id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572b3577f75d5e190021fd12 | Empiricism | A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which thi... | What religion was George Berkeley? | {
"text": [
"Anglican"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
572b3577f75d5e190021fd13 | Empiricism | A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which thi... | What nationality was George Berkeley? | {
"text": [
"Irish"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
572b3577f75d5e190021fd14 | Empiricism | A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which thi... | Who wrote 'Alciphron'? | {
"text": [
"George Berkeley"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1a | Empiricism | The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepte... | What did Hume bring to empiricism? | {
"text": [
"a new level of skepticism"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1b | Empiricism | The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepte... | What was Hume's nationality? | {
"text": [
"Scottish"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1c | Empiricism | The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepte... | What two types of arguments did Locke say there are? | {
"text": [
"demonstrative and probable"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1d | Empiricism | The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepte... | When was Hume born? | {
"text": [
"1711"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1e | Empiricism | The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepte... | When did Hume die? | {
"text": [
"1776"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a1 | Empiricism | Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while proposit... | What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are? | {
"text": [
"relations of ideas and matters of fact"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a2 | Empiricism | Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while proposit... | What type of human knowledge is math? | {
"text": [
"relations of ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a3 | Empiricism | Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while proposit... | What type of human knowledge is observing the world? | {
"text": [
"matters of fact"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a4 | Empiricism | Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while proposit... | What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"? | {
"text": [
"matters of fact"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a5 | Empiricism | Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while proposit... | Where did Hume say people's ideas come from? | {
"text": [
"their \"impressions\""
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
572b36debe1ee31400cb82ac | Empiricism | Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another impo... | What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by? | {
"text": [
"reason"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
572b36debe1ee31400cb82ad | Empiricism | Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another impo... | What did Hume think is a circular argument? | {
"text": [
"the justification for inductive reasoning"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
572b36debe1ee31400cb82ae | Empiricism | Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another impo... | What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning? | {
"text": [
"that the sun will continue to rise in the East"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} |
572b36debe1ee31400cb82af | Empiricism | Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another impo... | Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise? | {
"text": [
"because it has repeatedly done so in the past"
],
"answer_start": [
915
]
} |
572b3ab4111d821400f38de4 | Empiricism | Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. Acco... | What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with? | {
"text": [
"that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
572b3ab4111d821400f38de5 | Empiricism | Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. Acco... | What did Hume say can't be rationally justified? | {
"text": [
"belief in an external world"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
572b3ab4111d821400f38de7 | Empiricism | Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. Acco... | What is subjective idealism closely related to? | {
"text": [
"Phenomenalism"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
572b3ab4111d821400f38de8 | Empiricism | Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. Acco... | What did John Stuart Mill say matter is? | {
"text": [
"the \"permanent possibility of sensation\""
],
"answer_start": [
1154
]
} |
572b3f4734ae481900dead45 | Empiricism | Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experi... | What did Mill say knowledge comes from? | {
"text": [
"an inductive inference from direct experience"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
572b3f4734ae481900dead46 | Empiricism | Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experi... | What sensations did Mill differentiate? | {
"text": [
"actual and possible sensations"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
572b3f4734ae481900dead47 | Empiricism | Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experi... | When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it? | {
"text": [
"God"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
572b3f4734ae481900dead48 | Empiricism | Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experi... | What did Mill say might not actually exist? | {
"text": [
"gap-filling entities"
],
"answer_start": [
1121
]
} |
572b40d0111d821400f38df6 | Empiricism | The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former mu... | What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s? | {
"text": [
"phenomenalist"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
572b40d0111d821400f38df7 | Empiricism | The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former mu... | How can't a finite set of statements be described? | {
"text": [
"in purely sensory terms"
],
"answer_start": [
736
]
} |
572b40d0111d821400f38df8 | Empiricism | The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former mu... | What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms? | {
"text": [
"a second doctor"
],
"answer_start": [
1204
]
} |
572b415834ae481900dead4f | Empiricism | Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Lud... | What are other terms for logical empiricism? | {
"text": [
"logical positivism or neopositivism"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
572b415834ae481900dead50 | Empiricism | Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Lud... | When was logical empricism formulated? | {
"text": [
"early 20th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
572b415834ae481900dead51 | Empiricism | Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Lud... | What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic? | {
"text": [
"British empiricism"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
572b415834ae481900dead52 | Empiricism | Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Lud... | What was Otto Neurath an important member of? | {
"text": [
"Logical empiricism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b415834ae481900dead53 | Empiricism | Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Lud... | What was AJ Ayer an important member of? | {
"text": [
"Logical empiricism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82bf | Empiricism | The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific disc... | When was Bertrand Russell born? | {
"text": [
"1872"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c0 | Empiricism | The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific disc... | When did Bertrand Russell die? | {
"text": [
"1970"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c1 | Empiricism | The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific disc... | What did Frege say about math? | {
"text": [
"all mathematical truths are logical"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c2 | Empiricism | The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific disc... | What did Wittgenstein say about logic? | {
"text": [
"all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies"
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c3 | Empiricism | The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific disc... | What are pseudoproblems? | {
"text": [
"most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems"
],
"answer_start": [
1077
]
} |
572b429af75d5e190021fd2e | Empiricism | In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a ... | Who were extreme empiricists? | {
"text": [
"neopositivists"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
572b429af75d5e190021fd30 | Empiricism | In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a ... | What position does Dummett take? | {
"text": [
"anti-realists"
],
"answer_start": [
1121
]
} |
572b429af75d5e190021fd31 | Empiricism | In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a ... | Who abandoned phenomenalism? | {
"text": [
"Carnap and Neurath"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d1 | Empiricism | In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full c... | When did pragmatism arise? | {
"text": [
"In the late 19th and early 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d2 | Empiricism | In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full c... | Who developed pragmatism? | {
"text": [
"Charles Sanders Peirce and William James"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d3 | Empiricism | In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full c... | Where did Peirce and James meet? | {
"text": [
"Harvard"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d4 | Empiricism | In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full c... | When did Peirce and James meet? | {
"text": [
"in the 1870s"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d5 | Empiricism | In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full c... | What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism? | {
"text": [
"pragmaticism"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
572b4375be1ee31400cb82db | Empiricism | Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rational... | When was Peirce born? | {
"text": [
"1839"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
572b4375be1ee31400cb82dc | Empiricism | Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rational... | When did Peirce die? | {
"text": [
"1914"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
572b4375be1ee31400cb82dd | Empiricism | Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rational... | What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess? | {
"text": [
"the \"data-driven\" strict-empiricist view"
],
"answer_start": [
721
]
} |
572b4375be1ee31400cb82de | Empiricism | Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rational... | Who formed the basis for modern scientific method? | {
"text": [
"Charles Peirce"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b4375be1ee31400cb82df | Empiricism | Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rational... | Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize? | {
"text": [
"Descartes"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
572b441cf75d5e190021fd42 | Empiricism | Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined t... | How long before Peirce did Hume write? | {
"text": [
"a century"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
572b441cf75d5e190021fd43 | Empiricism | Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined t... | How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning? | {
"text": [
"complementary"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
572b441cf75d5e190021fd44 | Empiricism | Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined t... | How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning? | {
"text": [
"competitive"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
572b441cf75d5e190021fd45 | Empiricism | Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined t... | What did fallibilism say? | {
"text": [
"the conclusions of science are always tentative"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} |
572b441cf75d5e190021fd46 | Empiricism | Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined t... | What does the scientific method's rationality depend on? | {
"text": [
"its self-corrective character"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
} |
572b449df75d5e190021fd4c | Empiricism | In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed t... | Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'? | {
"text": [
"Peirce"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
572b449df75d5e190021fd4d | Empiricism | In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed t... | When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published? | {
"text": [
"1903"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
572b449df75d5e190021fd4e | Empiricism | In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed t... | What is 'haecceity'? | {
"text": [
"unique individuality or \"thisness\""
],
"answer_start": [
880
]
} |
572b449df75d5e190021fd4f | Empiricism | In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed t... | What did Irvin Rock write about? | {
"text": [
"indirect perception"
],
"answer_start": [
1328
]
} |
572b449df75d5e190021fd50 | Empiricism | In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed t... | Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly? | {
"text": [
"in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research"
],
"answer_start": [
1211
]
} |
572b4537f75d5e190021fd56 | Empiricism | Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained... | Who came up with 'radical empiricism'? | {
"text": [
"William James"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
572b4537f75d5e190021fd57 | Empiricism | Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained... | Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined? | {
"text": [
"in James's published lectures"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
572b4537f75d5e190021fd58 | Empiricism | Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained... | When was William James born? | {
"text": [
"1842"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
572b4537f75d5e190021fd59 | Empiricism | Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained... | When did William James die? | {
"text": [
"1910"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
572b4537f75d5e190021fd5a | Empiricism | Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained... | When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'? | {
"text": [
"Around the beginning of the 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b459134ae481900dead71 | Empiricism | John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that rea... | Who came up with 'instrumentalism'? | {
"text": [
"John Dewey"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b459134ae481900dead72 | Empiricism | John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that rea... | What did Dewey think about reality? | {
"text": [
"reality is determined by past experience"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
572b459134ae481900dead73 | Empiricism | John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that rea... | When was Dewey born? | {
"text": [
"1859"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
572b459134ae481900dead74 | Empiricism | John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that rea... | When did Dewey die? | {
"text": [
"1952"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
572b459134ae481900dead75 | Empiricism | John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that rea... | What was instrumentalism a modification of? | {
"text": [
"James' pragmatism"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
572b6958be1ee31400cb8365 | Idealism | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds? | {
"text": [
"reality"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
572b6958be1ee31400cb8366 | Idealism | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about? | {
"text": [
"mind-independent"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
572b6958be1ee31400cb8367 | Idealism | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with? | {
"text": [
"dualist"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
572b6958be1ee31400cb8368 | Idealism | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on? | {
"text": [
"beliefs and values"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
572b69c0be1ee31400cb836d | Idealism | The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which aro... | What Indian thinkers were early idealists? | {
"text": [
"Hindu"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
572b69c0be1ee31400cb836e | Idealism | The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which aro... | What Greek philosophers had idealistic views? | {
"text": [
"Neoplatonists"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
572b69c0be1ee31400cb836f | Idealism | The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which aro... | With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated? | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
572b69c0be1ee31400cb8370 | Idealism | The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which aro... | In what century did the Yogācāra school arise? | {
"text": [
"4th"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
572b69c0be1ee31400cb8371 | Idealism | The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which aro... | What century did George Berkeley live in? | {
"text": [
"18th"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
572b6a2734ae481900deadef | Idealism | Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or "ideal" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schoo... | What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling? | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
572b6a2734ae481900deadf0 | Idealism | Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or "ideal" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schoo... | In what century did Hegel write? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
572b6a2734ae481900deadf1 | Idealism | Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or "ideal" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schoo... | Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition? | {
"text": [
"phenomenalism"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
572b6a2734ae481900deadf2 | Idealism | Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or "ideal" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schoo... | Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it? | {
"text": [
"Marxism"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb0 | Idealism | Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over co... | What does ἰδεῖν mean in English? | {
"text": [
"to see"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb1 | Idealism | Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over co... | By what year was "idealism" a word in English? | {
"text": [
"1743"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb2 | Idealism | Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over co... | Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word? | {
"text": [
"pragmatists"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb3 | Idealism | Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over co... | What language is ἰδεῖν? | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
572b6b0a111d821400f38e88 | Idealism | Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the m... | What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance? | {
"text": [
"idealist"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
572b6b0a111d821400f38e89 | Idealism | Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the m... | What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical? | {
"text": [
"Metaphysical"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
572b6b0a111d821400f38e8a | Idealism | Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the m... | What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects? | {
"text": [
"Platonic"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
572b6b0a111d821400f38e8b | Idealism | Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the m... | Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason? | {
"text": [
"subjective"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
572b6b0a111d821400f38e8c | Idealism | Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the m... | What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas? | {
"text": [
"Epistemological"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
572b6b97111d821400f38e92 | Idealism | Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain wh... | Who is a notable subjective idealist? | {
"text": [
"George Berkeley"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
572b6b97111d821400f38e93 | Idealism | Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain wh... | What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist? | {
"text": [
"Immanuel Kant"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
572b6b97111d821400f38e94 | Idealism | Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain wh... | Who are subjective idealists opposed to? | {
"text": [
"realists"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
572b6b97111d821400f38e95 | Idealism | Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain wh... | Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism? | {
"text": [
"Gottfried Leibniz"
],
"answer_start": [
911
]
} |
572b6b97111d821400f38e96 | Idealism | Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain wh... | Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads? | {
"text": [
"Leibniz"
],
"answer_start": [
1288
]
} |
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb8 | Idealism | Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely acce... | In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted? | {
"text": [
"Neoplatonism"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb9 | Idealism | Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely acce... | What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism? | {
"text": [
"Aristotelian scholasticism"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
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