id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a8b41111d821400f38bd4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato... | What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future? | {
"text": [
"a liberal government"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
572a8b41111d821400f38bd5 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato... | As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler? | {
"text": [
"Pinochet"
],
"answer_start": [
768
]
} |
572a8c4c111d821400f38be2 | Friedrich_Hayek | For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regi... | Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what? | {
"text": [
"totalitarianism"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
572a8c4c111d821400f38be3 | Friedrich_Hayek | For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regi... | What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism? | {
"text": [
"Venezuela"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
572a8c4c111d821400f38be4 | Friedrich_Hayek | For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regi... | What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America? | {
"text": [
"totalitarian governments"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
572a8d8e111d821400f38bea | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade... | What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs? | {
"text": [
"private investment in the public markets"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
572a8d8e111d821400f38beb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade... | What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment? | {
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
572a8d8e111d821400f38bec | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade... | Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency? | {
"text": [
"Churchill"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
572a8d8e111d821400f38bed | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade... | With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly? | {
"text": [
"John Maynard Keynes"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
572ab384be1ee31400cb8197 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi... | Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field? | {
"text": [
"Kenneth Arrow"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
572ab384be1ee31400cb8198 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi... | What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man? | {
"text": [
"Paul Samuelson"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
572ab384be1ee31400cb8199 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi... | On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong? | {
"text": [
"Joseph Schumpeter"
],
"answer_start": [
1217
]
} |
572ab384be1ee31400cb819a | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi... | On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical? | {
"text": [
"Hayek's"
],
"answer_start": [
738
]
} |
572ab384be1ee31400cb819b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi... | Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics? | {
"text": [
"Prices and Production"
],
"answer_start": [
746
]
} |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a1 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ... | Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics? | {
"text": [
"Milton Friedman's"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a2 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ... | What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980? | {
"text": [
"Free to Choose"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a3 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ... | How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system? | {
"text": [
"Hayekian"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ... | Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach? | {
"text": [
"The Use of Knowledge in Society"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
572ab680111d821400f38ce8 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat... | Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with? | {
"text": [
"Karl Popper"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
572ab680111d821400f38ce9 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat... | Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper? | {
"text": [
"Alfred Tarski"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
572ab680111d821400f38cea | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat... | Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work? | {
"text": [
"Conjectures and Refutations"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
572ab680111d821400f38ceb | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat... | Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention? | {
"text": [
"Logik der Forschung"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
572ab680111d821400f38cec | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat... | Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event? | {
"text": [
"the inaugural meeting"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d5 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology... | Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism? | {
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d6 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology... | To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success? | {
"text": [
"Carl Menger"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d7 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology... | Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period?? | {
"text": [
"Scottish Enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc6e | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s... | In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister? | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc6f | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s... | Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state? | {
"text": [
"Keith Joseph"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc70 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s... | During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what? | {
"text": [
"conservative governments"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc71 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s... | What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold? | {
"text": [
"director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc72 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s... | One of Hayek's supporters served which US president? | {
"text": [
"Ronald Reagan's"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
572aba88111d821400f38d00 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n... | What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty? | {
"text": [
"conservatism"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
572aba88111d821400f38d01 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n... | What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism? | {
"text": [
"\"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\""
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
572aba88111d821400f38d02 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n... | What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism? | {
"text": [
"belief in the free market"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
572aba88111d821400f38d03 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n... | What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology? | {
"text": [
"libertarian"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} |
572aba88111d821400f38d04 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n... | Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged? | {
"text": [
"internationalism"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
} |
572abb9a34ae481900deac87 | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ... | What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian? | {
"text": [
"Old Whig"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
572abb9a34ae481900deac88 | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ... | In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced? | {
"text": [
"liberal-minded economists"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
572abb9a34ae481900deac89 | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ... | Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"? | {
"text": [
"James M. Buchanan"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
572abb9a34ae481900deac8a | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ... | From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian? | {
"text": [
"Edmund Burke"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
572abb9a34ae481900deac8b | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ... | In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself? | {
"text": [
"a Burkean Whig"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
572abd0734ae481900deaca3 | Friedrich_Hayek | His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Britta... | What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals? | {
"text": [
"neoliberalism"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
572abd0734ae481900deaca4 | Friedrich_Hayek | His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Britta... | Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy? | {
"text": [
"Samuel Brittan"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
572abd0734ae481900deaca5 | Friedrich_Hayek | His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Britta... | Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's? | {
"text": [
"Raymond Plant"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
572abec0be1ee31400cb81ff | Friedrich_Hayek | In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to ru... | Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative? | {
"text": [
"Madsen Pirie"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
572abec0be1ee31400cb8201 | Friedrich_Hayek | In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to ru... | Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason? | {
"text": [
"mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
572abec0be1ee31400cb8202 | Friedrich_Hayek | In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to ru... | What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market? | {
"text": [
"to function smoothly"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881c | Diarrhea | Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progres... | What is one of the effects of diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"can result in dehydration due to fluid loss"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
572a446f1d046914007798b5 | Diarrhea | The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: sho... | What is the most common cause of diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"an infection of the intestines"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
572a446f1d046914007798b6 | Diarrhea | The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: sho... | What can cause an infection in the intestines? | {
"text": [
"a virus, bacteria, or parasite"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
572a446f1d046914007798b8 | Diarrhea | The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: sho... | What is it known as if blood is present? | {
"text": [
"dysentery"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
} |
572a46351d046914007798bd | Diarrhea | Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of ... | What are some ways to prevent diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
572a46351d046914007798be | Diarrhea | Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of ... | What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby? | {
"text": [
"Breastfeeding for at least six months"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
572a49623f37b31900478869 | Diarrhea | About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in... | HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year? | {
"text": [
"1.7 to 5 billion cases"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
572a49623f37b3190047886a | Diarrhea | About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in... | How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries? | {
"text": [
"average three times a year"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
572a49623f37b3190047886b | Diarrhea | About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in... | Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases? | {
"text": [
"malnutrition"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
572a49623f37b3190047886c | Diarrhea | About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in... | What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"stunted growth and poor intellectual development"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
572a4e22fed8de19000d5b8b | Diarrhea | Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a char... | Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea? | {
"text": [
". There is little to no structural damage."
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
572a50757a1753140016ae9e | Diarrhea | Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), ... | What occures with osmotic diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"s when too much water is drawn into the bowels"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
572a50757a1753140016aea0 | Diarrhea | Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), ... | How do osmotic lazatives work? | {
"text": [
"alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
572a50757a1753140016aea1 | Diarrhea | Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), ... | What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people? | {
"text": [
"too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9d | Diarrhea | Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be c... | What can cause inflammatory diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9e | Diarrhea | Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be c... | What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis."
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab3 | Diarrhea | Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. "Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults," and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has... | Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person? | {
"text": [
"a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab4 | Diarrhea | Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. "Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults," and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has... | What can early childhood malnutrition cause? | {
"text": [
"reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab5 | Diarrhea | Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. "Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults," and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has... | What is the cause of childhood malnutrition? | {
"text": [
"diarrhea"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab6 | Diarrhea | Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. "Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults," and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has... | Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect? | {
"text": [
"significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
572a5c4d7a1753140016aed8 | Diarrhea | Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of d... | What is IBS? | {
"text": [
"irritable bowel syndrome"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
572a5c4d7a1753140016aeda | Diarrhea | Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of d... | How can symptoms be managed with IBS? | {
"text": [
"a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
572a5da0fed8de19000d5bab | Diarrhea | Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. ... | What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"Poverty"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a5da0fed8de19000d5bac | Diarrhea | Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. ... | Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea? | {
"text": [
"from the conditions under which impoverished people live"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
572a5da0fed8de19000d5bad | Diarrhea | Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. ... | What causes this to be exacerbated? | {
"text": [
"the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care."
],
"answer_start": [
840
]
} |
572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0b | Diarrhea | Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significan... | Why is proper nutrition important? | {
"text": [
"for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0d | Diarrhea | Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significan... | What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause? | {
"text": [
"cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} |
572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0e | Diarrhea | Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significan... | What is the rate of vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide? | {
"text": [
"127 million"
],
"answer_start": [
1082
]
} |
572a65ae7a1753140016af0c | Diarrhea | According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotr... | What did Nesse and Williams learn? | {
"text": [
"diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
572a65ae7a1753140016af0d | Diarrhea | According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotr... | If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen? | {
"text": [
"there might be a delay in recovery."
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
572a66dfd562191400bc86bf | Diarrhea | Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42–48%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised b... | What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases? | {
"text": [
"Basic sanitation techniques"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a66dfd562191400bc86c0 | Diarrhea | Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42–48%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised b... | How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease? | {
"text": [
"approximately 42–48%"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
572a66dfd562191400bc86c1 | Diarrhea | Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42–48%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised b... | Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries? | {
"text": [
"access to soap and water is limited"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
572a66dfd562191400bc86c2 | Diarrhea | Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42–48%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised b... | What is a solution to help this problem? | {
"text": [
"implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours"
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
572a67827a1753140016af12 | Diarrhea | Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from dia... | What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease? | {
"text": [
"water contamination"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
572a67827a1753140016af13 | Diarrhea | Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from dia... | What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents? | {
"text": [
"clean water supply and improved sanitation"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
572a67827a1753140016af14 | Diarrhea | Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from dia... | What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation? | {
"text": [
"22–27% reduction in disease incidence"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
572a6832d562191400bc86c7 | Diarrhea | Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing coun... | What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease? | {
"text": [
"it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
572a6832d562191400bc86c8 | Diarrhea | Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing coun... | What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease? | {
"text": [
"Rotavirus"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
572a6832d562191400bc86c9 | Diarrhea | Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing coun... | What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths? | {
"text": [
"20%"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
572a6832d562191400bc86ca | Diarrhea | Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing coun... | What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine? | {
"text": [
"(2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
572a6832d562191400bc86cb | Diarrhea | Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing coun... | What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used? | {
"text": [
"1985"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
572a69cefed8de19000d5bfd | Diarrhea | Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests ... | What can be done to combate dietary deficiences? | {
"text": [
"promoting better eating practices"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
572a69cefed8de19000d5bfe | Diarrhea | Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests ... | What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease? | {
"text": [
"Zinc"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
572a69cefed8de19000d5bff | Diarrhea | Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests ... | WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective? | {
"text": [
"zinc supplementation"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
572a8034f75d5e190021fb06 | Diarrhea | In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed. This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously. Diet restrictions such as the BRAT diet are no longer recommended. Research does not support the limiting of milk to children as doing so has ... | What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need? | {
"text": [
"replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
572a8034f75d5e190021fb08 | Diarrhea | In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed. This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously. Diet restrictions such as the BRAT diet are no longer recommended. Research does not support the limiting of milk to children as doing so has ... | What type of diet is no longer recommended? | {
"text": [
"BRAT diet"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
572a80c2f75d5e190021fb18 | Diarrhea | Oral rehydration solution (ORS) (a slightly sweetened and salty water) can be used to prevent dehydration. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green cocon... | What can be used to prevent dehydration? | {
"text": [
"Oral rehydration solution (ORS)"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a80c2f75d5e190021fb1a | Diarrhea | Oral rehydration solution (ORS) (a slightly sweetened and salty water) can be used to prevent dehydration. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green cocon... | What is a commercial solution that can also be used? | {
"text": [
"Pedialyte"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
572a816d111d821400f38b7c | Diarrhea | Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under 5 years of age as they may increase dehydration. A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water. Plain water may be used if more speci... | What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink? | {
"text": [
"A nasogastric tube"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
572a82dff75d5e190021fb32 | Diarrhea | WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states "Food sh... | What does WHO recommend? | {
"text": [
"a child with diarrhea continue to be fed"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
572a82dff75d5e190021fb33 | Diarrhea | WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states "Food sh... | What does continuing to eat do for your illness? | {
"text": [
"Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
572a83c4be1ee31400cb8061 | Diarrhea | While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations. There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In resource-poor countries, treatment with antibiotics ma... | Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances? | {
"text": [
"they are usually not used except in specific situations"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
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