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572998921d04691400779569
Insect
Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of w...
Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?
{ "text": [ "pygidial" ], "answer_start": [ 595 ] }
572999816aef05140015500c
Insect
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wild...
Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?
{ "text": [ "Insect ecology" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
572999816aef05140015500d
Insect
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wild...
Another term for surrounding environment is what?
{ "text": [ "ecosystem" ], "answer_start": [ 132 ] }
572999816aef05140015500e
Insect
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wild...
What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?
{ "text": [ "important" ], "answer_start": [ 174 ] }
572999816aef05140015500f
Insect
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wild...
What type of burial do insects engage in?
{ "text": [ "dung" ], "answer_start": [ 273 ] }
572999816aef051400155010
Insect
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wild...
Beetles are also known as what?
{ "text": [ "scavengers" ], "answer_start": [ 373 ] }
57299a913f37b319004784ed
Insect
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelida...
What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?
{ "text": [ "Camouflage" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57299a913f37b319004784ee
Insect
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelida...
What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?
{ "text": [ "blend" ], "answer_start": [ 94 ] }
57299a913f37b319004784ef
Insect
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelida...
Protective coloring is common in what insect family?
{ "text": [ "beetle" ], "answer_start": [ 200 ] }
57299a913f37b319004784f0
Insect
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelida...
What is Chrysomelidae?
{ "text": [ "leaf beetles" ], "answer_start": [ 287 ] }
57299a913f37b319004784f1
Insect
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelida...
A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?
{ "text": [ "bird dung" ], "answer_start": [ 437 ] }
57299bd7af94a219006aa561
Insect
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L...
Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?
{ "text": [ "defense" ], "answer_start": [ 8 ] }
57299bd7af94a219006aa562
Insect
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L...
Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?
{ "text": [ "deceive" ], "answer_start": [ 50 ] }
57299bd7af94a219006aa563
Insect
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L...
Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?
{ "text": [ "wasps" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
57299bd7af94a219006aa564
Insect
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L...
Mimicry complexes are usually found where?
{ "text": [ "in Lepidoptera" ], "answer_start": [ 316 ] }
57299bd7af94a219006aa565
Insect
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L...
What is a well known Mullerian complex?
{ "text": [ "Taxa" ], "answer_start": [ 1037 ] }
57299cebaf94a219006aa56b
Insect
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own to...
What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?
{ "text": [ "Chemical" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57299cebaf94a219006aa56c
Insect
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own to...
What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?
{ "text": [ "bright colors" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
57299cebaf94a219006aa56d
Insect
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own to...
Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?
{ "text": [ "sequestering" ], "answer_start": [ 203 ] }
57299cebaf94a219006aa56e
Insect
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own to...
Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?
{ "text": [ "Lepidoptera" ], "answer_start": [ 284 ] }
57299cebaf94a219006aa56f
Insect
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own to...
Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?
{ "text": [ "chemicals" ], "answer_start": [ 723 ] }
57299e233f37b319004784ff
Insect
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because inse...
Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?
{ "text": [ "Pollination" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57299e233f37b31900478500
Insect
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because inse...
What is required to transport pollen?
{ "text": [ "an animal" ], "answer_start": [ 175 ] }
57299e233f37b31900478501
Insect
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because inse...
Most pollination is completed by what?
{ "text": [ "insects" ], "answer_start": [ 299 ] }
57299e233f37b31900478502
Insect
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because inse...
What do insects receive in return for pollination?
{ "text": [ "energy rich nectar" ], "answer_start": [ 383 ] }
57299e233f37b31900478503
Insect
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because inse...
Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?
{ "text": [ "pollination syndromes" ], "answer_start": [ 566 ] }
57299ef46aef05140015503c
Insect
Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control,...
Humans consider insects as what?
{ "text": [ "pests" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
57299ef46aef05140015503d
Insect
Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control,...
Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?
{ "text": [ "parasitic" ], "answer_start": [ 103 ] }
57299ef46aef05140015503e
Insect
Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control,...
Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?
{ "text": [ "mosquitoes" ], "answer_start": [ 155 ] }
57299ef46aef05140015503f
Insect
Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control,...
What kind of insect can damage architectural structures?
{ "text": [ "termites" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
57299ef46aef051400155040
Insect
Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control,...
Locusts destroy what?
{ "text": [ "agricultural goods" ], "answer_start": [ 216 ] }
57299ff56aef051400155046
Insect
Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the sa...
What kind of insects attract the most attention from humans?
{ "text": [ "pest insects" ], "answer_start": [ 9 ] }
57299ff56aef051400155047
Insect
Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the sa...
Many insects are what to the environment?
{ "text": [ "beneficial" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
57299ff56aef051400155048
Insect
Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the sa...
What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers?
{ "text": [ "pollinate" ], "answer_start": [ 166 ] }
57299ff56aef051400155049
Insect
Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the sa...
What do insects gather from plants?
{ "text": [ "nectar" ], "answer_start": [ 282 ] }
57299ff56aef05140015504a
Insect
Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the sa...
What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination?
{ "text": [ "serious" ], "answer_start": [ 800 ] }
5729a1066aef051400155050
Insect
Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly red...
What insects feed on other insects?
{ "text": [ "Insectivorous" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5729a1066aef051400155051
Insect
Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly red...
Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?
{ "text": [ "beneficial" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
5729a1066aef051400155052
Insect
Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly red...
What insect feeds on aphids?
{ "text": [ "ladybugs" ], "answer_start": [ 244 ] }
5729a1066aef051400155053
Insect
Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly red...
What are the most visible predators of insects?
{ "text": [ "birds" ], "answer_start": [ 354 ] }
5729a1066aef051400155054
Insect
Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly red...
What is the largest consumer of insects?
{ "text": [ "insects themselves" ], "answer_start": [ 407 ] }
5729a26f3f37b3190047852b
Insect
Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles ...
Insects play prominent roles in what?
{ "text": [ "biological research" ], "answer_start": [ 32 ] }
5729a26f3f37b3190047852c
Insect
Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles ...
What is a common insect used for research purposes?
{ "text": [ "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster" ], "answer_start": [ 146 ] }
5729a26f3f37b3190047852d
Insect
Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles ...
Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage?
{ "text": [ "genetic" ], "answer_start": [ 325 ] }
5729a26f3f37b3190047852e
Insect
Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles ...
Genetic systems are conserved among what?
{ "text": [ "eukaryotes" ], "answer_start": [ 478 ] }
5729a26f3f37b3190047852f
Insect
Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles ...
What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome
{ "text": [ "70%" ], "answer_start": [ 796 ] }
5729a3d56aef051400155074
Insect
In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most first-world coun...
Insects are considered as what in some cultures?
{ "text": [ "delicacies" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
5729a3d56aef051400155075
Insect
In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most first-world coun...
What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?
{ "text": [ "cicadas" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
5729a3d56aef051400155076
Insect
In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most first-world coun...
Insects have what kind of protein content?
{ "text": [ "high" ], "answer_start": [ 163 ] }
5729a3d56aef051400155077
Insect
In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most first-world coun...
What is the term for eating insects?
{ "text": [ "entomophagy" ], "answer_start": [ 336 ] }
5729a3d56aef051400155078
Insect
In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most first-world coun...
Where is eating insects considered taboo?
{ "text": [ "first-world countries" ], "answer_start": [ 304 ] }
5729a5f51d046914007795a3
Insect
Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Am...
What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?
{ "text": [ "Scarab beetles" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5729a5f51d046914007795a4
Insect
Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Am...
Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?
{ "text": [ "Chinese" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
5729a5f51d046914007795a5
Insect
Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Am...
What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?
{ "text": [ "honey ants" ], "answer_start": [ 387 ] }
5729a5f51d046914007795a6
Insect
Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Am...
The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?
{ "text": [ "creation" ], "answer_start": [ 574 ] }
5729a5f51d046914007795a7
Insect
Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Am...
Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?
{ "text": [ "Australia" ], "answer_start": [ 344 ] }
5728ad892ca10214002da5a6
Race_(human_categorization)
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to mak...
What do all living humans belong to?
{ "text": [ "the same species" ], "answer_start": [ 599 ] }
5728ad892ca10214002da5a7
Race_(human_categorization)
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to mak...
What species are all humans?
{ "text": [ "Homo sapiens" ], "answer_start": [ 617 ] }
5728ad892ca10214002da5a8
Race_(human_categorization)
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to mak...
Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?
{ "text": [ "humans" ], "answer_start": [ 507 ] }
5728ad892ca10214002da5a9
Race_(human_categorization)
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to mak...
What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?
{ "text": [ "fuzzy" ], "answer_start": [ 341 ] }
5728ad892ca10214002da5aa
Race_(human_categorization)
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to mak...
How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?
{ "text": [ "in widely differing ways" ], "answer_start": [ 185 ] }
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c6
Race_(human_categorization)
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain gen...
What type of group can't be biologically defined?
{ "text": [ "racial" ], "answer_start": [ 122 ] }
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c7
Race_(human_categorization)
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain gen...
What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?
{ "text": [ "racial" ], "answer_start": [ 35 ] }
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c8
Race_(human_categorization)
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain gen...
What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?
{ "text": [ "biological traits" ], "answer_start": [ 249 ] }
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c9
Race_(human_categorization)
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain gen...
Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?
{ "text": [ "human" ], "answer_start": [ 364 ] }
5728c94a2ca10214002da7ca
Race_(human_categorization)
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain gen...
What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation?
{ "text": [ "no current consensus" ], "answer_start": [ 480 ] }
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e68
Race_(human_categorization)
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than...
How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?
{ "text": [ "define and talk about a particular conception of race" ], "answer_start": [ 12 ] }
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e69
Race_(human_categorization)
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than...
What can be said to be a social construct?
{ "text": [ "races" ], "answer_start": [ 160 ] }
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6a
Race_(human_categorization)
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than...
What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?
{ "text": [ "legal, economic, and sociopolitical" ], "answer_start": [ 240 ] }
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6b
Race_(human_categorization)
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than...
Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?
{ "text": [ "major social situations" ], "answer_start": [ 335 ] }
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6c
Race_(human_categorization)
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than...
What effect does race have in the lives of people?
{ "text": [ "real material" ], "answer_start": [ 453 ] }
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e86
Race_(human_categorization)
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially...
Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?
{ "text": [ "considerable suffering" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e87
Race_(human_categorization)
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially...
What is discrimination often paired with?
{ "text": [ "racist mindsets" ], "answer_start": [ 191 ] }
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e88
Race_(human_categorization)
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially...
What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?
{ "text": [ "inferior" ], "answer_start": [ 341 ] }
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e89
Race_(human_categorization)
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially...
What do groups with less power often find themselves?
{ "text": [ "excluded or oppressed" ], "answer_start": [ 435 ] }
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e8a
Race_(human_categorization)
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially...
What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?
{ "text": [ "Racism" ], "answer_start": [ 546 ] }
5728cf173acd2414000dff09
Race_(human_categorization)
In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati...
What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?
{ "text": [ "race" ], "answer_start": [ 40 ] }
5728cf173acd2414000dff0a
Race_(human_categorization)
In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati...
Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized?
{ "text": [ "perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
5728cf173acd2414000dff0b
Race_(human_categorization)
In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati...
What promotes stereotypes?
{ "text": [ "use of racial categories" ], "answer_start": [ 71 ] }
5728cf173acd2414000dff0c
Race_(human_categorization)
In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati...
Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?
{ "text": [ "social scientists" ], "answer_start": [ 328 ] }
5728cf173acd2414000dff0d
Race_(human_categorization)
In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati...
What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions?
{ "text": [ "sociological factors" ], "answer_start": [ 413 ] }
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0001
Race_(human_categorization)
Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it toda...
What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?
{ "text": [ "distinct" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0002
Race_(human_categorization)
Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it toda...
What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being?
{ "text": [ "natural, immutable and global" ], "answer_start": [ 147 ] }
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0003
Race_(human_categorization)
Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it toda...
During which process did our current idea of race come about?
{ "text": [ "exploration and conquest" ], "answer_start": [ 366 ] }
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0004
Race_(human_categorization)
Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it toda...
Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups?
{ "text": [ "different continents" ], "answer_start": [ 445 ] }
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0005
Race_(human_categorization)
Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it toda...
What ideaology is found in the natural sciences?
{ "text": [ "classification and typology" ], "answer_start": [ 490 ] }
5728d9162ca10214002da964
Race_(human_categorization)
The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples ...
When did many of the ideas associated with the term "race" arise?
{ "text": [ "time of the scientific revolution" ], "answer_start": [ 104 ] }
5728d9162ca10214002da965
Race_(human_categorization)
The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples ...
What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?
{ "text": [ "colonization" ], "answer_start": [ 239 ] }
5728d9162ca10214002da966
Race_(human_categorization)
The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples ...
Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?
{ "text": [ "Europeans" ], "answer_start": [ 372 ] }
5728d9162ca10214002da967
Race_(human_categorization)
The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples ...
Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?
{ "text": [ "African slaves" ], "answer_start": [ 747 ] }
5728d9162ca10214002da968
Race_(human_categorization)
The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples ...
What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?
{ "text": [ "ethnic" ], "answer_start": [ 1602 ] }
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8c
Race_(human_categorization)
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differe...
Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?
{ "text": [ "François Bernier" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8d
Race_(human_categorization)
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differe...
In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?
{ "text": [ "18th century" ], "answer_start": [ 296 ] }
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8e
Race_(human_categorization)
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differe...
What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?
{ "text": [ "White" ], "answer_start": [ 591 ] }
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8f
Race_(human_categorization)
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differe...
How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?
{ "text": [ "active, acute, and adventurous" ], "answer_start": [ 1030 ] }
5728d9f14b864d1900164f90
Race_(human_categorization)
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differe...
What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?
{ "text": [ "crafty, lazy, and careless" ], "answer_start": [ 1103 ] }
5728daea3acd2414000e0053
Race_(human_categorization)
The 1775 treatise "The Natural Varieties of Mankind", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierar...
What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?
{ "text": [ "1775" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
5728daea3acd2414000e0054
Race_(human_categorization)
The 1775 treatise "The Natural Varieties of Mankind", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierar...
How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?
{ "text": [ "five" ], "answer_start": [ 94 ] }
5728daea3acd2414000e0055
Race_(human_categorization)
The 1775 treatise "The Natural Varieties of Mankind", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierar...
What race was later renamed to Negroid?
{ "text": [ "Ethiopian" ], "answer_start": [ 152 ] }
5728daea3acd2414000e0056
Race_(human_categorization)
The 1775 treatise "The Natural Varieties of Mankind", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierar...
What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?
{ "text": [ "graded" ], "answer_start": [ 367 ] }