id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5728daea3acd2414000e0057 | Race_(human_categorization) | The 1775 treatise "The Natural Varieties of Mankind", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierar... | What can one not mark between the variety of mankind? | {
"text": [
"limits"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da842 | Race_(human_categorization) | From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups... | What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce? | {
"text": [
"an \"ideology of race\""
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da843 | Race_(human_categorization) | From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups... | What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race? | {
"text": [
"primordial, natural, enduring and distinct"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da844 | Race_(human_categorization) | From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups... | How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology? | {
"text": [
"mixture between formerly distinct populations"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da845 | Race_(human_categorization) | From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups... | What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans? | {
"text": [
"Negros"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da846 | Race_(human_categorization) | From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups... | Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Jefferson"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
572903331d04691400778f69 | Race_(human_categorization) | In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, a... | What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent? | {
"text": [
"polygenism"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
572903331d04691400778f6a | Race_(human_categorization) | In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, a... | What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in? | {
"text": [
"England"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
572903331d04691400778f6b | Race_(human_categorization) | In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, a... | What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster? | {
"text": [
"ethnographers"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
572903331d04691400778f6c | Race_(human_categorization) | In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, a... | In what century was polygenism most widespread? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
572903331d04691400778f6d | Race_(human_categorization) | In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, a... | The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause? | {
"text": [
"abolitionist"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
572904223f37b31900477f83 | Race_(human_categorization) | Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species popul... | What species do all living humans today belong to? | {
"text": [
"Homo sapiens"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
572904223f37b31900477f84 | Race_(human_categorization) | Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species popul... | When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa? | {
"text": [
"2 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
572904223f37b31900477f85 | Race_(human_categorization) | Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species popul... | How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia? | {
"text": [
"1.5"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
572904223f37b31900477f86 | Race_(human_categorization) | Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species popul... | Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time? | {
"text": [
"Homo habilis"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
572904223f37b31900477f87 | Race_(human_categorization) | Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species popul... | What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of? | {
"text": [
"African Homo erectus"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} |
5729052baf94a219006a9f5f | Race_(human_categorization) | In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After... | Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic? | {
"text": [
"many anthropologists"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
5729052baf94a219006a9f60 | Race_(human_categorization) | In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After... | What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups? | {
"text": [
"scientific racism"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
5729052baf94a219006a9f61 | Race_(human_categorization) | In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After... | What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? | {
"text": [
"lost widespread popularity"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
5729052baf94a219006a9f62 | Race_(human_categorization) | In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After... | What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise? | {
"text": [
"sources of phenotypic variation"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
5729052baf94a219006a9f63 | Race_(human_categorization) | In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After... | What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as? | {
"text": [
"invalid"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} |
57290635af94a219006a9f85 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is cen... | What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race? | {
"text": [
"Population"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57290635af94a219006a9f86 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is cen... | What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population? | {
"text": [
"biologists"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
57290635af94a219006a9f87 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is cen... | What do most definitions of population rely on? | {
"text": [
"qualitative descriptions"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
57290635af94a219006a9f88 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is cen... | What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of? | {
"text": [
"definitions for populations"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
57290635af94a219006a9f89 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is cen... | What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of? | {
"text": [
"paradigm"
],
"answer_start": [
713
]
} |
572907263f37b31900477f97 | Race_(human_categorization) | Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. The... | What are traditionally geographically isolated? | {
"text": [
"subspecies"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
572907263f37b31900477f98 | Race_(human_categorization) | Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. The... | What is "subspecies" used to indicate an objective degree of? | {
"text": [
"microevolutionary divergence"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
572907263f37b31900477f99 | Race_(human_categorization) | Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. The... | What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this? | {
"text": [
"degree of differentiation"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
572907263f37b31900477f9a | Race_(human_categorization) | Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. The... | What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies? | {
"text": [
"biologically different"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
572907263f37b31900477f9b | Race_(human_categorization) | Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. The... | What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies? | {
"text": [
"level of difference"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
572908426aef0514001549d2 | Race_(human_categorization) | This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range ... | What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies? | {
"text": [
"difference"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
572908426aef0514001549d3 | Race_(human_categorization) | This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range ... | Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule? | {
"text": [
"Dean Amadon"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
572908426aef0514001549d4 | Race_(human_categorization) | This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range ... | What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal? | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
572908426aef0514001549d5 | Race_(human_categorization) | This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range ... | The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters? | {
"text": [
"99%"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
572908426aef0514001549d6 | Race_(human_categorization) | This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range ... | Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule? | {
"text": [
"The seventy-five percent rule"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
572909393f37b31900477fc5 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained... | When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations? | {
"text": [
"1978"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572909393f37b31900477fc6 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained... | How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered? | {
"text": [
"different subspecies"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
572909393f37b31900477fc7 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained... | What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly? | {
"text": [
"inspection"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
572909393f37b31900477fc8 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained... | What did Wright feel it wouldn't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups? | {
"text": [
"individual"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
572909393f37b31900477fc9 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained... | What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies? | {
"text": [
"race"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
} |
572909d51d04691400778fb5 | Race_(human_categorization) | Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonom... | What is cladistics a method of? | {
"text": [
"classification"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
572909d51d04691400778fb6 | Race_(human_categorization) | Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonom... | What is a clade a taxonomic group of? | {
"text": [
"organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
572909d51d04691400778fb7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonom... | How many common ancestors does a clade have? | {
"text": [
"single"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
572909d51d04691400778fb8 | Race_(human_categorization) | Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonom... | What is another term for a phylogenetic tree? | {
"text": [
"taxonomy"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
572909d51d04691400778fb9 | Race_(human_categorization) | Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonom... | Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths? | {
"text": [
"Y"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
} |
57290b1c6aef0514001549ec | Race_(human_categorization) | Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore ... | What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population? | {
"text": [
"phylogenetic"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
57290b1c6aef0514001549ed | Race_(human_categorization) | Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore ... | How are allopatric populations separated? | {
"text": [
"geographically"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
57290b1c6aef0514001549ee | Race_(human_categorization) | Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore ... | What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called? | {
"text": [
"a clade"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
57290b1c6aef0514001549ef | Race_(human_categorization) | Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore ... | What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means "cleanly divided"? | {
"text": [
"monophyletic"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
57290b1c6aef0514001549f0 | Race_(human_categorization) | Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore ... | Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups? | {
"text": [
"Rachel Caspari"
],
"answer_start": [
713
]
} |
57290c2f3f37b31900477fcf | Race_(human_categorization) | For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that "the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples".... | What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of? | {
"text": [
"race"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
57290c2f3f37b31900477fd0 | Race_(human_categorization) | For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that "the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples".... | What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis? | {
"text": [
"Caucasians"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
57290c2f3f37b31900477fd1 | Race_(human_categorization) | For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that "the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples".... | Cladistics can limit and skew what? | {
"text": [
"interpretations"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
57290c2f3f37b31900477fd2 | Race_(human_categorization) | For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that "the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples".... | Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways? | {
"text": [
"conceptually imprecise and careless"
],
"answer_start": [
856
]
} |
57290c2f3f37b31900477fd3 | Race_(human_categorization) | For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that "the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples".... | What is variation found in that can be labeled as races? | {
"text": [
"packages"
],
"answer_start": [
1246
]
} |
57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd7 | Race_(human_categorization) | One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolat... | What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations? | {
"text": [
"distributed along geographic gradations or clines"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd8 | Race_(human_categorization) | One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolat... | Why are variations distributed along clines? | {
"text": [
"isolation by distance"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd9 | Race_(human_categorization) | One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolat... | What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races? | {
"text": [
"they ignore a host of other similarities and differences"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
57290ceeaf94a219006a9fda | Race_(human_categorization) | One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolat... | What is Frank Livingstone's profession? | {
"text": [
"anthropologist"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
57290ceeaf94a219006a9fdb | Race_(human_categorization) | One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolat... | What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries? | {
"text": [
"there are no races, only clines"
],
"answer_start": [
721
]
} |
57290dc41d04691400778fd7 | Race_(human_categorization) | In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: "I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vic... | What must one be attentive to when talking about race? | {
"text": [
"how the term is being used"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
57290dc41d04691400778fd9 | Race_(human_categorization) | In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: "I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vic... | What is merely "a matter of judgement"? | {
"text": [
"\"the race concept.\""
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
57290dc41d04691400778fda | Race_(human_categorization) | In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: "I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vic... | While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what? | {
"text": [
"labels"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
57290dc41d04691400778fdb | Race_(human_categorization) | In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: "I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vic... | Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what? | {
"text": [
"a meaningful and useful social convention"
],
"answer_start": [
1122
]
} |
57290ea91d04691400778ff3 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical... | What did two biologists point out in 1964? | {
"text": [
"cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
57290ea91d04691400778ff4 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical... | What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction? | {
"text": [
"melanin"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
57290ea91d04691400778ff5 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical... | What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa? | {
"text": [
"radiate"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
57290ea91d04691400778ff6 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical... | To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong? | {
"text": [
"anthropologists"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
57290ea91d04691400778ff7 | Race_(human_categorization) | In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical... | What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population? | {
"text": [
"Discordant"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
57290f651d04691400778ffd | Race_(human_categorization) | Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation t... | What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on? | {
"text": [
"the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered."
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
57290f651d04691400778ffe | Race_(human_categorization) | Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation t... | What mutation did scientists discover? | {
"text": [
"skin-lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
57290f651d04691400778fff | Race_(human_categorization) | Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation t... | What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans? | {
"text": [
"mutation"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
57290f651d04691400779000 | Race_(human_categorization) | Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation t... | What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin? | {
"text": [
"different mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
57290f651d04691400779001 | Race_(human_categorization) | Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation t... | Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location? | {
"text": [
"geographical"
],
"answer_start": [
781
]
} |
572910671d04691400779007 | Race_(human_categorization) | Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see tha... | What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe? | {
"text": [
"a selected allele"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
572910671d04691400779008 | Race_(human_categorization) | Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see tha... | When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele? | {
"text": [
"2009"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
572910671d04691400779009 | Race_(human_categorization) | Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see tha... | Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere? | {
"text": [
"absent"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
572910671d0469140077900a | Race_(human_categorization) | Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see tha... | How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
572910671d0469140077900b | Race_(human_categorization) | Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see tha... | What are sweeps? | {
"text": [
"major geographic patterns"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
5729117aaf94a219006aa01d | Race_(human_categorization) | Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the... | What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences? | {
"text": [
"genetic differences"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
5729117aaf94a219006aa01e | Race_(human_categorization) | Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the... | Who was William C. Boyd? | {
"text": [
"mid-20th-century anthropologist"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
5729117aaf94a219006aa01f | Race_(human_categorization) | Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the... | Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population? | {
"text": [
"genes"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
5729117aaf94a219006aa020 | Race_(human_categorization) | Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the... | How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races? | {
"text": [
"number of human couples reproducing"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
5729117aaf94a219006aa021 | Race_(human_categorization) | Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the... | What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common? | {
"text": [
"alleles"
],
"answer_start": [
978
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa075 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring? | {
"text": [
"genetic differences between populations"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa076 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | What was Wright's method known as? | {
"text": [
"the Fixation index"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa077 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | What is the often stated FST for humans? | {
"text": [
"0.15"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa078 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what? | {
"text": [
"human populations"
],
"answer_start": [
981
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa079 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species? | {
"text": [
"mammalian"
],
"answer_start": [
1108
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478023 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | FST values greater than .25 represent very great what? | {
"text": [
"genetic variation"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478024 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | About how much human variation occurs between continental populations? | {
"text": [
"5%"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478025 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies? | {
"text": [
"0.1"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478026 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status? | {
"text": [
"Graves"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478027 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what? | {
"text": [
"populations"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905b | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003? | {
"text": [
"Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905c | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity? | {
"text": [
"misleading"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905d | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population? | {
"text": [
"non-representative"
],
"answer_start": [
940
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905e | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent? | {
"text": [
"genetic"
],
"answer_start": [
1208
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905f | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population? | {
"text": [
"100%"
],
"answer_start": [
1749
]
} |
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