id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570634ea75f01819005e7a9d | MP3 | Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback. | For encoders and decoders, what is not defined? | {
"text": [
"overall delay"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
5706371452bb89140068996e | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor? | {
"text": [
"sound quality of the result"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
5706371452bb89140068996f | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | What would an example of lossy audio encoding be? | {
"text": [
"creating an MP3 file"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
5706371452bb891400689970 | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file? | {
"text": [
"the creator"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
5706371452bb891400689972 | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what? | {
"text": [
"larger"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
570637be52bb891400689978 | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction? | {
"text": [
"compression artifacts"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
570637be52bb891400689979 | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"compression artifacts"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
570637be52bb89140068997a | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file? | {
"text": [
"compress"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
570637be52bb89140068997b | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed? | {
"text": [
"ringing"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
570637be52bb89140068997c | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts? | {
"text": [
"A sample of applause"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689982 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file? | {
"text": [
"quality of the encoder"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689983 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding? | {
"text": [
"encoding algorithms"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689984 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same? | {
"text": [
"bit rates"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689985 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | An example shown has a low range quality score of what value? | {
"text": [
"2.22"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689986 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what? | {
"text": [
"5"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689996 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use? | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689997 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | What does CBR stand for? | {
"text": [
"Constant Bit Rate"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689998 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | What does VBR stand for? | {
"text": [
"Variable Bit Rate"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689999 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress? | {
"text": [
"music containing only a few instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
57063bc552bb89140068999a | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music? | {
"text": [
"quality setting"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} |
57063c3e75f01819005e7aac | MP3 | Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). | A listening environment is also know by which term? | {
"text": [
"ambient noise"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
57063c3e75f01819005e7aad | MP3 | Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). | Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality? | {
"text": [
"sound cards"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
57063c3e75f01819005e7aae | MP3 | Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). | Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality? | {
"text": [
"Perceived quality"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a0 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | Who gave students a test to determine their preferences? | {
"text": [
"Music Professor Jonathan Berger"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a1 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality? | {
"text": [
"Stanford University"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a2 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend? | {
"text": [
"risen each year"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a3 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | What kind of sound did students seem to prefer? | {
"text": [
"sizzle"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899a8 | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire? | {
"text": [
"The Ghost in the MP3"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899a9 | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | What did the study aim to isolate? | {
"text": [
"sounds lost during MP3 compression"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899aa | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | What is the track "moDernisT" an anagram of? | {
"text": [
"Tom's Diner"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899ab | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | Where was an account of the study published? | {
"text": [
"International Computer Music Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899ac | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | Which year was the study published? | {
"text": [
"2014"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b2 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | What is the name of the sampling theorem? | {
"text": [
"Nyquist–Shannon"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b3 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less? | {
"text": [
"less than half"
],
"answer_start": [
619
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b4 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error? | {
"text": [
"imperfect filters"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b5 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much? | {
"text": [
"4 kHz"
],
"answer_start": [
815
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b6 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate? | {
"text": [
"48"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac6 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | What sampling rate is used for CD audio? | {
"text": [
"44.1 kHz"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac7 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | What is the main source used for creating MP3 files? | {
"text": [
"CD audio"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac8 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates? | {
"text": [
"the Internet"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac9 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio? | {
"text": [
"11:1"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7aca | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread? | {
"text": [
"320 kbit/s"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad0 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s? | {
"text": [
"Uncompressed audio"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad1 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio? | {
"text": [
"11:1"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad2 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio? | {
"text": [
"9:1"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad3 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio? | {
"text": [
"7:1"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7ad8 | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows? | {
"text": [
"640 kbit/s"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7ad9 | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what? | {
"text": [
"Non-standard"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7ada | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option? | {
"text": [
"freeformat"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7adb | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate? | {
"text": [
"320"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae0 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | What does the term CBR mean? | {
"text": [
"Constant Bit Rate"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae1 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | Which early MPEG layer used CBR? | {
"text": [
"Layer III"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae2 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate? | {
"text": [
"uniform"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae3 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate? | {
"text": [
"bit reservoir"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae4 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on? | {
"text": [
"the complexity of the sound"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aea | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce? | {
"text": [
"variable bitrate audio"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aeb | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis? | {
"text": [
"layer III"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aec | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality? | {
"text": [
"VBR"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aed | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable? | {
"text": [
"final file size"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aee | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use? | {
"text": [
"the user"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899bc | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"bit reservoir"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899bd | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir? | {
"text": [
"Layer III"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899be | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate? | {
"text": [
"temporary"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899bf | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir? | {
"text": [
"encoding delay"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899c0 | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream? | {
"text": [
"constant bitrate"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c6 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to? | {
"text": [
"sfb21"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c7 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to? | {
"text": [
"16 kHz"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c8 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21? | {
"text": [
"less efficient storage"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c9 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding? | {
"text": [
"wasted bitrate"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b12 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as? | {
"text": [
"tag"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b13 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track number? | {
"text": [
"album"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b14 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What do MP3 standards not define? | {
"text": [
"tag formats for MP3 files"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b15 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags? | {
"text": [
"a standard container format"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2a | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists? | {
"text": [
"ID3v2"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2b | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting? | {
"text": [
"APEv2"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2c | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning? | {
"text": [
"end"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2d | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | What is important to note about where the tags are stored? | {
"text": [
"separate from the actual MP3 frame data"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2e | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them? | {
"text": [
"treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b34 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file? | {
"text": [
"ReplayGain"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b35 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as? | {
"text": [
"audio normalization"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b36 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust? | {
"text": [
"the overall playback volume"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b37 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements? | {
"text": [
"MP3Gain"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b38 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback? | {
"text": [
"ReplayGain capability"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b3e | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free? | {
"text": [
"European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b3f | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free? | {
"text": [
"expired"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b40 | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | When will the technology be patent - free in the United States? | {
"text": [
"31 December 2017"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b41 | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire? | {
"text": [
"2007 and 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b50 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to? | {
"text": [
"legal threats"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b51 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products? | {
"text": [
"which patents must be licensed"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b52 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | What was the danger of not correctly patenting products? | {
"text": [
"patent infringement"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b53 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent? | {
"text": [
"early stages"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b58 | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | What became publicly available on 6 December 1991? | {
"text": [
"MPEG-1 standard"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b59 | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | When can patents not be filed in most countries? | {
"text": [
"after prior art has been made public"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b5a | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed? | {
"text": [
"20 years"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b5b | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed? | {
"text": [
"12 months"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b5c | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries? | {
"text": [
"December 2012"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b62 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States? | {
"text": [
"17 years after the publication date"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b63 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"submarine patents"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b64 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States? | {
"text": [
"2017"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b65 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States? | {
"text": [
"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft"
],
"answer_start": [
891
]
} |
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