id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5728aba2ff5b5019007da414 | Karl_Popper | Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theor... | Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts? | {
"text": [
"verification and falsifiability"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
5728aba2ff5b5019007da415 | Karl_Popper | Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theor... | What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science? | {
"text": [
"falsifiability"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
5728aba2ff5b5019007da416 | Karl_Popper | Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theor... | What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion? | {
"text": [
"Marxism"
],
"answer_start": [
927
]
} |
5728aba2ff5b5019007da417 | Karl_Popper | Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theor... | What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory? | {
"text": [
"psychoanalysis"
],
"answer_start": [
895
]
} |
5728ac854b864d1900164c02 | Karl_Popper | In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scient... | Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time? | {
"text": [
"All Life is Problem Solving"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5728ac854b864d1900164c03 | Karl_Popper | In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scient... | Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process? | {
"text": [
"evolutionary"
],
"answer_start": [
812
]
} |
5728ac854b864d1900164c04 | Karl_Popper | In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scient... | What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper? | {
"text": [
"truth content"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47c | Karl_Popper | In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolu... | What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature? | {
"text": [
"error elimination"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47d | Karl_Popper | In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolu... | What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than "more true?" | {
"text": [
"more \"fit\""
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47e | Karl_Popper | In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolu... | What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science? | {
"text": [
"conjectures"
],
"answer_start": [
1085
]
} |
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47f | Karl_Popper | In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolu... | Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress? | {
"text": [
"more and more interesting problems"
],
"answer_start": [
979
]
} |
5728b0f44b864d1900164c30 | Karl_Popper | Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsifie... | Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning? | {
"text": [
"induction"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
5728b0f44b864d1900164c31 | Karl_Popper | Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsifie... | What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified? | {
"text": [
"additional conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
} |
5728b0f44b864d1900164c32 | Karl_Popper | Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsifie... | Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability? | {
"text": [
"Popper"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
5728b48a3acd2414000dfd1f | Karl_Popper | Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysi... | Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge? | {
"text": [
"ad-hoc-measures"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
5728b48a3acd2414000dfd20 | Karl_Popper | Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysi... | Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied? | {
"text": [
"W.W. Bartley III"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
5728b48a3acd2414000dfd21 | Karl_Popper | Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysi... | What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III? | {
"text": [
"empirical"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da524 | Karl_Popper | To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not th... | According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt? | {
"text": [
"lack of justification"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da525 | Karl_Popper | To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not th... | What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against? | {
"text": [
"principle of sufficient reason"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da526 | Karl_Popper | To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not th... | What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification? | {
"text": [
"eliminate errors"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da527 | Karl_Popper | To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not th... | What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view? | {
"text": [
"good positive reasons"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
5728b7412ca10214002da646 | Karl_Popper | In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that... | Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path? | {
"text": [
"The Poverty of Historicism"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5728b7412ca10214002da647 | Karl_Popper | In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that... | What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development? | {
"text": [
"historicism"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
5728b7412ca10214002da648 | Karl_Popper | In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that... | What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported? | {
"text": [
"authoritarianism and totalitarianism"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
5728b7412ca10214002da649 | Karl_Popper | In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that... | What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism? | {
"text": [
"the growth of human knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
5728c8083acd2414000dfe3d | Karl_Popper | As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski... | Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935? | {
"text": [
"Alfred Tarski"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
5728c8083acd2414000dfe3e | Karl_Popper | As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski... | What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933? | {
"text": [
"semantic theory of truth"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
5728c8083acd2414000dfe3f | Karl_Popper | As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski... | Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth? | {
"text": [
"truth as correspondence"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
5728c8083acd2414000dfe40 | Karl_Popper | As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski... | What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported? | {
"text": [
"metaphysical"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e6 | Karl_Popper | According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationa... | What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth? | {
"text": [
"deflationary"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e7 | Karl_Popper | According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationa... | With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate "is true?" | {
"text": [
"\"corresponds to the facts\""
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e8 | Karl_Popper | According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationa... | What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements? | {
"text": [
"metalanguage"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e9 | Karl_Popper | According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationa... | What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth? | {
"text": [
"assertions and the facts to which they refer"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
5728cceb2ca10214002da814 | Karl_Popper | Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theorie... | What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude? | {
"text": [
"truthlikeness"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
5728cceb2ca10214002da815 | Karl_Popper | Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theorie... | Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses? | {
"text": [
"subjective"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
5728cceb2ca10214002da816 | Karl_Popper | Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theorie... | What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement? | {
"text": [
"epistemic"
],
"answer_start": [
623
]
} |
5728cceb2ca10214002da817 | Karl_Popper | Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theorie... | What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning? | {
"text": [
"probability"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
5728ce273acd2414000dfeeb | Karl_Popper | Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, be... | What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject? | {
"text": [
"knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5728ce273acd2414000dfeec | Karl_Popper | Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, be... | How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
5728ce273acd2414000dfeed | Karl_Popper | Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, be... | What constituted World One in Popper's theory? | {
"text": [
"the physical world"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
5728ce273acd2414000dfeee | Karl_Popper | Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, be... | Who produced the contents of World Three? | {
"text": [
"individual human beings"
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
} |
5728ce273acd2414000dfeef | Karl_Popper | Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, be... | Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge? | {
"text": [
"World Three"
],
"answer_start": [
1375
]
} |
5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9a | Karl_Popper | The creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiab... | Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates? | {
"text": [
"criterion of falsifiability"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9b | Karl_Popper | The creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiab... | What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism? | {
"text": [
"metaphysical"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9c | Karl_Popper | The creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiab... | What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories? | {
"text": [
"possible framework"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9d | Karl_Popper | The creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiab... | Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science? | {
"text": [
"creation–evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5728d0ed2ca10214002da896 | Karl_Popper | Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents ... | Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress? | {
"text": [
"goal-directed"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
5728d0ed2ca10214002da897 | Karl_Popper | Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents ... | Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution? | {
"text": [
"god"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
5728d0ed2ca10214002da898 | Karl_Popper | Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents ... | What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be? | {
"text": [
"creative"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b0 | Karl_Popper | Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less ... | What is the name of Popper's model of evolution? | {
"text": [
"spearhead"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b1 | Karl_Popper | Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less ... | Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models? | {
"text": [
"genetic pluralism"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b2 | Karl_Popper | Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less ... | What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model? | {
"text": [
"goals"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b3 | Karl_Popper | Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less ... | Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process? | {
"text": [
"Mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
5728d4494b864d1900164efe | Karl_Popper | Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phen... | Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own? | {
"text": [
"hopeful monster"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
5728d4494b864d1900164eff | Karl_Popper | Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phen... | Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions? | {
"text": [
"behaviour"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
5728d4494b864d1900164f00 | Karl_Popper | Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phen... | How does Popper describe the "monsters" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes? | {
"text": [
"hopeful behavioural monster"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
5728d4494b864d1900164f01 | Karl_Popper | Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phen... | What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind? | {
"text": [
"active"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8ea | Karl_Popper | About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it "a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established r... | Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?" | {
"text": [
"C.E. Raven"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8eb | Karl_Popper | About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it "a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established r... | What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion? | {
"text": [
"creation-evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8ec | Karl_Popper | About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it "a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established r... | In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper? | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8ed | Karl_Popper | About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it "a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established r... | What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory? | {
"text": [
"metaphysical"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
5728d7342ca10214002da922 | Karl_Popper | In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know a... | In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God? | {
"text": [
"1969"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
5728d7342ca10214002da923 | Karl_Popper | In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know a... | Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer? | {
"text": [
"agnosticism"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
5728d7342ca10214002da924 | Karl_Popper | In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know a... | What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are? | {
"text": [
"myths"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} |
5728d7342ca10214002da925 | Karl_Popper | In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know a... | Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it: | {
"text": [
"tolerant"
],
"answer_start": [
971
]
} |
5728d86aff5b5019007da804 | Karl_Popper | Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Me... | What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most? | {
"text": [
"philosophy of science"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
5728d86aff5b5019007da805 | Karl_Popper | Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Me... | Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics? | {
"text": [
"Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
5728d86aff5b5019007da806 | Karl_Popper | Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Me... | Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics? | {
"text": [
"Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
5728d86aff5b5019007da807 | Karl_Popper | Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Me... | What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science? | {
"text": [
"repudiated it entirely"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
5728d86aff5b5019007da808 | Karl_Popper | Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Me... | Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946? | {
"text": [
"London School of Economics"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
5728d96a2ca10214002da978 | Karl_Popper | While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualificatio... | Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics? | {
"text": [
"Friedrich Hayek"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
5728d96a2ca10214002da979 | Karl_Popper | While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualificatio... | What was Hayek's academic field? | {
"text": [
"Economics"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
5728d96a2ca10214002da97a | Karl_Popper | While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualificatio... | In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him? | {
"text": [
"1944"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
5728d96a2ca10214002da97b | Karl_Popper | While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualificatio... | Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek? | {
"text": [
"Alfred Tarski"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
5728d96a2ca10214002da97c | Karl_Popper | While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualificatio... | Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper? | {
"text": [
"Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a0 | Karl_Popper | He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative ... | What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions? | {
"text": [
"logical positivism"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a1 | Karl_Popper | He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative ... | Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom? | {
"text": [
"any particular scientist"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a2 | Karl_Popper | He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative ... | At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies? | {
"text": [
"system or community"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a3 | Karl_Popper | He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative ... | What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes? | {
"text": [
"slow but steady"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da872 | Karl_Popper | The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replac... | What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories? | {
"text": [
"Quine-Duhem"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da873 | Karl_Popper | The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replac... | Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism? | {
"text": [
"The Logic of Scientific Discovery"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da874 | Karl_Popper | The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replac... | The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet? | {
"text": [
"Neptune"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da875 | Karl_Popper | The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replac... | According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory? | {
"text": [
"more generally applicable"
],
"answer_start": [
873
]
} |
5728de173acd2414000e00b5 | Karl_Popper | Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". (But Popper criticised wha... | Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work? | {
"text": [
"Logic of Discovery"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
5728de173acd2414000e00b6 | Karl_Popper | Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". (But Popper criticised wha... | What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize? | {
"text": [
"relativism"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
5728de173acd2414000e00b7 | Karl_Popper | Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". (But Popper criticised wha... | What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science? | {
"text": [
"the critical discussion of myths"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} |
5728de173acd2414000e00b8 | Karl_Popper | Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". (But Popper criticised wha... | According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not? | {
"text": [
"a critical attitude"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
} |
5728e14d2ca10214002daa18 | Karl_Popper | Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in th... | What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification? | {
"text": [
"statistical"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
5728e14d2ca10214002daa19 | Karl_Popper | Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in th... | What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses? | {
"text": [
"flaws in the evidence"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
5728e14d2ca10214002daa1a | Karl_Popper | Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in th... | According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run? | {
"text": [
"the collective judgment of scientists"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
5728e27c3acd2414000e0111 | Karl_Popper | In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will alwa... | Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism? | {
"text": [
"Science Versus Crime"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
5728e27c3acd2414000e0112 | Karl_Popper | In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will alwa... | Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism? | {
"text": [
"Carl Gustav Hempel"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
5728e27c3acd2414000e0113 | Karl_Popper | In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will alwa... | Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism? | {
"text": [
"Houck"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3c | Karl_Popper | In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly becaus... | Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas? | {
"text": [
"Otto Selz"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3d | Karl_Popper | In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly becaus... | Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper? | {
"text": [
"Michel ter Hark"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3e | Karl_Popper | In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly becaus... | What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933? | {
"text": [
"the rise of Nazism"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3f | Karl_Popper | In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly becaus... | What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz? | {
"text": [
"Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa40 | Karl_Popper | In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly becaus... | Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work? | {
"text": [
"Plato, Hegel and Marx"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
5728e55c3acd2414000e015f | Karl_Popper | According to John N. Gray, Popper held that "a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified." By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have "killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth." When they w... | Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes? | {
"text": [
"Darwin and Einstein"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
5728e55c3acd2414000e0160 | Karl_Popper | According to John N. Gray, Popper held that "a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified." By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have "killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth." When they w... | Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism? | {
"text": [
"Straw Dogs"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
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