id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2adf | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker? | {
"text": [
"the \"middle way\""
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ae0 | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department? | {
"text": [
"The Constitution of Liberty"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aee8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977? | {
"text": [
"Lib-Lab pact"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aee9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do? | {
"text": [
"discourage socialist legislation"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aeea | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party? | {
"text": [
"British Liberal Party"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aeeb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government? | {
"text": [
"all title to the name 'Liberal'"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc3 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy? | {
"text": [
"the Conservative Party"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc4 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | With which political group was David Steel affiliated? | {
"text": [
"Liberal Party"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc5 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978 | {
"text": [
"Hayek"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc6 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek? | {
"text": [
"limited democracy"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives? | {
"text": [
"unlimited"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England? | {
"text": [
"Order of the Companions of Honour"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order? | {
"text": [
"Margaret Thatcher"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government? | {
"text": [
"Prime Minister"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afa | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award? | {
"text": [
"Frederick"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say? | {
"text": [
"\"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\""
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefa | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President? | {
"text": [
"a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\""
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Which President presented the award to Hayek? | {
"text": [
"George H. W. Bush"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefc | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was Hayek when he died? | {
"text": [
"Freiburg, Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefd | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna? | {
"text": [
"northern outskirts"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefe | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published? | {
"text": [
"American Economic Review"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b27 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What is the name of Mises' 1912 book? | {
"text": [
"Theory of Money and Credit"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b28 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else? | {
"text": [
"capital"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b29 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book? | {
"text": [
"Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2a | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929? | {
"text": [
"Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds? | {
"text": [
"artificially low interest rates"
],
"answer_start": [
1029
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2a | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929? | {
"text": [
"London School of Economics"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2b | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what? | {
"text": [
"narrow approach"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2c | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''? | {
"text": [
"Alfred Marshall"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2d | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE? | {
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2e | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics? | {
"text": [
"less \"facile and superficial\" understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af34 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title? | {
"text": [
"Prices and Production"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af35 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by? | {
"text": [
"artificially low interest rates"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af36 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek? | {
"text": [
"Piero Sraffa"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af37 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created? | {
"text": [
"\"a remarkable crop of critics\""
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af44 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production? | {
"text": [
"works were largely ignored"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af45 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production? | {
"text": [
"Profits, Interest and Investment"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af46 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production? | {
"text": [
"Nicholas Kaldor"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af47 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what? | {
"text": [
"the Austrian theory of the business cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af48 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence? | {
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
572a6fe47a1753140016af62 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would? | {
"text": [
"the dynamics of capital"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
572a6fe47a1753140016af63 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital? | {
"text": [
"macroeconomics"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
572a6fe57a1753140016af64 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek? | {
"text": [
"an \"ideologue\""
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
572a6fe57a1753140016af65 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most? | {
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
842
]
} |
572a6fe57a1753140016af66 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize? | {
"text": [
"Gunnar Myrdal"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6c | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most? | {
"text": [
"enough information"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6d | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution? | {
"text": [
"Max Weber"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6e | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed? | {
"text": [
"through the price mechanism in free markets"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6f | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution? | {
"text": [
"Ludwig von Mises"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503fad | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument? | {
"text": [
"general equilibrium theory"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503fae | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated? | {
"text": [
"Mises's thesis"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503faf | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what? | {
"text": [
"who was responsible for solving the equations"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503fb0 | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid? | {
"text": [
"free market"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5d8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism? | {
"text": [
"The Use of Knowledge in Society"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5d9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with? | {
"text": [
"central planning"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5da | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who? | {
"text": [
"Oliver Williamson"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5db | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award? | {
"text": [
"the Nobel prize"
],
"answer_start": [
816
]
} |
572a76d27a1753140016afa4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized? | {
"text": [
"collectivism"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
572a76d27a1753140016afa5 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained? | {
"text": [
"a central authority"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
572a76d27a1753140016afa6 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy? | {
"text": [
"central economic planning"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
572a76d27a1753140016afa7 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what? | {
"text": [
"totalitarianism"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
572a76d27a1753140016afa8 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state? | {
"text": [
"maintain the rule of law"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
572a798abe1ee31400cb8021 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what? | {
"text": [
"creating a \"safety net\""
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
572a798abe1ee31400cb8022 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to? | {
"text": [
"all"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
572a798abe1ee31400cb8023 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent? | {
"text": [
"sufficient to preserve health"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
572a798abe1ee31400cb8024 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create? | {
"text": [
"social insurance"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
572a7af4111d821400f38b4c | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic... | In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics? | {
"text": [
"microeconomics"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
572a7af4111d821400f38b4d | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic... | What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought? | {
"text": [
"\"Marshallian\""
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
572a7af4111d821400f38b4e | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic... | Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics? | {
"text": [
"Abba Lerner"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
572a8062f75d5e190021fb0e | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason? | {
"text": [
"During World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a8062f75d5e190021fb0f | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason? | {
"text": [
"fundamental misconceptions about the social science"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
572a8062f75d5e190021fb10 | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's? | {
"text": [
"Karl Popper"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
572a8062f75d5e190021fb11 | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences? | {
"text": [
"scientism"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
572a8062f75d5e190021fb12 | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what? | {
"text": [
"simple two-variable linear relationships"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
572a81def75d5e190021fb2a | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain... | In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning? | {
"text": [
"1952"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
572a81def75d5e190021fb2b | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain... | Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book? | {
"text": [
"Hebbian learning"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
572a81def75d5e190021fb2c | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain... | What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science? | {
"text": [
"\"Hebbian synapse\""
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
572a8448be1ee31400cb8067 | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st... | When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge? | {
"text": [
"the latter half of his career"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572a8448be1ee31400cb8068 | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st... | What did Hayek want society to function around? | {
"text": [
"a market order"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
572a8448be1ee31400cb8069 | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st... | What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order? | {
"text": [
"to enforce the legal order"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
572a8448be1ee31400cb806a | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st... | What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market? | {
"text": [
"would be self-regulating"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
572a8448be1ee31400cb806b | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st... | What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly? | {
"text": [
"good men"
],
"answer_start": [
847
]
} |
572a8598111d821400f38ba4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ... | What concept did Hayek dislike? | {
"text": [
"social justice"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
572a8598111d821400f38ba6 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ... | What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust? | {
"text": [
"the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
572a8598111d821400f38ba7 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ... | According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what? | {
"text": [
"the opposite of a free society"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being... | What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend? | {
"text": [
"non-interventionist policy"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807c | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being... | What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem? | {
"text": [
"prima facie"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807d | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being... | What are ecosystems views to be? | {
"text": [
"spontaneous orders"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807e | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being... | One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments? | {
"text": [
"analysis of markets"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807f | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being... | What is limited by the ignorance of humanity? | {
"text": [
"our ability to manipulate nature"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8085 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ... | According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care? | {
"text": [
"Hayek"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8086 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ... | Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society? | {
"text": [
"the state"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8087 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ... | In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance? | {
"text": [
"The economic calculation problem"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8088 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ... | Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net? | {
"text": [
"Bernard Harcourt"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb60 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun... | Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts? | {
"text": [
"Arthur M. Diamond"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb61 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun... | Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic? | {
"text": [
"economic science"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb62 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun... | What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek? | {
"text": [
"intellectual skeptic"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb63 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun... | Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what? | {
"text": [
"confused and contradictory"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
572a8b41111d821400f38bd2 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato... | At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary? | {
"text": [
"a transitional period"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
572a8b41111d821400f38bd3 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato... | What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals? | {
"text": [
"a liberal dictatorship"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
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