id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570632d275f01819005e7a77 | Immunology | Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010). | These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason? | {
"text": [
"not previously associated with the immune system"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1a | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called? | {
"text": [
"Clinical immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1b | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology? | {
"text": [
"failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1c | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | Where can these three elements occur in the immune system? | {
"text": [
"cellular elements"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1d | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | What else does clinical immunology concern itself with? | {
"text": [
"diseases of other systems"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce6 | Immunology | Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | What is a type of immune system disorder? | {
"text": [
"hypersensitivities"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce7 | Immunology | Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | What are some examples of hypersensitivities? | {
"text": [
"asthma and other allergies"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce8 | Immunology | Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | What characterizes a hypersensitivity? | {
"text": [
"respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b54 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | What is the most famous immune system disease? | {
"text": [
"AIDS"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b55 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | What kind of disease is AIDS? | {
"text": [
"an immunodeficiency"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b56 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS? | {
"text": [
"CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b57 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | What virus specifically suppresses those cells? | {
"text": [
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d7 | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen? | {
"text": [
"person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d8 | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient? | {
"text": [
"both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d9 | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by? | {
"text": [
"low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91da | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants? | {
"text": [
"phagocytic"
],
"answer_start": [
1110
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91db | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this? | {
"text": [
"activate T cells"
],
"answer_start": [
1331
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e1 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | In babies, what is another element impacting immune response? | {
"text": [
"Maternal factors"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e2 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means? | {
"text": [
"breast milk"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e3 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants? | {
"text": [
"up to 18 months"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e4 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins? | {
"text": [
"glycoproteins"
],
"answer_start": [
1004
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e5 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what? | {
"text": [
"distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules"
],
"answer_start": [
1164
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9205 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens? | {
"text": [
"hormones"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9206 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females? | {
"text": [
"17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9207 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males? | {
"text": [
"testosterone"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9208 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what? | {
"text": [
"increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9209 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what? | {
"text": [
"detect sex hormones in the system"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc763 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as? | {
"text": [
"strongly experimental"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc764 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology? | {
"text": [
"\"cellular\" and \"humoral\""
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc765 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses? | {
"text": [
"phagocytes"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc766 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what? | {
"text": [
"soluble components (molecules)"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc767 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside? | {
"text": [
"the organism’s “humors”"
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9267 | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology? | {
"text": [
"Frank Burnet"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9268 | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What triggers an immune response according to CST? | {
"text": [
"self/nonself distinction"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9269 | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response? | {
"text": [
"\"nonself\" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926a | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What property of T cells caused modification of CST? | {
"text": [
"the complex \"two-signal\" activation"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926b | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | When was clonal selection theory first proposed? | {
"text": [
"In the mid-1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927b | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study? | {
"text": [
"Bioscience"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927c | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study? | {
"text": [
"bioscience"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927d | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings? | {
"text": [
"humans and animals"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927e | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what? | {
"text": [
"research"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927f | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | What two conditions apply to good immunological study? | {
"text": [
"effective yet consistent research"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a5 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters? | {
"text": [
"AAI courses"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a6 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai? | {
"text": [
"Icahn School of Medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a7 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | AAI immunology courses include what two components? | {
"text": [
"Introductory Course and an Advance Course"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a8 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | What does the introductory AAI immunology course do? | {
"text": [
"gives students an overview of the basics of immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a9 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | The Langone Medical Center is part of what college? | {
"text": [
"New York University"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7af | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what? | {
"text": [
"an introduction to the basic principles of immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b0 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what? | {
"text": [
"clinically-oriented lecture series"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b1 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have? | {
"text": [
"a background of the principles of immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b2 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree? | {
"text": [
"two years of study"
],
"answer_start": [
640
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b3 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | What program requires an additional two years of study? | {
"text": [
"a doctoral programme"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
570616a075f01819005e7970 | MP3 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III? | {
"text": [
"MP3"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
570616a075f01819005e7971 | MP3 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | What kind of audio is the coding format for? | {
"text": [
"digital"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
570616a075f01819005e7972 | MP3 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for? | {
"text": [
"consumer audio streaming"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
570616a075f01819005e7973 | MP3 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | What does MP3 use to format it's data? | {
"text": [
"lossy data compression"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
570616a075f01819005e7974 | MP3 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | Where will MP3 files most commonly be found? | {
"text": [
"digital audio players"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
57061a1e75f01819005e7984 | MP3 | The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11... | What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio? | {
"text": [
"sound like a faithful reproduction"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
57061a1e75f01819005e7985 | MP3 | The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11... | What kind of compression is used? | {
"text": [
"created"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
57061a1e75f01819005e7986 | MP3 | The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11... | If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD? | {
"text": [
"1/11"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
57061a1e75f01819005e7987 | MP3 | The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11... | How many total bit/s would a CD have? | {
"text": [
"1,411,200"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
57061a1e75f01819005e7988 | MP3 | The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11... | How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have? | {
"text": [
"128,000"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
57061b0f75f01819005e798e | MP3 | The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, ... | What does the compression target in the song? | {
"text": [
"accuracy"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
57061b0f75f01819005e798f | MP3 | The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, ... | The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people? | {
"text": [
"auditory resolution"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
57061b0f75f01819005e7990 | MP3 | The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, ... | What is this method commonly referred to as? | {
"text": [
"perceptual coding"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
57061b0f75f01819005e7991 | MP3 | The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, ... | What kind of model is used in this kind of compression? | {
"text": [
"psychoacoustic"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
57061b0f75f01819005e7992 | MP3 | The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, ... | These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing? | {
"text": [
"less audible"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
57061bc675f01819005e7998 | MP3 | MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 P... | Who designed MP3? | {
"text": [
"Moving Picture Experts Group"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
57061bc675f01819005e7999 | MP3 | MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 P... | What was the first standard that this group had? | {
"text": [
"MPEG-1"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
57061bc675f01819005e799a | MP3 | MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 P... | The first standard later developed into which standard? | {
"text": [
"MPEG-2"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57061bc675f01819005e799b | MP3 | MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 P... | When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard? | {
"text": [
"1991"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
57061bc675f01819005e799c | MP3 | MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 P... | When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published? | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a2 | MP3 | The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of audi... | What does the MP3 compression take advantage of? | {
"text": [
"perceptual limitation"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a3 | MP3 | The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of audi... | What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as? | {
"text": [
"auditory masking"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a4 | MP3 | The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of audi... | Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible. | {
"text": [
"Alfred M. Mayer"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a5 | MP3 | The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of audi... | When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer? | {
"text": [
"1959"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a6 | MP3 | The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of audi... | The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else? | {
"text": [
"critical bandwidths"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c0 | MP3 | The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit comp... | What was first proposed in 1979? | {
"text": [
"The psychoacoustic masking codec"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c1 | MP3 | The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit comp... | Which country were the researchers located in? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c2 | MP3 | The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit comp... | Who was the first to produce hardware for speech? | {
"text": [
"Krasner"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c3 | MP3 | The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit comp... | What does LPC stand for? | {
"text": [
"linear predictive coding"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c4 | MP3 | The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit comp... | What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications? | {
"text": [
"audio compression algorithms"
],
"answer_start": [
1098
]
} |
57061edc75f01819005e79ac | MP3 | The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but th... | What does OCF stand for? | {
"text": [
"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
57061edc75f01819005e79ad | MP3 | The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but th... | What does PXFM stand for? | {
"text": [
"Perceptual Transform Coding"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
57061edc75f01819005e79ae | MP3 | The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but th... | What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into? | {
"text": [
"ASPEC"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
57061edc75f01819005e79af | MP3 | The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but th... | Which competition did ASPEC win? | {
"text": [
"quality"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
57061edc75f01819005e79b0 | MP3 | The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but th... | What was the first practical implementation based on? | {
"text": [
"Motorola 56000 DSP chips"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
57061f8275f01819005e79b6 | MP3 | As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaborat... | What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg? | {
"text": [
"doctoral"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
57061f8275f01819005e79b7 | MP3 | As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaborat... | When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression? | {
"text": [
"early 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
57061f8275f01819005e79b8 | MP3 | As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaborat... | Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at? | {
"text": [
"Erlangen-Nuremberg"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} |
57061f8275f01819005e79b9 | MP3 | As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaborat... | Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression? | {
"text": [
"Fraunhofer Society"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
57061f8275f01819005e79ba | MP3 | As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaborat... | When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute? | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
5706202975f01819005e79ca | MP3 | The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. | What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3? | {
"text": [
"Tom's Diner"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
5706202975f01819005e79cb | MP3 | The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. | Who was the artist of the first song used? | {
"text": [
"Suzanne Vega"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
5706202975f01819005e79cc | MP3 | The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. | Who adjusted the song? | {
"text": [
"Karlheinz Brandenburg"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
5706202975f01819005e79cd | MP3 | The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. | The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what? | {
"text": [
"scheme"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
5706202975f01819005e79ce | MP3 | The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. | What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve? | {
"text": [
"subtlety"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
5706219a52bb8914006898d8 | MP3 | In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), ... | How many proposals were available in 1991? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
5706219a52bb8914006898d9 | MP3 | In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), ... | Other than ASPEC what was another proposal? | {
"text": [
"Musicam"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
5706219a52bb8914006898da | MP3 | In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), ... | The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country? | {
"text": [
"Netherlands"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
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