id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5728e55c3acd2414000e0161 | Karl_Popper | According to John N. Gray, Popper held that "a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified." By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have "killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth." When they w... | According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed? | {
"text": [
"available evidence"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
5728e55c3acd2414000e0162 | Karl_Popper | According to John N. Gray, Popper held that "a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified." By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have "killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth." When they w... | What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress? | {
"text": [
"irrationalist"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
5728e7254b864d1900165060 | Karl_Popper | Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as wel... | Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable? | {
"text": [
"inductivist"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
5728e7254b864d1900165061 | Karl_Popper | Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as wel... | A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher? | {
"text": [
"Imre Lakatos"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
5728e7254b864d1900165062 | Karl_Popper | Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as wel... | What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed? | {
"text": [
"explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
5728e7254b864d1900165063 | Karl_Popper | Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as wel... | In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence? | {
"text": [
"Einstein's theory"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
5728e740ff5b5019007da91e | Karl_Popper | Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least... | Which type of theory is most falsifiable? | {
"text": [
"simplest"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
5728e740ff5b5019007da91f | Karl_Popper | Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least... | What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose? | {
"text": [
"positivism"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
5728e740ff5b5019007da920 | Karl_Popper | Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least... | For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what? | {
"text": [
"impossible"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
5728e740ff5b5019007da921 | Karl_Popper | Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least... | What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable? | {
"text": [
"its falsity"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da934 | Karl_Popper | In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. T... | Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views? | {
"text": [
"Communists"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da935 | Karl_Popper | In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. T... | The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move? | {
"text": [
"a coup"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da936 | Karl_Popper | In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. T... | Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation? | {
"text": [
"historicism"
],
"answer_start": [
900
]
} |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da937 | Karl_Popper | In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. T... | Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed? | {
"text": [
"Béla Kun"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da938 | Karl_Popper | In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. T... | What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation? | {
"text": [
"class struggle"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
57289b78ff5b5019007da330 | Mandolin | A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versi... | What country did the mandolin originate from? | {
"text": [
"Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
57289b78ff5b5019007da331 | Mandolin | A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versi... | What does mandolin translate to? | {
"text": [
"small mandola"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
57289b78ff5b5019007da332 | Mandolin | A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versi... | What musical family does the mandolin come from? | {
"text": [
"lute family"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
57289b78ff5b5019007da333 | Mandolin | A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versi... | How is the mandolin usually played? | {
"text": [
"usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\""
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
57289b78ff5b5019007da334 | Mandolin | A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versi... | How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
57289c363acd2414000dfb58 | Mandolin | There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and a... | What is the round-back mandolin made of? | {
"text": [
"strips of wood, glued together into a bowl"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
57289c363acd2414000dfb59 | Mandolin | There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and a... | Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top? | {
"text": [
"round-back"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
57289c363acd2414000dfb5a | Mandolin | There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and a... | Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? | {
"text": [
"European classical music and traditional music."
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
57289c363acd2414000dfb5b | Mandolin | There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and a... | Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music? | {
"text": [
"Carved-top instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
57289dd54b864d1900164ac8 | Mandolin | Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more press... | What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around? | {
"text": [
"soundboard (the top)"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
57289dd54b864d1900164ac9 | Mandolin | Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more press... | Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? | {
"text": [
"quiet instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
57289dd54b864d1900164aca | Mandolin | Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more press... | What are modern mandolins' strings made of? | {
"text": [
"four courses of metal strings,"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
57289dd54b864d1900164acb | Mandolin | Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more press... | What is the most common soundboard shape? | {
"text": [
"generally round or teardrop-shaped"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
57289dd54b864d1900164acc | Mandolin | Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more press... | What are the sound holes covered with? | {
"text": [
"bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling"
],
"answer_start": [
749
]
} |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7b | Mandolin | Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of ... | Who introduced the lute to Spain? | {
"text": [
"the Moors"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7c | Mandolin | Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of ... | What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? | {
"text": [
"Sicily"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7d | Mandolin | Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of ... | Who brought the lute to Sicily? | {
"text": [
"Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7e | Mandolin | Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of ... | What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest? | {
"text": [
"Palermo"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7f | Mandolin | Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of ... | What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? | {
"text": [
"Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
57289f804b864d1900164ae2 | Mandolin | There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia... | What is there currently confusion over? | {
"text": [
"eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
57289f804b864d1900164ae3 | Mandolin | There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia... | Who is said to have ran the first shop? | {
"text": [
"Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
57289f804b864d1900164ae4 | Mandolin | There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia... | Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside? | {
"text": [
"University of Edinburgh"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
57289f804b864d1900164ae5 | Mandolin | There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia... | Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside? | {
"text": [
"University of Edinburgh"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
57289f804b864d1900164ae6 | Mandolin | There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia... | Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside? | {
"text": [
"Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium."
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
5728a06a3acd2414000dfb8f | Mandolin | The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat "flush" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the st... | What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin? | {
"text": [
"1744"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
5728a06a3acd2414000dfb92 | Mandolin | The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat "flush" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the st... | Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
5728a06a3acd2414000dfb93 | Mandolin | The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat "flush" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the st... | What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up? | {
"text": [
"1815"
],
"answer_start": [
900
]
} |
5728a13e3acd2414000dfb99 | Mandolin | Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene... | When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound? | {
"text": [
"Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9a | Mandolin | Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene... | What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? | {
"text": [
"Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students)"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9b | Mandolin | Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene... | When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked? | {
"text": [
"early years of the 20th century."
],
"answer_start": [
640
]
} |
5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9c | Mandolin | Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene... | What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's? | {
"text": [
"bandurria"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9d | Mandolin | Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene... | What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well? | {
"text": [
"Mandolin orchestras"
],
"answer_start": [
801
]
} |
5728a4054b864d1900164b28 | Mandolin | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | When was the second decline of mandolin popularity? | {
"text": [
"early 20th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
5728a4054b864d1900164b29 | Mandolin | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first? | {
"text": [
"Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
5728a4054b864d1900164b2a | Mandolin | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | Who created the rasonator mandolin? | {
"text": [
"Luthiers"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
5728a4054b864d1900164b2b | Mandolin | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created? | {
"text": [
"mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
5728a4054b864d1900164b2c | Mandolin | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in? | {
"text": [
"Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too."
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
5728a4972ca10214002da50c | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | What happens to mandolin notes when plucked? | {
"text": [
"decay to silence"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
5728a4972ca10214002da50d | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments? | {
"text": [
"faster"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
5728a4972ca10214002da50e | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | What is tremolo? | {
"text": [
"rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
5728a4972ca10214002da50f | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique? | {
"text": [
"paired strings"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
5728a4972ca10214002da510 | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | What is a plectrum? | {
"text": [
"pick"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
5728a540ff5b5019007da395 | Mandolin | The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V... | How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have? | {
"text": [
"8"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
5728a540ff5b5019007da396 | Mandolin | The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V... | What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of? | {
"text": [
"metal strings"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
5728a540ff5b5019007da397 | Mandolin | The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V... | What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin? | {
"text": [
"hardwood fingerboard"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
5728a540ff5b5019007da398 | Mandolin | The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V... | How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? | {
"text": [
"13-inch scale"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
5728a6062ca10214002da520 | Mandolin | Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-si... | Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from? | {
"text": [
"Milan and Lombardy"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
5728a6062ca10214002da521 | Mandolin | Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-si... | What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins? | {
"text": [
"mandolino or mandore"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
5728a6062ca10214002da522 | Mandolin | Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-si... | What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin? | {
"text": [
"They are shorter and wider"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
5728a6062ca10214002da523 | Mandolin | Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-si... | How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have? | {
"text": [
"6 strings"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
5728a6062ca10214002da524 | Mandolin | Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-si... | Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin? | {
"text": [
"Antonio Monzino"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
5728a6773acd2414000dfbdb | Mandolin | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin? | {
"text": [
"Samuel Adelstein"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5728a6773acd2414000dfbdc | Mandolin | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | How many strings do the regular mandolin's have? | {
"text": [
"4"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
5728a6773acd2414000dfbdd | Mandolin | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to? | {
"text": [
"C, D, A, E, B, G."
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
5728a6773acd2414000dfbde | Mandolin | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | How many frets did the Lombardi have? | {
"text": [
"20 frets"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
5728a6773acd2414000dfbdf | Mandolin | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | How many octaves did the Lombardi cover? | {
"text": [
"three octaves"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
5728a75e4b864d1900164b92 | Mandolin | In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung m... | Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin? | {
"text": [
"Bartolomeo Bortolazzi"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
5728a75e4b864d1900164b94 | Mandolin | In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung m... | How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have? | {
"text": [
"four single-strings"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
5728a75e4b864d1900164b95 | Mandolin | In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung m... | Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? | {
"text": [
"uncomfortable to play"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
5728a75e4b864d1900164b96 | Mandolin | In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung m... | What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? | {
"text": [
"less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0d | Mandolin | At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who... | When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created? | {
"text": [
"end of the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0e | Mandolin | At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who... | What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from? | {
"text": [
"violin family instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0f | Mandolin | At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who... | What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant? | {
"text": [
"European-style bowl-back"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc10 | Mandolin | At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who... | Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited? | {
"text": [
"Orville Gibson"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
5728a8913acd2414000dfc20 | Mandolin | These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States... | Where are the soundholes located? | {
"text": [
"directly under the strings"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
5728a8913acd2414000dfc21 | Mandolin | These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States... | What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music? | {
"text": [
"Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
5728a8913acd2414000dfc22 | Mandolin | These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States... | What style is associate with other types of music? | {
"text": [
"A-style"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
5728a8913acd2414000dfc23 | Mandolin | These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States... | Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive? | {
"text": [
"complicated woodwork"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
5728a91e3acd2414000dfc33 | Mandolin | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated? | {
"text": [
"Gibson F-5"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
5728a91e3acd2414000dfc34 | Mandolin | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated? | {
"text": [
"early 1920s"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
5728a91e3acd2414000dfc35 | Mandolin | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication? | {
"text": [
"Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
5728a91e3acd2414000dfc36 | Mandolin | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | Who are the other makers from the Loar period? | {
"text": [
"Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
5728a91e3acd2414000dfc37 | Mandolin | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers? | {
"text": [
"Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings."
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
5728a9a74b864d1900164bd2 | Mandolin | The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European c... | What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of? | {
"text": [
"violin"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
5728a9a74b864d1900164bd3 | Mandolin | The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European c... | Where was the mandolin primarily used? | {
"text": [
"classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
5728a9a74b864d1900164bd4 | Mandolin | The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European c... | When was the mandolin considered a fad? | {
"text": [
"early 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
779
]
} |
5728a9a74b864d1900164bd5 | Mandolin | The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European c... | Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad? | {
"text": [
"Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
5728a9a74b864d1900164bd6 | Mandolin | The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European c... | When did the mandolin craze end? | {
"text": [
"1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
839
]
} |
5728aaa24b864d1900164be6 | Mandolin | Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-... | Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement? | {
"text": [
"Phil Skinner"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5728aaa24b864d1900164be7 | Mandolin | Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-... | When did the Australian mandolin movement begin? | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
5728aaa24b864d1900164be8 | Mandolin | Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-... | When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
5728aaa24b864d1900164be9 | Mandolin | Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-... | What was Phil Skinner's birth name? | {
"text": [
"Harry Skinner"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
5728aaa24b864d1900164bea | Mandolin | Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-... | At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music? | {
"text": [
"10"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
5728ab5aff5b5019007da400 | Mandolin | The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of thei... | Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins? | {
"text": [
"Adrian Hooper"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
5728ab5aff5b5019007da401 | Mandolin | The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of thei... | How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been? | {
"text": [
"over 200 works"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
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