id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdba | Idealism | Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely acce... | In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle? | {
"text": [
"12th"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbb | Idealism | Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely acce... | Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist? | {
"text": [
"New Thought"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbc | Idealism | Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely acce... | What notable idealist was responsible for a "world ground" theory? | {
"text": [
"Hermann Lotze"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcc | Idealism | Plato's theory of forms or "ideas" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism", while... | What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms? | {
"text": [
"ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcd | Idealism | Plato's theory of forms or "ideas" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism", while... | Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism? | {
"text": [
"Simone Klein"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdce | Idealism | Plato's theory of forms or "ideas" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism", while... | What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as? | {
"text": [
"metaphysical and epistemological"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcf | Idealism | Plato's theory of forms or "ideas" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism", while... | What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism? | {
"text": [
"quantum"
],
"answer_start": [
831
]
} |
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837d | Idealism | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | What sort of philosopher was Plotinus? | {
"text": [
"neoplatonist"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837e | Idealism | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist? | {
"text": [
"Plotinus"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837f | Idealism | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not? | {
"text": [
"whether we know external objects"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb8380 | Idealism | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul? | {
"text": [
"Time"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
572b6d7934ae481900deae01 | Idealism | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism? | {
"text": [
"immaterialism"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
572b6d7934ae481900deae02 | Idealism | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | Of what see was Berkeley bishop? | {
"text": [
"Cloyne"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
572b6d7934ae481900deae03 | Idealism | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | What was Berkeley's ethnicity? | {
"text": [
"Anglo-Irish"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
572b6d7934ae481900deae04 | Idealism | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | What does esse est percipi mean? | {
"text": [
"to be is to be perceived"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
572b6d7934ae481900deae05 | Idealism | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be? | {
"text": [
"abstractions"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8385 | Idealism | Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel... | Who was known as the "Cambridge Platonist"? | {
"text": [
"John Norris"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8386 | Idealism | Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel... | Who was notably influenced by John Norris? | {
"text": [
"Arthur Collier"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8387 | Idealism | Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel... | When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written? | {
"text": [
"1701"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8388 | Idealism | Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel... | What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable? | {
"text": [
"represented image of an external object"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0b | Idealism | and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highli... | Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"? | {
"text": [
"Immanuel Kant"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0c | Idealism | and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highli... | Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"? | {
"text": [
"Sir Arthur Eddington"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0d | Idealism | and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highli... | Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"? | {
"text": [
"Arthur Fine"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0e | Idealism | and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highli... | Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism? | {
"text": [
"Musgrave"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0f | Idealism | and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highli... | What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty? | {
"text": [
"Postmodernist"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
572b6f49111d821400f38e9c | Idealism | A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idea... | What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce? | {
"text": [
"subjectivists"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
572b6f49111d821400f38e9d | Idealism | A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idea... | What book was written by A.A. Luce? | {
"text": [
"Sense without Matter"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
572b6f49111d821400f38e9e | Idealism | A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idea... | What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter? | {
"text": [
"1954"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
572b6f49111d821400f38e9f | Idealism | A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idea... | Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism? | {
"text": [
"Foster"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
572b6f49111d821400f38ea0 | Idealism | A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idea... | Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating? | {
"text": [
"Berkeley"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
572b720e34ae481900deae1b | Idealism | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | What school of thought did Berkeley belong to? | {
"text": [
"Subjective Idealism"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
572b720e34ae481900deae1c | Idealism | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | What sort of idealist was Descartes? | {
"text": [
"Sceptical"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
572b720e34ae481900deae1d | Idealism | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | In what section was Descartes criticized? | {
"text": [
"Paralogisms of Pure Reason"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
572b720e34ae481900deae1e | Idealism | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism? | {
"text": [
"2nd"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
572b720e34ae481900deae1f | Idealism | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | When was the second edition published? | {
"text": [
"1787"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd4 | Idealism | In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what... | Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena? | {
"text": [
"Schopenhauer"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd5 | Idealism | In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what... | According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed? | {
"text": [
"our own minds"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd6 | Idealism | In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what... | What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to? | {
"text": [
"our own consciousness"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd7 | Idealism | In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what... | What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know? | {
"text": [
"representations"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd8 | Idealism | In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what... | What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be? | {
"text": [
"subjective"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
572b734bf75d5e190021fde6 | Idealism | Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "th... | Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology? | {
"text": [
"Friedrich Nietzsche"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b734bf75d5e190021fde7 | Idealism | Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "th... | Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack? | {
"text": [
"Descartes"
],
"answer_start": [
691
]
} |
572b734bf75d5e190021fde8 | Idealism | Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "th... | Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who? | {
"text": [
"Descartes"
],
"answer_start": [
691
]
} |
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ab | Idealism | Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy "absolute" idealism in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a di... | According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte? | {
"text": [
"transcendental"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ac | Idealism | Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy "absolute" idealism in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a di... | Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist? | {
"text": [
"Berkeley"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ad | Idealism | Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy "absolute" idealism in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a di... | What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as? | {
"text": [
"Absolute"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ae | Idealism | Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy "absolute" idealism in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a di... | How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher? | {
"text": [
"exercise of reason and intellect"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
572b755a34ae481900deae25 | Idealism | In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are... | When was Science of Logic written? | {
"text": [
"1812–1814"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
572b755a34ae481900deae26 | Idealism | In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are... | Who was the author of Science of Logic? | {
"text": [
"Hegel"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
572b755a34ae481900deae27 | Idealism | In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are... | Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things? | {
"text": [
"less self-determining"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
572b755a34ae481900deae28 | Idealism | In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are... | Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel? | {
"text": [
"ethical communities"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
572b755a34ae481900deae29 | Idealism | In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are... | What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong? | {
"text": [
"materialism"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
572b764d111d821400f38ea6 | Idealism | Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed "object" (an... | In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object? | {
"text": [
"Spirit"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
572b764d111d821400f38ea7 | Idealism | Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed "object" (an... | What is another term for Hegel's "subject"? | {
"text": [
"any human observer"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
572b764d111d821400f38ea8 | Idealism | Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed "object" (an... | What does Hegel mean by "object"? | {
"text": [
"any external entity"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
572b764d111d821400f38ea9 | Idealism | Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed "object" (an... | What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization? | {
"text": [
"Absolute Spirit"
],
"answer_start": [
1260
]
} |
572b764d111d821400f38eaa | Idealism | Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed "object" (an... | Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of? | {
"text": [
"self"
],
"answer_start": [
1495
]
} |
572b76f734ae481900deae2f | Idealism | Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierke... | Who was a notable critic of Hegel? | {
"text": [
"Kierkegaard"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b76f734ae481900deae30 | Idealism | Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierke... | For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system? | {
"text": [
"human"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
572b76f734ae481900deae31 | Idealism | Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierke... | According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system for human beings? | {
"text": [
"humans are incomplete"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
572b76f734ae481900deae32 | Idealism | Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierke... | Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality, what sort of system can exist? | {
"text": [
"logical"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b3 | Idealism | A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned... | Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences? | {
"text": [
"Hegel"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b4 | Idealism | A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned... | When was Phenomenology of Spirit published? | {
"text": [
"1807"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b5 | Idealism | A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned... | What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed? | {
"text": [
"individuality"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b6 | Idealism | A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned... | Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual? | {
"text": [
"State"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b7 | Idealism | A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned... | What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed? | {
"text": [
"bourgeois"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
572b7822f75d5e190021fdec | Idealism | In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical stru... | What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be? | {
"text": [
"ultimate"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
572b7822f75d5e190021fded | Idealism | In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical stru... | Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness? | {
"text": [
"Kierkegaard"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
572b7822f75d5e190021fdee | Idealism | In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical stru... | According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take? | {
"text": [
"abstraction"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
572b7822f75d5e190021fdef | Idealism | In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical stru... | Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God? | {
"text": [
"we are finite beings"
],
"answer_start": [
866
]
} |
572b7822f75d5e190021fdf0 | Idealism | In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical stru... | If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend? | {
"text": [
"human understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
1067
]
} |
572b78f434ae481900deae37 | Idealism | Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to ... | Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism? | {
"text": [
"Moore"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
572b78f434ae481900deae38 | Idealism | Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to ... | In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack? | {
"text": [
"Bradley"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572b78f434ae481900deae39 | Idealism | Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to ... | Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'? | {
"text": [
"Berkeley"
],
"answer_start": [
1150
]
} |
572b7982be1ee31400cb83bd | Idealism | Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimat... | Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism? | {
"text": [
"Gottfried Leibniz"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
572b7982be1ee31400cb83be | Idealism | Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimat... | What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz? | {
"text": [
"Panpsychism"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
572b7982be1ee31400cb83bf | Idealism | Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimat... | What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of? | {
"text": [
"monads"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
572b7982be1ee31400cb83c0 | Idealism | Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimat... | Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz? | {
"text": [
"James Ward"
],
"answer_start": [
1060
]
} |
572b7982be1ee31400cb83c1 | Idealism | Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimat... | What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads? | {
"text": [
"self- betterment"
],
"answer_start": [
1248
]
} |
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c7 | Idealism | Howison's personal idealism was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "ben... | Who was an exponent of so-called "Boston Personalism"? | {
"text": [
"Bowne"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c8 | Idealism | Howison's personal idealism was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "ben... | What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison? | {
"text": [
"California Personalism"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c9 | Idealism | Howison's personal idealism was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "ben... | Who is a notable realistic personal theist? | {
"text": [
"Saint Thomas Aquinas"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83ca | Idealism | Howison's personal idealism was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "ben... | What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss? | {
"text": [
"dependence upon an infinite personal God"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83cb | Idealism | Howison's personal idealism was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "ben... | What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism? | {
"text": [
"moral"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf6 | Idealism | J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Exi... | With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated? | {
"text": [
"Cambridge"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf7 | Idealism | J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Exi... | In what year was The Nature of Existence published? | {
"text": [
"1927"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf8 | Idealism | J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Exi... | According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence? | {
"text": [
"minds"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf9 | Idealism | J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Exi... | How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another? | {
"text": [
"love"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdfa | Idealism | J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Exi... | What does McTaggart believe space and time to be? | {
"text": [
"unreal"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
572b7afb34ae481900deae3d | Idealism | Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance whic... | What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson? | {
"text": [
"apeirotheism"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
572b7afb34ae481900deae3e | Idealism | Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance whic... | What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy? | {
"text": [
"pluralistic"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
572b7afb34ae481900deae3f | Idealism | Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance whic... | According to Davidson, how many gods are there? | {
"text": [
"infinite"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
572b7afb34ae481900deae40 | Idealism | Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance whic... | By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced? | {
"text": [
"Aristotle"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
572b7afb34ae481900deae41 | Idealism | Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance whic... | What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with? | {
"text": [
"rational thought"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
} |
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d1 | Idealism | Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for n... | Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular? | {
"text": [
"physicists"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d2 | Idealism | Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for n... | Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism? | {
"text": [
"relativity"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d3 | Idealism | Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for n... | In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published? | {
"text": [
"1900"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d4 | Idealism | Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for n... | What did Pearson claim that science classifies? | {
"text": [
"contents of the mind"
],
"answer_start": [
612
]
} |
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d5 | Idealism | Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for n... | Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science? | {
"text": [
"Einstein"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
572b7c07f75d5e190021fe00 | Idealism | "The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environment from which the... | How do receive information from the physical world? | {
"text": [
"messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
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