id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5706057875f01819005e788e | Bird_migration | The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex... | Where do brent geese migrate to? | {
"text": [
"the Wadden Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
5706057875f01819005e788f | Bird_migration | The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex... | How do brent geese migrate? | {
"text": [
"via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897be | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | What are waders called in North America? | {
"text": [
"shorebirds"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897bf | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to? | {
"text": [
"warmer locations in the same hemisphere"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897c0 | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to? | {
"text": [
"the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897c1 | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from? | {
"text": [
"Arctic breeding grounds"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897cc | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | What does successful migration depend on for some waders? | {
"text": [
"the availability of certain key food resources"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897cd | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | Where do migrants refuel? | {
"text": [
"stopover points along the migration route"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897ce | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | Where is an important stopover location? | {
"text": [
"the Bay of Fundy"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897cf | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | What is another stopover location? | {
"text": [
"Delaware Bay"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba4 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | Which bird has the longest migration? | {
"text": [
"bar-tailed godwits"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba5 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate? | {
"text": [
"11,000 km"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba6 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from | {
"text": [
"Alaska"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba7 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to? | {
"text": [
"New Zealand"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba8 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration? | {
"text": [
"55 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bae | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | Which seabird has the longest-distance migration? | {
"text": [
"The Arctic tern"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7baf | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration? | {
"text": [
"The Arctic tern"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bb0 | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate? | {
"text": [
"three months"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bb1 | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | How far did the Arctic tern chick travel? | {
"text": [
"22,000 km"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bb2 | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | Where do tubenosed birds breed? | {
"text": [
"the southern hemisphere"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bcc | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | Which species are great wanderers? | {
"text": [
"pelagic"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bcd | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life? | {
"text": [
"Manx shearwater"
],
"answer_start": [
722
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bce | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan? | {
"text": [
"8 million km"
],
"answer_start": [
766
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bcf | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | How long did the Manx shearwater live? | {
"text": [
"50 year"
],
"answer_start": [
813
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bd0 | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year? | {
"text": [
"14,000 km"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a44 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar? | {
"text": [
"thermal columns of rising hot air"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a45 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | When do large birds of pray migrate? | {
"text": [
"daytime"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a46 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels? | {
"text": [
"Batumi bottleneck"
],
"answer_start": [
983
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a47 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration? | {
"text": [
"10 to 20%"
],
"answer_start": [
1312
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a48 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year? | {
"text": [
"hundreds of thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
1138
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd6 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | When do many insectivorous birds migrate? | {
"text": [
"usually at night"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd7 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration? | {
"text": [
"smaller insectivorous birds"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd8 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to? | {
"text": [
"passage migrants"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd9 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration? | {
"text": [
"a few days"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a4e | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | What is a benefit of nocturnal migration? | {
"text": [
"minimize predation"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a4f | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | What is a cost of nocturnal migration? | {
"text": [
"loss of sleep"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a50 | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep? | {
"text": [
"Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a51 | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | What is another benefit of nocturnal migration? | {
"text": [
"avoid overheating"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bfc | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do? | {
"text": [
"respond to changing day length"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bfd | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | How do species that move short distances know when to migrate? | {
"text": [
"response to local weather conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bfe | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally? | {
"text": [
"to escape the cold higher ground"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bff | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to? | {
"text": [
"the coast or towards the south"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7c00 | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | How far do British chaffinch more in their lives? | {
"text": [
"5 km"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
5706909b52bb891400689a60 | Bird_migration | Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere. | How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
5706909b52bb891400689a61 | Bird_migration | Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere. | Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family? | {
"text": [
"the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
5706909b52bb891400689a62 | Bird_migration | Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere. | Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration? | {
"text": [
"to stay in the northern hemisphere"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
5706910552bb891400689a66 | Bird_migration | Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities. | What species has no long-distance migratory relatives? | {
"text": [
"the waxwings Bombycilla"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
5706910552bb891400689a67 | Bird_migration | Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities. | What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to? | {
"text": [
"winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5706910552bb891400689a68 | Bird_migration | Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities. | Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for? | {
"text": [
"enhanced breeding opportunities"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c10 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year? | {
"text": [
"In the tropics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c11 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds? | {
"text": [
"to obtain more of their preferred foods"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c12 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | What are tropical birds preferred foods? | {
"text": [
"fruits"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c13 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | Where is it always warm enough for food supply? | {
"text": [
"In the tropics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689afe | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range? | {
"text": [
"a good breeding season followed by a food source failure"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689aff | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689b00 | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200? | {
"text": [
"18"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689b01 | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | What years did Red crossbills invade England? | {
"text": [
"1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b06 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen? | {
"text": [
"Northern"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b07 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to? | {
"text": [
"south"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b08 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | Why do birds migrate south in winter? | {
"text": [
"food becomes scarce"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b09 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate? | {
"text": [
"species of the Southern Hemisphere"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc0 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | What controls a birds migration? | {
"text": [
"a primitive trait"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc1 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration? | {
"text": [
"endogenous programs as well as learning"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc2 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds? | {
"text": [
"migration"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc3 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration? | {
"text": [
"The ability to navigate"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
5706abd252bb891400689b4a | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | What is the primary cue for migration? | {
"text": [
"changes in the day length"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
5706abd252bb891400689b4b | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | How do birds act in the period before migration? | {
"text": [
"higher activity"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
5706abd252bb891400689b4c | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | What does Zugunruhe mean in English? | {
"text": [
"migratory restlessness"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
5706abd252bb891400689b4d | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature? | {
"text": [
"preferential flight direction"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
5706abd252bb891400689b4e | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | When do caged birds change their preferential direction? | {
"text": [
"the same time their wild conspecifics change course"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0a | Bird_migration | In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry. | What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females? | {
"text": [
"protandry"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0b | Bird_migration | In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry. | What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism? | {
"text": [
"males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0c | Bird_migration | In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry. | Why do males in polygynous species return before the females? | {
"text": [
"sexual dimorphism"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5706acd875f01819005e7d10 | Bird_migration | Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetocep... | What is navigation based on? | {
"text": [
"a variety of senses"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
5706acd875f01819005e7d11 | Bird_migration | Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetocep... | What do many birds use as a compass? | {
"text": [
"sun"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
5706acd875f01819005e7d12 | Bird_migration | Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetocep... | What does using the sun for direction involve? | {
"text": [
"the need for making compensation based on the time"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
5706acd875f01819005e7d13 | Bird_migration | Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetocep... | What else is navigation based on? | {
"text": [
"use visual landmarks"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
5706acd875f01819005e7d14 | Bird_migration | Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetocep... | What is magnetoception? | {
"text": [
"the ability to detect magnetic fields"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
5706b5312eaba6190074ac4e | Bird_migration | Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year. | When do long distance migrants disperse? | {
"text": [
"as young birds"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
5706b5312eaba6190074ac4f | Bird_migration | Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year. | What do young birds form attachments to? | {
"text": [
"potential breeding sites"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
5706b5312eaba6190074ac50 | Bird_migration | Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year. | What else do young birds form attachments to? | {
"text": [
"wintering sites"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
5706b5312eaba6190074ac51 | Bird_migration | Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year. | What happens when the site attachment is made? | {
"text": [
"they show high site-fidelity"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
5706b5312eaba6190074ac52 | Bird_migration | Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year. | Where do migrating birds visit? | {
"text": [
"the same wintering sites year after year"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da1 | Bird_migration | The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to re... | What are older migrating birds better at? | {
"text": [
"making corrections for wind drift"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da2 | Bird_migration | The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to re... | How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked? | {
"text": [
"Satellite"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da3 | Bird_migration | The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to re... | What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration? | {
"text": [
"recognize habitats and form mental maps"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da4 | Bird_migration | The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to re... | What are examples of day migrating raptors? | {
"text": [
"ospreys and honey buzzards"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
5706baba2eaba6190074ac99 | Bird_migration | Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's magnetic field, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through... | Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located? | {
"text": [
"between the eye and \"Cluster N\""
],
"answer_start": [
1135
]
} |
5706baba2eaba6190074ac9b | Bird_migration | Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's magnetic field, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through... | What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to? | {
"text": [
"a boy scout with a compass but no map"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
} |
5706baba2eaba6190074ac9c | Bird_migration | Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's magnetic field, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through... | How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes? | {
"text": [
"let it know when it has reached its destination"
],
"answer_start": [
1057
]
} |
5706bbd02eaba6190074acb4 | Bird_migration | Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as wat... | How can migrating birds lose their way? | {
"text": [
"flying past their destinations"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
5706bbd02eaba6190074acb5 | Bird_migration | Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as wat... | What is flying past their destinations called? | {
"text": [
"spring overshoot"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
5706bbd02eaba6190074acb6 | Bird_migration | Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as wat... | What location has become famous for bird overshooters? | {
"text": [
"Point Pelee National Park"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
5706bbd02eaba6190074acb7 | Bird_migration | Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as wat... | What other location is famous for spring overshoot? | {
"text": [
"Spurn in England"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
5706bbd02eaba6190074acb8 | Bird_migration | Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as wat... | Where do bird overshooters end up? | {
"text": [
"further north than intended"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
5706bcd30eeca41400aa0dcb | Bird_migration | Reverse migration, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range. | What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail? | {
"text": [
"Reverse migration"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706bcd30eeca41400aa0dce | Bird_migration | Reverse migration, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range. | How far out of range can rarities get? | {
"text": [
"thousands of kilometres"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
5706c6190eeca41400aa0e21 | Bird_migration | A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another. | What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region? | {
"text": [
"abmigration"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
5706c6190eeca41400aa0e22 | Bird_migration | A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another. | What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate? | {
"text": [
"waterfowl"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
5706c6190eeca41400aa0e23 | Bird_migration | A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another. | Who do abmigrating birds return with? | {
"text": [
"the new population"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
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