id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572941266aef051400154c0b | Renewable_energy_commercialization | According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's dem... | Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year? | {
"text": [
"2060"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
572941266aef051400154c0c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's dem... | Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060? | {
"text": [
"half"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
572942721d0469140077920d | Renewable_energy_commercialization | In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy ... | Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
572942721d0469140077920e | Renewable_energy_commercialization | In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy ... | Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold? | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
572942721d0469140077920f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy ... | What is the main driver of reduced costs? | {
"text": [
"market expansion"
],
"answer_start": [
716
]
} |
572943176aef051400154c1e | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing ... | What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change? | {
"text": [
"Renewable energy technologies"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572943176aef051400154c1f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing ... | As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies? | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
572943176aef051400154c20 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing ... | What group stated that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?" | {
"text": [
"IEA"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
5729442b3f37b319004781db | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired g... | What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources? | {
"text": [
"Renewable energy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5729442b3f37b319004781dc | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired g... | What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases? | {
"text": [
"the cost of renewable power falls"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
5729442b3f37b319004781dd | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired g... | What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity? | {
"text": [
"Renewable technologies"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
572944eb1d04691400779223 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing co... | What is one problem with biomass? | {
"text": [
"material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
572944eb1d04691400779224 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing co... | What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support? | {
"text": [
"First-generation biomass technologies"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
572944eb1d04691400779225 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing co... | What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm? | {
"text": [
"Biomass for heat and power"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57294646af94a219006aa23f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours... | What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower? | {
"text": [
"Hydroelectricity"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57294646af94a219006aa240 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours... | What is the most widely used form of renewable energy? | {
"text": [
"Hydroelectricity"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57294646af94a219006aa241 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours... | Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation? | {
"text": [
"Hydroelectricity"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57294646af94a219006aa242 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours... | Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years? | {
"text": [
"3.1%"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
572947721d04691400779241 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants... | Hydropower is produced in how many countries? | {
"text": [
"150"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
572947721d04691400779242 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants... | Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
572947721d04691400779243 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants... | How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
572947721d04691400779244 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants... | What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts? | {
"text": [
"3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
57294c7f3f37b31900478213 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (... | What was the geothermal capacity in 1975? | {
"text": [
"1 GW"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
57294c7f3f37b31900478214 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (... | What was the geothermal capacity in 2008? | {
"text": [
"10 GW"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
57294c7f3f37b31900478215 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (... | In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008? | {
"text": [
"17 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
57294d2baf94a219006aa271 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovol... | Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
57294d2baf94a219006aa272 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovol... | Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located? | {
"text": [
"USA"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
57294d2baf94a219006aa273 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovol... | Where is Charanka Solar Park? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
57294e063f37b3190047821f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Sol... | Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction? | {
"text": [
"Riverside County, California"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
57294e063f37b31900478220 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Sol... | Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm? | {
"text": [
"San Luis Obispo County, California"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
57294e063f37b31900478221 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Sol... | Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch? | {
"text": [
"SunPower"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
57294f546aef051400154c9c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009... | Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010? | {
"text": [
"35,800 MW"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
57294f546aef051400154c9d | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009... | China has how much wind power installed? | {
"text": [
"42,300 MW"
],
"answer_start": [
676
]
} |
57294f546aef051400154c9e | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009... | In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated? | {
"text": [
"19%"
],
"answer_start": [
749
]
} |
57294f546aef051400154c9f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009... | In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated? | {
"text": [
"9%"
],
"answer_start": [
790
]
} |
57294f546aef051400154ca0 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009... | In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated? | {
"text": [
"6%"
],
"answer_start": [
820
]
} |
572950ad6aef051400154cb4 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 fee... | How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost? | {
"text": [
"by using taller wind turbines with longer blades"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
572950ad6aef051400154cb5 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 fee... | How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio? | {
"text": [
"300 feet to 400 feet above the ground"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
572950ad6aef051400154cb6 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 fee... | Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel? | {
"text": [
"conventional fossil fuels like coal"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
572950ad6aef051400154cb7 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 fee... | Prices have fallen as low as what price? | {
"text": [
"4 cents per kilowatt-hour"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
572952116aef051400154cd6 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW)... | Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located? | {
"text": [
"California's Mojave Desert"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
572952116aef051400154cd7 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW)... | What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction? | {
"text": [
"Ivanpah Solar Power Facility"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
572952116aef051400154cd8 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW)... | Where is the PS20 solar power tower located? | {
"text": [
"Spain"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
572952c9af94a219006aa29b | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and... | Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol? | {
"text": [
"10 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
572952c9af94a219006aa29c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and... | What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012? | {
"text": [
"The Energy Policy Act of 2005"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
572952c9af94a219006aa29d | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and... | Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars? | {
"text": [
"GM"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
572955386aef051400154d06 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and bra... | What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants? | {
"text": [
"Cellulosic ethanol"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
572955386aef051400154d07 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and bra... | What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass? | {
"text": [
"Crop residues"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
572955386aef051400154d08 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and bra... | What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions? | {
"text": [
"Dedicated energy crops"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
572956196aef051400154d0c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal... | As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries? | {
"text": [
"40"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
572956196aef051400154d0d | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal... | What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power? | {
"text": [
"Enhanced Geothermal Systems"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
572956196aef051400154d0e | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal... | What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom? | {
"text": [
"Demonstration EGS projects"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
57295f18af94a219006aa33b | Renewable_energy_commercialization | The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many s... | The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year? | {
"text": [
"2008"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
57295f18af94a219006aa33c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many s... | What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years? | {
"text": [
"technological advancements"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
57295f18af94a219006aa33d | Renewable_energy_commercialization | The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many s... | What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV? | {
"text": [
"$1.00/W installed cost"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
572961001d04691400779355 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional p... | Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science? | {
"text": [
"Benjamin K. Sovacool"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
572965381d04691400779399 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited ... | Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what? | {
"text": [
"the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
572965381d0469140077939a | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited ... | Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately? | {
"text": [
"Lester Brown"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572965381d0469140077939b | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited ... | What can help over come the problems with the market? | {
"text": [
"Tax and subsidy shifting"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
57296618af94a219006aa383 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted ai... | What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies? | {
"text": [
"Tax shifting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57296618af94a219006aa384 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted ai... | Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what? | {
"text": [
"environmental tax reform"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
57296618af94a219006aa385 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted ai... | What is the purpose of tax shifting? | {
"text": [
"to create a more responsive market"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
572967616aef051400154e24 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entire... | Besides tax shifting, what is another need? | {
"text": [
"subsidy shifting"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
572967616aef051400154e25 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entire... | What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes? | {
"text": [
"the Internet"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
5729683a1d046914007793bb | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technolo... | As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity? | {
"text": [
"renewable energy"
],
"answer_start": [
721
]
} |
5729683a1d046914007793bc | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technolo... | What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years? | {
"text": [
"Renewable energy commercialization"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5729683a1d046914007793bd | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technolo... | Name one second-generation technology that is market ready. | {
"text": [
"wind power"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
57296a386aef051400154e40 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabili... | What group advocates leveling the playing field? | {
"text": [
"International Solar Energy Society"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
57296a386aef051400154e42 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabili... | What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate? | {
"text": [
"development of climate-benign energy sources"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
57296cccaf94a219006aa3df | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China... | What country is reducing its coal subsidy? | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
57296cccaf94a219006aa3e0 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China... | What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
57296cccaf94a219006aa3e1 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China... | Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance? | {
"text": [
"coal"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
57296daa1d04691400779427 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total ... | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what? | {
"text": [
"renewable energy policy"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
57296daa1d04691400779428 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total ... | The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent? | {
"text": [
"12 per cent of the total EU energy mix"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
57296daa1d04691400779429 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total ... | Name one outher country with defined national or regional target? | {
"text": [
"Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
572970003f37b319004783b5 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to ca... | What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix? | {
"text": [
"Public policy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572970003f37b319004783b6 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to ca... | Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects? | {
"text": [
"Energy regulators"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
572970003f37b319004783b7 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to ca... | Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments? | {
"text": [
"Since policies are not self-implementing"
],
"answer_start": [
1363
]
} |
572970e9af94a219006aa41d | Renewable_energy_commercialization | The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (ar... | What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU? | {
"text": [
"liberalized electricity markets"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
572970e9af94a219006aa41e | Renewable_energy_commercialization | The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (ar... | What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed? | {
"text": [
"RES Directive"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
572970e9af94a219006aa41f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (ar... | In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions? | {
"text": [
"Green-e program"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
572971b83f37b319004783d9 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need n... | What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies? | {
"text": [
"Stern Review"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
572971b83f37b319004783da | Renewable_energy_commercialization | A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need n... | In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda? | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
572971b83f37b319004783db | Renewable_energy_commercialization | A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need n... | What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry? | {
"text": [
"climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
572972deaf94a219006aa441 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors? | {
"text": [
"New government spending, regulation, and policies"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572972deaf94a219006aa442 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise? | {
"text": [
"commercialization of clean energy"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} |
572972deaf94a219006aa443 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | Which company became invovled in a political controversy? | {
"text": [
"Solyndra"
],
"answer_start": [
783
]
} |
572972deaf94a219006aa444 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy? | {
"text": [
"Solyndra"
],
"answer_start": [
783
]
} |
5729734f6aef051400154efc | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with co... | What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries? | {
"text": [
"renewable energy"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
5729734f6aef051400154efd | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with co... | What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries? | {
"text": [
"Renewables"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
5729734f6aef051400154efe | Renewable_energy_commercialization | As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with co... | As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop? | {
"text": [
"renewable energy technologies"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
572974506aef051400154f1c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group... | Who is United Nations' Secretary-General? | {
"text": [
"Ban Ki-moon"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
572974506aef051400154f1d | Renewable_energy_commercialization | United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group... | Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity? | {
"text": [
"renewable energy"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
572974506aef051400154f1e | Renewable_energy_commercialization | United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group... | Who is chair of UN Energy? | {
"text": [
"Kandeh Yumkella"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
572974506aef051400154f1f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group... | Who is chairman of Bank of America? | {
"text": [
"Charles Holliday"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
572975046aef051400154f24 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage? | {
"text": [
"58 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
572975046aef051400154f25 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage? | {
"text": [
"18.1 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
572975046aef051400154f26 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012? | {
"text": [
"$140.4 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
572975046aef051400154f27 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | Analysts expect the market to triple by what year? | {
"text": [
"2030"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
} |
572975046aef051400154f28 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils? | {
"text": [
"2015"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
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