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572a30906aef05140015534e
Neolithic
The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw...
Where were entrances located in early homes?
{ "text": [ "Doorways were made on the roof" ], "answer_start": [ 315 ] }
572a31e61d04691400779835
Neolithic
A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingl...
What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?
{ "text": [ "crop farming and cultivation" ], "answer_start": [ 111 ] }
572a31e61d04691400779836
Neolithic
A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingl...
What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?
{ "text": [ "nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique" ], "answer_start": [ 202 ] }
572a31e61d04691400779837
Neolithic
A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingl...
What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?
{ "text": [ "the Bronze Age" ], "answer_start": [ 651 ] }
572a329aaf94a219006aa885
Neolithic
However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not hav...
What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?
{ "text": [ "drought or pests" ], "answer_start": [ 97 ] }
572a329aaf94a219006aa886
Neolithic
However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not hav...
What type of societies were not affected by famine?
{ "text": [ "hunter-gatherer communities" ], "answer_start": [ 358 ] }
572a329aaf94a219006aa887
Neolithic
However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not hav...
What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?
{ "text": [ "agrarian communities" ], "answer_start": [ 401 ] }
572a3398af94a219006aa88b
Neolithic
Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains...
What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?
{ "text": [ "diet" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
572a3398af94a219006aa88c
Neolithic
Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains...
What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?
{ "text": [ "local plant and animal resources" ], "answer_start": [ 153 ] }
572a3398af94a219006aa88e
Neolithic
Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains...
What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?
{ "text": [ "the increase in population" ], "answer_start": [ 482 ] }
572a34b83f37b319004787a7
Neolithic
Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments...
What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?
{ "text": [ "farmers" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
572a34b83f37b319004787a8
Neolithic
Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments...
What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?
{ "text": [ "tending, harvesting and processing of crops" ], "answer_start": [ 88 ] }
572a34b83f37b319004787a9
Neolithic
Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments...
What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?
{ "text": [ "sickle blades and grinding stones" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
572a34b83f37b319004787aa
Neolithic
Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments...
What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?
{ "text": [ "pottery, bone implements)" ], "answer_start": [ 202 ] }
572a34b83f37b319004787ab
Neolithic
Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments...
What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?
{ "text": [ "stone axe" ], "answer_start": [ 442 ] }
572a3764af94a219006aa8b3
Neolithic
Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub ...
What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?
{ "text": [ "houses and villages" ], "answer_start": [ 154 ] }
572a3764af94a219006aa8b4
Neolithic
Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub ...
What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?
{ "text": [ "humans and animals" ], "answer_start": [ 250 ] }
572a3764af94a219006aa8b5
Neolithic
Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub ...
What were European homes constructed from?
{ "text": [ "wattle and daub" ], "answer_start": [ 304 ] }
572a3764af94a219006aa8b6
Neolithic
Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub ...
What types of sites were built for the deceased?
{ "text": [ "Elaborate tombs" ], "answer_start": [ 338 ] }
572a3764af94a219006aa8b7
Neolithic
Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub ...
Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?
{ "text": [ "Ireland" ], "answer_start": [ 420 ] }
572a3bef3f37b319004787f9
Neolithic
Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served...
What did early humans use to make clothing?
{ "text": [ "animal skins" ], "answer_start": [ 43 ] }
572a3bef3f37b319004787fa
Neolithic
Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served...
What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?
{ "text": [ "finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins" ], "answer_start": [ 73 ] }
572a3bef3f37b319004787fb
Neolithic
Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served...
What were perforated stones used for?
{ "text": [ "spindle whorls or loom weights" ], "answer_start": [ 324 ] }
572a3bef3f37b319004787fc
Neolithic
Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served...
What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?
{ "text": [ "Ötzi the Iceman" ], "answer_start": [ 428 ] }
572a381d3f37b319004787cd
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Me...
In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?
{ "text": [ "Austria-Hungary" ], "answer_start": [ 95 ] }
572a381d3f37b319004787ce
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Me...
Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?
{ "text": [ "F. A. Hayek" ], "answer_start": [ 171 ] }
572a381d3f37b319004787cf
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Me...
What award did Hayek receive in 1974?
{ "text": [ "Nobel Memorial Prize" ], "answer_start": [ 312 ] }
572a381d3f37b319004787d0
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Me...
With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?
{ "text": [ "Gunnar Myrdal" ], "answer_start": [ 359 ] }
572a381d3f37b319004787d1
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Me...
Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?
{ "text": [ "philosopher" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
572a38cb1d04691400779863
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom i...
Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?
{ "text": [ "Order of the Companions of Honour" ], "answer_start": [ 42 ] }
572a38cb1d04691400779864
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom i...
For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?
{ "text": [ "services to the study of economics" ], "answer_start": [ 157 ] }
572a38cb1d04691400779865
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom i...
What award was Hayek the first to receive?
{ "text": [ "Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize" ], "answer_start": [ 228 ] }
572a38cb1d04691400779866
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom i...
Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?
{ "text": [ "President George H. W. Bush" ], "answer_start": [ 332 ] }
572a38cb1d04691400779867
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom i...
Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?
{ "text": [ "The Use of Knowledge in Society" ], "answer_start": [ 383 ] }
572a3a29af94a219006aa8d9
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number ...
Who was Hayek's father?
{ "text": [ "August von Hayek" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
572a3a29af94a219006aa8da
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number ...
What was August von Hayek's occupation?
{ "text": [ "medical doctor" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
572a3a29af94a219006aa8db
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number ...
What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?
{ "text": [ "botany" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
572a3a29af94a219006aa8dc
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number ...
From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?
{ "text": [ "her mother" ], "answer_start": [ 505 ] }
572a3a29af94a219006aa8dd
Friedrich_Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number ...
How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?
{ "text": [ "three" ], "answer_start": [ 730 ] }
572a3b486aef0514001553b6
Friedrich_Hayek
His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Aust...
Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?
{ "text": [ "His father's" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
572a3b486aef0514001553b7
Friedrich_Hayek
His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Aust...
Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?
{ "text": [ "Franz von Juraschek" ], "answer_start": [ 181 ] }
572a3b486aef0514001553b8
Friedrich_Hayek
His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Aust...
What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?
{ "text": [ "scholars" ], "answer_start": [ 171 ] }
572a3b486aef0514001553b9
Friedrich_Hayek
His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Aust...
Who was August von Hayek's father?
{ "text": [ "Gustav Edler von Hayek" ], "answer_start": [ 464 ] }
572a3b486aef0514001553ba
Friedrich_Hayek
His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Aust...
What did August von Hayek's father write?
{ "text": [ "systematic works in biology" ], "answer_start": [ 585 ] }
572a3c9b6aef0514001553c6
Friedrich_Hayek
On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published ...
Who was among the first readers of Ludwig Wittgenstein's book?
{ "text": [ "Hayek" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
572a3c9b6aef0514001553c7
Friedrich_Hayek
On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published ...
How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?
{ "text": [ "on only a few occasions" ], "answer_start": [ 392 ] }
572a3c9b6aef0514001553c8
Friedrich_Hayek
On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published ...
Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?
{ "text": [ "Ludwig Wittgenstein" ], "answer_start": [ 65 ] }
572a3c9b6aef0514001553c9
Friedrich_Hayek
On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published ...
What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?
{ "text": [ "both were officers" ], "answer_start": [ 623 ] }
572a3c9b6aef0514001553ca
Friedrich_Hayek
On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published ...
What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?
{ "text": [ "Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" ], "answer_start": [ 246 ] }
572a3e323f37b31900478811
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by o...
What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?
{ "text": [ "they were somehow of a different generation" ], "answer_start": [ 537 ] }
572a3e323f37b31900478812
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by o...
With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?
{ "text": [ "adults" ], "answer_start": [ 613 ] }
572a3e323f37b31900478813
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by o...
Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?
{ "text": [ "read fluently and frequently" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
572a3e323f37b31900478814
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by o...
Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?
{ "text": [ "his father" ], "answer_start": [ 132 ] }
572a3e323f37b31900478815
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by o...
Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?
{ "text": [ "Aristotle" ], "answer_start": [ 348 ] }
572a3fa3af94a219006aa90d
Friedrich_Hayek
At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much...
Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?
{ "text": [ "University of Vienna" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
572a3fa3af94a219006aa90e
Friedrich_Hayek
At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much...
Where did Hayek learn about the brain?
{ "text": [ "Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy" ], "answer_start": [ 245 ] }
572a3fa3af94a219006aa90f
Friedrich_Hayek
At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much...
What was the name of Hayek's first work?
{ "text": [ "The Sensory Order" ], "answer_start": [ 504 ] }
572a3fa3af94a219006aa910
Friedrich_Hayek
At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much...
Where did first show his work?
{ "text": [ "the Geistkreis" ], "answer_start": [ 777 ] }
572a3fa3af94a219006aa911
Friedrich_Hayek
At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much...
With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?
{ "text": [ "Herbert Furth" ], "answer_start": [ 756 ] }
572a412f1d04691400779899
Friedrich_Hayek
During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser...
What work did Hayek begin in 1923?
{ "text": [ "research assistant" ], "answer_start": [ 479 ] }
572a412f1d0469140077989a
Friedrich_Hayek
During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser...
Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?
{ "text": [ "University of Vienna" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
572a412f1d0469140077989b
Friedrich_Hayek
During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser...
For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?
{ "text": [ "the Austrian government" ], "answer_start": [ 341 ] }
572a412f1d0469140077989c
Friedrich_Hayek
During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser...
What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?
{ "text": [ "macroeconomic data" ], "answer_start": [ 556 ] }
572a412f1d0469140077989d
Friedrich_Hayek
During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser...
What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?
{ "text": [ "Jeremiah Jenks" ], "answer_start": [ 507 ] }
572a427e3f37b3190047883b
Friedrich_Hayek
Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his...
What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?
{ "text": [ "democratic socialism" ], "answer_start": [ 34 ] }
572a427e3f37b3190047883c
Friedrich_Hayek
Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his...
What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?
{ "text": [ "reading von Mises' book Socialism" ], "answer_start": [ 167 ] }
572a427e3f37b3190047883d
Friedrich_Hayek
Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his...
During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?
{ "text": [ "Eric Voegelin" ], "answer_start": [ 588 ] }
572a427e3f37b3190047883e
Friedrich_Hayek
Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his...
What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?
{ "text": [ "classical liberalism" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
572a427e3f37b3190047883f
Friedrich_Hayek
Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his...
Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?
{ "text": [ "Carl Menger" ], "answer_start": [ 149 ] }
572a43b63f37b31900478845
Friedrich_Hayek
With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading...
What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?
{ "text": [ "director" ], "answer_start": [ 70 ] }
572a43b63f37b31900478846
Friedrich_Hayek
With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading...
Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?
{ "text": [ "Lionel Robbins" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
572a43b63f37b31900478847
Friedrich_Hayek
With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading...
What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?
{ "text": [ "one of the leading economic theorists in the world" ], "answer_start": [ 302 ] }
572a43b63f37b31900478848
Friedrich_Hayek
With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading...
What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?
{ "text": [ "modern microeconomics" ], "answer_start": [ 553 ] }
572a43b63f37b31900478849
Friedrich_Hayek
With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading...
In what year did Hayek come to London?
{ "text": [ "1931" ], "answer_start": [ 204 ] }
572a49233f37b3190047885f
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se...
What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?
{ "text": [ "The Road to Serfdom" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
572a49233f37b31900478860
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se...
Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?
{ "text": [ "Alexis de Tocqueville" ], "answer_start": [ 269 ] }
572a49233f37b31900478861
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se...
When was the Road to Serfdom published?
{ "text": [ "March 1944" ], "answer_start": [ 380 ] }
572a49233f37b31900478862
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se...
Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?
{ "text": [ "United States" ], "answer_start": [ 539 ] }
572a49233f37b31900478863
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se...
Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?
{ "text": [ "Max Eastman" ], "answer_start": [ 686 ] }
572a4d0f1d046914007798e7
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag...
Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?
{ "text": [ "University of Chicago" ], "answer_start": [ 59 ] }
572a4d0f1d046914007798e8
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag...
Who supplied Hayek's salary?
{ "text": [ "an outside foundation" ], "answer_start": [ 202 ] }
572a4d0f1d046914007798e9
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag...
What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?
{ "text": [ "departmental autonomy and control" ], "answer_start": [ 335 ] }
572a4d0f1d046914007798ea
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag...
Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?
{ "text": [ "sick of Hutchins' meddling" ], "answer_start": [ 577 ] }
572a4d0f1d046914007798eb
Friedrich_Hayek
In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag...
What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
{ "text": [ "Committee on Social Thought" ], "answer_start": [ 722 ] }
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b99
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o...
Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?
{ "text": [ "The Road to Serfdom" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9a
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o...
Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?
{ "text": [ "Aaron Director" ], "answer_start": [ 384 ] }
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9b
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o...
What group did Hayek form with three other people?
{ "text": [ "Mont Pèlerin Society" ], "answer_start": [ 633 ] }
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9c
Friedrich_Hayek
Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o...
What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?
{ "text": [ "Intercollegiate Studies Institute" ], "answer_start": [ 815 ] }
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acb
Friedrich_Hayek
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p...
What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?
{ "text": [ "the liberal order" ], "answer_start": [ 86 ] }
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acc
Friedrich_Hayek
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p...
Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?
{ "text": [ "The Constitution of Liberty" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acd
Friedrich_Hayek
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p...
As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?
{ "text": [ "sixteen years" ], "answer_start": [ 600 ] }
572a589bb8ce0319002e2ace
Friedrich_Hayek
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p...
What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?
{ "text": [ "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acf
Friedrich_Hayek
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p...
How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?
{ "text": [ "disappointed" ], "answer_start": [ 490 ] }
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba1
Friedrich_Hayek
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U...
What country did Hayek move to in 1962?
{ "text": [ "West Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 90 ] }
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba2
Friedrich_Hayek
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U...
What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?
{ "text": [ "Law, Legislation and Liberty" ], "answer_start": [ 142 ] }
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba3
Friedrich_Hayek
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U...
Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?
{ "text": [ "University of California, Los Angeles" ], "answer_start": [ 319 ] }
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba4
Friedrich_Hayek
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U...
When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?
{ "text": [ "1979" ], "answer_start": [ 676 ] }
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba5
Friedrich_Hayek
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U...
During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?
{ "text": [ "philosophy of social science" ], "answer_start": [ 479 ] }
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2add
Friedrich_Hayek
In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh...
What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?
{ "text": [ "British Conservative Party" ], "answer_start": [ 62 ] }
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ade
Friedrich_Hayek
In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh...
Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?
{ "text": [ "Hayek" ], "answer_start": [ 151 ] }