id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc52 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"host microbiota"
],
"answer_start": [
1400
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e29 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | Why are antibiotics checked before use? | {
"text": [
"negative effects on humans or other mammals"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2b | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | Name some side-effects? | {
"text": [
"diarrhea"
],
"answer_start": [
803
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2c | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What can happen to vaginal flora? | {
"text": [
"overgrowth of yeast"
],
"answer_start": [
1050
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2d | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs? | {
"text": [
"Additional side-effects"
],
"answer_start": [
1126
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd81 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age? | {
"text": [
"increased body mass"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd82 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What does STAT stand for? | {
"text": [
"subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd83 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT? | {
"text": [
"penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd84 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans? | {
"text": [
"unclear"
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd85 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? | {
"text": [
"weighed against the beneficial effects"
],
"answer_start": [
1541
]
} |
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e33 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age? | {
"text": [
"increased body mass"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e34 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | When do intestinal microbiota develop? | {
"text": [
"Early life"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e35 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans? | {
"text": [
"unclear"
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdf8 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"about 1%"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdf9 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What are the potential effects on intestinal flora? | {
"text": [
"reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdfa | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Have these potential effects been proven through testing? | {
"text": [
"inconclusive and controversial"
],
"answer_start": [
666
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdfb | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue? | {
"text": [
"extra contraceptive measures"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
5731bd47e99e3014001e6236 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What do antibiotics interfere with? | {
"text": [
"contraceptive pills"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
5731bd47e99e3014001e6237 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills? | {
"text": [
"about 1%"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
5731bd47e99e3014001e6238 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Whhat does intestinal flora reduce? | {
"text": [
"absorption of estrogens"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
5731bd47e99e3014001e6239 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with? | {
"text": [
"oral contraceptives"
],
"answer_start": [
845
]
} |
573296880342181400a2027d | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills? | {
"text": [
"antibiotics do interfere"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
573296880342181400a2027e | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"about 1%"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
573296880342181400a2027f | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills? | {
"text": [
"extra contraceptive measures"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
57302230a23a5019007fce13 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"decreased effectiveness"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
57302230a23a5019007fce16 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed? | {
"text": [
"widespread"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
5731be590fdd8d15006c64e1 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause? | {
"text": [
"decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
5731be590fdd8d15006c64e2 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"alcohol consumption"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
5731be590fdd8d15006c64e3 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What belief should bever be mixed widespread? | {
"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
573299421d5d2e14009ff861 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness? | {
"text": [
"alcohol"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
573299421d5d2e14009ff863 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d1400422397 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what? | {
"text": [
"bacterial growth phase"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d1400422398 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does this eliminate? | {
"text": [
"bacterial infection"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d1400422399 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity? | {
"text": [
"division of bacterial cells"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d140042239a | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the activity of antibacterials depends on? | {
"text": [
"concentration"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
5733b31dd058e614000b609f | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon? | {
"text": [
"concentration"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
5733b31dd058e614000b60a0 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | How do you predict the clinical result? | {
"text": [
"several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
942
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | {
"text": [
"mechanism of action"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | {
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6505 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | whats another word for cell membrane? | {
"text": [
"polymyxins"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6506 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/ | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
928
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610c9 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What three ways are antibiotics classified? | {
"text": [
"mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610ca | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What do anitibiotics mostly target? | {
"text": [
"bacterial functions or growth processes"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610cb | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall? | {
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610cc | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane? | {
"text": [
"polymyxins"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610cd | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What 3 types go after protein synthesis? | {
"text": [
"(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6515 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials? | {
"text": [
"various natural compounds"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6516 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds? | {
"text": [
"2000 atomic mass units"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6517 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"penicillins"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6518 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is penicillins produced by? | {
"text": [
"fungi"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6122 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are antibiotics in chemical terms? | {
"text": [
"semisynthetic modifications"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6123 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What type of antibiotics include penicilin? | {
"text": [
"beta-lactam antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6124 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things? | {
"text": [
"aminoglycosides"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6125 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created? | {
"text": [
"synthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c5 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What does emergence of resistance reflect? | {
"text": [
"evolutionary processes"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c6 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment? | {
"text": [
"survive high doses of antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c7 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated? | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c8 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | Who made the demonstration in 1943? | {
"text": [
"Luria–Delbrück"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6187 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"resistance of bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6188 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of? | {
"text": [
"evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6189 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment? | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b618a | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now? | {
"text": [
"penicillin and erythromycin"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
5731c904b9d445190005e551 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains? | {
"text": [
"Intrinsic antibacterial resistance"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
5731c904b9d445190005e552 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What can be absent from the bacterial genome? | {
"text": [
"antibiotic target"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
5731c904b9d445190005e553 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/ | {
"text": [
"vertical transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
5731c904b9d445190005e554 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance? | {
"text": [
"antibacterial resistance genes"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
5733c3f34776f419006611d4 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What does some resistance come from? | {
"text": [
"mutation"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
5733c3f34776f419006611d5 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance? | {
"text": [
"vertical transmission of mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
5733c3f34776f419006611d6 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What do plasmids do in resistance? | {
"text": [
"carry several different resistance genes"
],
"answer_start": [
869
]
} |
5733c4ca4776f419006611e4 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes? | {
"text": [
"superbugs"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
5733c4ca4776f419006611e5 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance? | {
"text": [
"tuberculosis"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
5733c4ca4776f419006611e6 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year? | {
"text": [
"half a million"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
5733c4ca4776f419006611e7 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB? | {
"text": [
"MDR-TB"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
5733c6d84776f41900661208 | Antibiotics | Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to re... | What are the two biggest reasons for resistance? | {
"text": [
"Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5733c6d84776f41900661209 | Antibiotics | Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to re... | What is a common method of misuse? | {
"text": [
"Self prescription"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
5733c6d84776f4190066120a | Antibiotics | Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to re... | What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance? | {
"text": [
"overuse of antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
5733c81c4776f4190066121c | Antibiotics | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling? | {
"text": [
"prophylactic antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
5733c81c4776f4190066121d | Antibiotics | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use? | {
"text": [
"failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
5733c81c4776f4190066121f | Antibiotics | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"Inappropriate antibiotic treatment"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
5733c81c4776f41900661220 | Antibiotics | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right? | {
"text": [
"prescribe antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
5733cb484776f41900661256 | Antibiotics | Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicr... | What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
5733cb484776f41900661258 | Antibiotics | Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicr... | When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} |
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b3 | Antibiotics | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth? | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b4 | Antibiotics | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | What report caused the UK to worry about resistance? | {
"text": [
"Swann report 1969"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b6 | Antibiotics | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production? | {
"text": [
"S.742 and H.R. 2562"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
5733d178d058e614000b6321 | Antibiotics | There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the South... | What besides sick people are antibiotics used for? | {
"text": [
"animal husbandry"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
5733d178d058e614000b6322 | Antibiotics | There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the South... | When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals? | {
"text": [
"1977"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
5733d178d058e614000b6323 | Antibiotics | There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the South... | When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals? | {
"text": [
"March 2012"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
5733d2444776f419006612d8 | Antibiotics | Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mo... | What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections? | {
"text": [
"medicinal folklore"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
5733d2444776f419006612d9 | Antibiotics | Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mo... | When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used? | {
"text": [
"over 2000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
5733d2444776f419006612da | Antibiotics | Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mo... | What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use? | {
"text": [
"mold and plant materials and extracts"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
5733d2444776f419006612db | Antibiotics | Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mo... | What does antibiosis mean? | {
"text": [
"against life"
],
"answer_start": [
727
]
} |
5733d2444776f419006612dc | Antibiotics | Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mo... | Who came up with the term antibiosis? | {
"text": [
"Jean Paul Vuillemin"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
} |
5733d3334776f419006612e2 | Antibiotics | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections? | {
"text": [
"mold"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
5733d3334776f419006612e3 | Antibiotics | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold? | {
"text": [
"Alexander Fleming"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
5733d3334776f419006612e4 | Antibiotics | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties? | {
"text": [
"penicillin"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
5733d3334776f419006612e5 | Antibiotics | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it? | {
"text": [
"chemotherapy"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
5733d4364776f419006612f2 | Antibiotics | The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect a... | What was the first available antibiotic? | {
"text": [
"Prontosil"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
5733d4364776f419006612f3 | Antibiotics | The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect a... | What company developed Prontosil? | {
"text": [
"IG Farben"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
5733d4364776f419006612f4 | Antibiotics | The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect a... | Who led the team that came up with Prontosil? | {
"text": [
"Gerhard Domagk"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
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