" ], "answer_start": [ 154 ] }
57061add52bb8914006898b0
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that...
During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City?
{ "text": [ "The World's Playground" ], "answer_start": [ 679 ] }
57061add52bb8914006898b1
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that...
During Prohibition how high was Nucky Johnson's income?
{ "text": [ "as much as $500,000 annually" ], "answer_start": [ 742 ] }