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572e99e7dfa6aa1500f8d1d8
Seven_Years%27_War
French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds wit...
Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?
{ "text": [ "his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti," ], "answer_start": [ 440 ] }
572e99e7dfa6aa1500f8d1da
Seven_Years%27_War
French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds wit...
What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?
{ "text": [ "Unbeknownst to his foreign minister," ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
572e9cadc246551400ce43ec
Seven_Years%27_War
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Au...
What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?
{ "text": [ "Saxony and Polish west Prussia" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
572e9cadc246551400ce43ed
Seven_Years%27_War
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Au...
What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?
{ "text": [ "could not expect French support" ], "answer_start": [ 83 ] }
572e9cadc246551400ce43ee
Seven_Years%27_War
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Au...
What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?
{ "text": [ "he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack" ], "answer_start": [ 234 ] }
572e9cadc246551400ce43ef
Seven_Years%27_War
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Au...
What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?
{ "text": [ "the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia" ], "answer_start": [ 386 ] }
572e9cadc246551400ce43f0
Seven_Years%27_War
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Au...
Who was Poland's ancient ally?
{ "text": [ "Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania," ], "answer_start": [ 576 ] }
572e9f64cb0c0d14000f1388
Seven_Years%27_War
In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's bas...
What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor?
{ "text": [ "Austria" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
572e9f64cb0c0d14000f1389
Seven_Years%27_War
In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's bas...
What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer?
{ "text": [ "Frederick and Prussia" ], "answer_start": [ 191 ] }
572e9f64cb0c0d14000f138b
Seven_Years%27_War
In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's bas...
What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance?
{ "text": [ "to protect Hanover's interests against France." ], "answer_start": [ 361 ] }
572ea33603f989190075687f
Seven_Years%27_War
Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's ...
What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia?
{ "text": [ "willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid" ], "answer_start": [ 185 ] }
572ea33603f9891900756881
Seven_Years%27_War
Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's ...
What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster?
{ "text": [ "Britain and Prussia" ], "answer_start": [ 972 ] }
572ea33603f9891900756882
Seven_Years%27_War
Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's ...
When was the Convention of Westminster signed?
{ "text": [ "January 16, 1756" ], "answer_start": [ 905 ] }
572ea33603f9891900756883
Seven_Years%27_War
Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's ...
Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?
{ "text": [ "Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia," ], "answer_start": [ 573 ] }
572ea61f03f98919007568a3
Seven_Years%27_War
The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, partic...
What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement?
{ "text": [ "Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged" ], "answer_start": [ 131 ] }
572ea61f03f98919007568a5
Seven_Years%27_War
The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, partic...
France was now in a desperate position, what did they do?
{ "text": [ "France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance" ], "answer_start": [ 400 ] }
572ea61f03f98919007568a7
Seven_Years%27_War
The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, partic...
How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other?
{ "text": [ "24.000 troops" ], "answer_start": [ 574 ] }
572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25c
Seven_Years%27_War
The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort th...
What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?
{ "text": [ "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" ], "answer_start": [ 172 ] }
572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25d
Seven_Years%27_War
The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort th...
Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?
{ "text": [ "British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25e
Seven_Years%27_War
The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort th...
Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?
{ "text": [ "Led by George Washington" ], "answer_start": [ 417 ] }
572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25f
Seven_Years%27_War
The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort th...
Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?
{ "text": [ "Fort Necessity" ], "answer_start": [ 613 ] }
572ea92e03f98919007568d1
Seven_Years%27_War
News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immedia...
Which country dispatched regular troops to North America?
{ "text": [ "Britain and France" ], "answer_start": [ 38 ] }
572ea92e03f98919007568d2
Seven_Years%27_War
News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immedia...
What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne?
{ "text": [ "the expedition ended in disastrous defeat" ], "answer_start": [ 513 ] }
572ea92e03f98919007568d3
Seven_Years%27_War
News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immedia...
Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne?
{ "text": [ "British Major General Edward Braddock" ], "answer_start": [ 378 ] }
572ea92e03f98919007568d5
Seven_Years%27_War
News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immedia...
Who won the Battle of Lake George?
{ "text": [ "inconclusive" ], "answer_start": [ 737 ] }
572eab27cb0c0d14000f1430
Seven_Years%27_War
For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a ...
Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?
{ "text": [ "several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative" ], "answer_start": [ 521 ] }
572eab27cb0c0d14000f1432
Seven_Years%27_War
For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a ...
How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?
{ "text": [ "France had few counterbalancing European successes." ], "answer_start": [ 1137 ] }
572ead8003f9891900756920
Seven_Years%27_War
The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly...
Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year's War.
{ "text": [ "Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage" ], "answer_start": [ 384 ] }
572ead8003f9891900756921
Seven_Years%27_War
The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly...
Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe?
{ "text": [ "Frederick the Great of Prussia" ], "answer_start": [ 563 ] }
572ead8003f9891900756922
Seven_Years%27_War
The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly...
What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia?
{ "text": [ "leaving Austria to side with France" ], "answer_start": [ 844 ] }
572eb0c2c246551400ce4520
Seven_Years%27_War
William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was...
What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?
{ "text": [ "a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire" ], "answer_start": [ 186 ] }
572eb0c2c246551400ce4521
Seven_Years%27_War
William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was...
What locations did Pitt want from France?
{ "text": [ "North America and India" ], "answer_start": [ 270 ] }
572eb0c2c246551400ce4522
Seven_Years%27_War
William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was...
What was Pitt's primary military advantage?
{ "text": [ "Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy" ], "answer_start": [ 295 ] }
572eb0c2c246551400ce4524
Seven_Years%27_War
William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was...
How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?
{ "text": [ "even after that the British continued his strategy" ], "answer_start": [ 684 ] }
572eb4c8cb0c0d14000f149c
Seven_Years%27_War
The British Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at Toulon, and the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt ...
What was the result for Admiral Byng?
{ "text": [ "Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed" ], "answer_start": [ 417 ] }
572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a4
Seven_Years%27_War
Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French...
How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?
{ "text": [ "he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony" ], "answer_start": [ 143 ] }
572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a6
Seven_Years%27_War
Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French...
Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?
{ "text": [ "pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia" ], "answer_start": [ 277 ] }
572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14b0
Seven_Years%27_War
Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army march...
Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
{ "text": [ "a column of about 15,000 men" ], "answer_start": [ 358 ] }
572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14b1
Seven_Years%27_War
Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army march...
Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.
{ "text": [ "a column of 18,000 men" ], "answer_start": [ 455 ] }
572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14b2
Seven_Years%27_War
Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army march...
Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith
{ "text": [ "a corps of 30,000 troops." ], "answer_start": [ 611 ] }
572eb9e9cb0c0d14000f14cd
Seven_Years%27_War
The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians ...
What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?
{ "text": [ "attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage" ], "answer_start": [ 470 ] }
572eb9e9cb0c0d14000f14ce
Seven_Years%27_War
The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians ...
What was the result of the fury of Europe?
{ "text": [ "led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition" ], "answer_start": [ 528 ] }
572ebd11c246551400ce45c3
Seven_Years%27_War
Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The ...
How did the British support Prussia?
{ "text": [ "shipping supplies and ₤670,000" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
572ebd11c246551400ce45c4
Seven_Years%27_War
Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The ...
Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?
{ "text": [ "the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral" ], "answer_start": [ 424 ] }
572ebd11c246551400ce45c6
Seven_Years%27_War
Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The ...
Who led the force to defend Hanover?
{ "text": [ "under the command of the Duke of Cumberland" ], "answer_start": [ 271 ] }
572ebebbc246551400ce45dc
Seven_Years%27_War
In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications ...
Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?
{ "text": [ "the fortifications of Prague" ], "answer_start": [ 301 ] }
572ebebbc246551400ce45dd
Seven_Years%27_War
In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications ...
Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757
{ "text": [ "Frederick II" ], "answer_start": [ 15 ] }
572ebebbc246551400ce45de
Seven_Years%27_War
In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications ...
What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?
{ "text": [ "both forces suffered major casualties" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
572ec004c246551400ce45f6
Seven_Years%27_War
Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fier...
What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?
{ "text": [ "five days of artillery bombardment" ], "answer_start": [ 135 ] }
572ec004c246551400ce45f7
Seven_Years%27_War
Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fier...
How did the Russians used the captured Memel?
{ "text": [ "used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia" ], "answer_start": [ 227 ] }
572ec004c246551400ce45f8
Seven_Years%27_War
Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fier...
What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?
{ "text": [ "defeated a smaller Prussian force" ], "answer_start": [ 275 ] }
572ec004c246551400ce45f9
Seven_Years%27_War
Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fier...
What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?
{ "text": [ "he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory" ], "answer_start": [ 566 ] }
572ec004c246551400ce45fa
Seven_Years%27_War
Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fier...
What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?
{ "text": [ "Sweden" ], "answer_start": [ 794 ] }
572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d35d
Seven_Years%27_War
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussi...
What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?
{ "text": [ "Cumberland" ], "answer_start": [ 64 ] }
572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d35e
Seven_Years%27_War
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussi...
What country won the battle at Hanover?
{ "text": [ "French" ], "answer_start": [ 195 ] }
572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d35f
Seven_Years%27_War
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussi...
How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?
{ "text": [ "Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war" ], "answer_start": [ 227 ] }
572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d360
Seven_Years%27_War
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussi...
How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?
{ "text": [ "Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance" ], "answer_start": [ 355 ] }
572ec545cb0c0d14000f152c
Seven_Years%27_War
Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded i...
Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?
{ "text": [ "Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
572ec545cb0c0d14000f152e
Seven_Years%27_War
Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded i...
What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?
{ "text": [ "occupied most of Swedish Pomerania" ], "answer_start": [ 269 ] }
572ec68503f9891900756a07
Seven_Years%27_War
Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars,...
What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
{ "text": [ "Count András Hadik" ], "answer_start": [ 53 ] }
572ec68503f9891900756a08
Seven_Years%27_War
Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars,...
What city did Hadik occupy?
{ "text": [ "occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night" ], "answer_start": [ 346 ] }
572ec68503f9891900756a09
Seven_Years%27_War
Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars,...
How was Berlin spared?
{ "text": [ "city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers" ], "answer_start": [ 405 ] }
572ec68503f9891900756a0a
Seven_Years%27_War
Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars,...
What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
{ "text": [ "he immediately sent a larger force to free the city" ], "answer_start": [ 521 ] }
572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1550
Seven_Years%27_War
In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt t...
Where did Frederick invade in 1758
{ "text": [ "Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia" ], "answer_start": [ 15 ] }
572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1551
Seven_Years%27_War
In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt t...
What city did Frederick lay siege to?
{ "text": [ "Olmütz" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1553
Seven_Years%27_War
In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt t...
How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?
{ "text": [ "Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia." ], "answer_start": [ 223 ] }
572ec8ffc246551400ce467e
Seven_Years%27_War
In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Fer...
What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?
{ "text": [ "an annual subsidy of £670,000" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
572ec8ffc246551400ce467f
Seven_Years%27_War
In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Fer...
How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?
{ "text": [ "Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army" ], "answer_start": [ 148 ] }
572ec8ffc246551400ce4680
Seven_Years%27_War
In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Fer...
Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?
{ "text": [ "the French" ], "answer_start": [ 352 ] }
572eca2903f9891900756a2b
Seven_Years%27_War
By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by...
How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?
{ "text": [ "marched to counter it." ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
572eca2903f9891900756a2c
Seven_Years%27_War
By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by...
How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?
{ "text": [ "35,000 men" ], "answer_start": [ 231 ] }
572eca2903f9891900756a2d
Seven_Years%27_War
By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by...
How many Russians were in defense?
{ "text": [ "Russian army of 43,000" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
572eca2903f9891900756a2e
Seven_Years%27_War
By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by...
Which army withdrew?
{ "text": [ "the Russians withdrew" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
572eca2903f9891900756a2f
Seven_Years%27_War
By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by...
What country was Prussia fighting on another front?
{ "text": [ "Swedish" ], "answer_start": [ 537 ] }
572ecb3c03f9891900756a35
Seven_Years%27_War
The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony desp...
What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?
{ "text": [ "Marshal Daun" ], "answer_start": [ 55 ] }
572ecb3c03f9891900756a36
Seven_Years%27_War
The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony desp...
What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?
{ "text": [ "lost much of his artillery" ], "answer_start": [ 161 ] }
572ecb3c03f9891900756a37
Seven_Years%27_War
The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony desp...
Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?
{ "text": [ "retreated in good order, helped by dense woods" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
572ecc82c246551400ce46a4
Seven_Years%27_War
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entir...
How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
{ "text": [ "1759 saw several Prussian defeats" ], "answer_start": [ 9 ] }
572ecc82c246551400ce46a5
Seven_Years%27_War
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entir...
How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
{ "text": [ "47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
572ecc82c246551400ce46a6
Seven_Years%27_War
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entir...
What happened at Minden in 1757?
{ "text": [ "the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French" ], "answer_start": [ 205 ] }
572ecc82c246551400ce46a8
Seven_Years%27_War
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entir...
What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
{ "text": [ "Frederick himself lost half his army" ], "answer_start": [ 371 ] }
572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e5
Seven_Years%27_War
The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under E...
Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?
{ "text": [ "near the mouth of the Loire" ], "answer_start": [ 82 ] }
572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e6
Seven_Years%27_War
The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under E...
How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?
{ "text": [ "their Brest and Toulon fleets" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e9
Seven_Years%27_War
The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under E...
With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?
{ "text": [ "putting an end to the French plans." ], "answer_start": [ 598 ] }
572ecf2fc246551400ce46c2
Seven_Years%27_War
Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin...
Identify a success of the Austrians?
{ "text": [ "the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
572ecf2fc246551400ce46c3
Seven_Years%27_War
Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin...
Where is Glatz
{ "text": [ "Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia" ], "answer_start": [ 75 ] }
572ecf2fc246551400ce46c4
Seven_Years%27_War
Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin...
What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?
{ "text": [ "outnumbered three to one" ], "answer_start": [ 189 ] }
572ecf2fc246551400ce46c5
Seven_Years%27_War
Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin...
Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?
{ "text": [ "General Saltykov" ], "answer_start": [ 234 ] }
572ed18acb0c0d14000f15dc
Seven_Years%27_War
1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in ca...
Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
{ "text": [ "Spain" ], "answer_start": [ 99 ] }
572ed18acb0c0d14000f15dd
Seven_Years%27_War
1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in ca...
Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
{ "text": [ "Portugal" ], "answer_start": [ 184 ] }
572ed18acb0c0d14000f15de
Seven_Years%27_War
1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in ca...
Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
{ "text": [ "Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side" ], "answer_start": [ 184 ] }
572ed315cb0c0d14000f15e6
Seven_Years%27_War
On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,...
How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?
{ "text": [ "the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them" ], "answer_start": [ 124 ] }
572ed315cb0c0d14000f15e9
Seven_Years%27_War
On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,...
identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
{ "text": [ "the Austrians captured Schweidnitz." ], "answer_start": [ 622 ] }
572ed4b3cb0c0d14000f15f6
Seven_Years%27_War
Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prusso...
Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?
{ "text": [ "offering concessions to secure peace" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
572ed4b3cb0c0d14000f15f7
Seven_Years%27_War
Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prusso...
How many troops did Frederick have left?
{ "text": [ "60,000 men" ], "answer_start": [ 158 ] }
572ed5ccdfa6aa1500f8d425
Seven_Years%27_War
By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many ef...
In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?
{ "text": [ "his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
572ed741c246551400ce470c
Seven_Years%27_War
Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackv...
What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?
{ "text": [ "saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
572ed741c246551400ce470d
Seven_Years%27_War
Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackv...
What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?
{ "text": [ "The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay" ], "answer_start": [ 411 ] }
572ed741c246551400ce4710
Seven_Years%27_War
Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackv...
How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?
{ "text": [ "the expedition returned having damaged French privateering" ], "answer_start": [ 961 ] }
572edbf7c246551400ce4740
Seven_Years%27_War
Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on...
Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
{ "text": [ "Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }