id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57314c7c05b4da19006bcffe | United_States_Air_Force | In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tac... | Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation? | {
"text": [
"General Norton A. Schwartz"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
57314c7c05b4da19006bcfff | United_States_Air_Force | In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tac... | What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system? | {
"text": [
"The Washington Post"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
57314e60a5e9cc1400cdbe49 | United_States_Air_Force | Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their se... | What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture? | {
"text": [
"Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr."
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
57314e60a5e9cc1400cdbe4a | United_States_Air_Force | Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their se... | How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military? | {
"text": [
"an organization in which mostly its officers fought"
],
"answer_start": [
734
]
} |
57314e60a5e9cc1400cdbe4b | United_States_Air_Force | Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their se... | How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen? | {
"text": [
"primarily a rear echelon support force"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} |
57314fe6497a881900248db7 | United_States_Air_Force | Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them unt... | What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force? | {
"text": [
"Cultural and career issues"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57314fe6497a881900248db8 | United_States_Air_Force | Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them unt... | During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones? | {
"text": [
"Iraq War"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
57314fe6497a881900248db9 | United_States_Air_Force | Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them unt... | Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014? | {
"text": [
"large aircraft losses in training"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
57314fe6497a881900248dba | United_States_Air_Force | Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them unt... | What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols? | {
"text": [
"US Army"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
573156ffe6313a140071ce3a | United_States_Air_Force | Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range f... | Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? | {
"text": [
"Royal Air Force"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
573156ffe6313a140071ce3b | United_States_Air_Force | Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range f... | What traditions does the US Air Force have? | {
"text": [
"\"Friday Name Tags\" in flying units"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
573156ffe6313a140071ce3c | United_States_Air_Force | Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range f... | What organization did the US Air Force adopt "Challenge Coins" from? | {
"text": [
"U.S. Army"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
573158b9e6313a140071ce56 | United_States_Air_Force | The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including "No One Comes Close" and Uno Ab Alto ("One From On High"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used "Aim High" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used "Cross into the Blue", "We've been waiting for you" and "Do Something Amazing", ... | What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan? | {
"text": [
"\"No One Comes Close\""
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
573158b9e6313a140071ce57 | United_States_Air_Force | The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including "No One Comes Close" and Uno Ab Alto ("One From On High"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used "Aim High" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used "Cross into the Blue", "We've been waiting for you" and "Do Something Amazing", ... | What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean? | {
"text": [
"\"One From On High\""
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
573158b9e6313a140071ce58 | United_States_Air_Force | The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including "No One Comes Close" and Uno Ab Alto ("One From On High"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used "Aim High" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used "Cross into the Blue", "We've been waiting for you" and "Do Something Amazing", ... | What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010? | {
"text": [
"\"Aim high\" followed with the response, \"Fly-Fight-Win\""
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
573158b9e6313a140071ce59 | United_States_Air_Force | The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including "No One Comes Close" and Uno Ab Alto ("One From On High"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used "Aim High" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used "Cross into the Blue", "We've been waiting for you" and "Do Something Amazing", ... | Where can individual each USAF wing, group or squadrons individual motto be found? | {
"text": [
"wing, group, or squadron websites"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
5730c0c0396df9190009631e | Light-emitting_diode | Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as di... | What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used? | {
"text": [
"environmental"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
5730c0c0396df9190009631f | Light-emitting_diode | Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as di... | What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources? | {
"text": [
"longer lifetime"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
5730c0c0396df91900096320 | Light-emitting_diode | Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as di... | What does LED stand for? | {
"text": [
"Light-emitting diodes"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
5730c0c0396df91900096321 | Light-emitting_diode | Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as di... | Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting? | {
"text": [
"more expensive"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
5730c0c0396df91900096322 | Light-emitting_diode | Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as di... | What is a popular use for LED lighting? | {
"text": [
"traffic signals"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
5730c1d7069b531400832311 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon? | {
"text": [
"Electroluminescence"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5730c1d7069b531400832312 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | When was Electroluminescence discovered? | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
5730c1d7069b531400832313 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence? | {
"text": [
"British"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
5730c1d7069b531400832314 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery? | {
"text": [
"cat's-whisker"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
5730c1d7069b531400832315 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED? | {
"text": [
"Oleg Losev"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24474 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication? | {
"text": [
"1957"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24475 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices? | {
"text": [
"Kroemer Braunstein"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24476 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component? | {
"text": [
"a GaAs diode"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24477 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal? | {
"text": [
"a PbS diode"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24478 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode? | {
"text": [
"audio amplifier"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
5730c541f6cb411900e2447e | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered? | {
"text": [
"Texas"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
5730c541f6cb411900e2447f | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission? | {
"text": [
"tunnel"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
5730c541f6cb411900e24480 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode? | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
5730c541f6cb411900e24481 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | What was the first practical LED? | {
"text": [
"GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode"
],
"answer_start": [
917
]
} |
5730c541f6cb411900e24482 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company? | {
"text": [
"Texas Instruments (TI)"
],
"answer_start": [
1044
]
} |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e24488 | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed? | {
"text": [
"General Electric Company"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e24489 | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED? | {
"text": [
"Nick Holonyak, Jr."
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448a | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED? | {
"text": [
"red"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448b | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What color LED was later created in 1972? | {
"text": [
"yellow"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448c | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED? | {
"text": [
"M. George Craford"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab7 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What was the first commercial uses of LEDs? | {
"text": [
"replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab8 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | How much did the early LEDs cost? | {
"text": [
"US$200 per unit"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab9 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What was one use of early LED light in products? | {
"text": [
"calculators"
],
"answer_start": [
853
]
} |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5aba | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968? | {
"text": [
"Hewlett Packard (HP)"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5abb | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses? | {
"text": [
"1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
1041
]
} |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc7e | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What color LED was demonstrated in 1994? | {
"text": [
"blue"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc7f | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | Who demonstrated the first blue LED? | {
"text": [
"Shuji Nakamura"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc80 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work? | {
"text": [
"2014 Nobel prize in physics"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc81 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995? | {
"text": [
"Alberto Barbieri"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc82 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED? | {
"text": [
"indium tin oxide"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
5730f4c0497a881900248aad | Light-emitting_diode | The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y 3Al 5O 12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining ... | What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs? | {
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
5730f4c0497a881900248aaf | Light-emitting_diode | The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y 3Al 5O 12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining ... | What does the YAG phosphor coating produce? | {
"text": [
"yellow light"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0c | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current? | {
"text": [
"P-N junction"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0d | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it? | {
"text": [
"electroluminescence"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0e | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence? | {
"text": [
"the conduction band"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0f | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process? | {
"text": [
"holes existing in the P-region"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb10 | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light? | {
"text": [
"to recombine the electrons and the holes"
],
"answer_start": [
774
]
} |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb55 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | In what year was a new type of blue LED produced? | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb56 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED? | {
"text": [
"Cree"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb57 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003? | {
"text": [
"four times"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb58 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs? | {
"text": [
"350 mA"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccae | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is a symptom of LED failure? | {
"text": [
"loss of efficiency"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccaf | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is rare in LED lighting? | {
"text": [
"Sudden failures"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb0 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What was notable in early red LEDs? | {
"text": [
"their short service life"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb1 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs? | {
"text": [
"higher junction temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb2 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is a classification used in LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive? | {
"text": [
"L70 or L50"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccb8 | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | LED efficacy is inversely proportional to what? | {
"text": [
"operating temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccb9 | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | Where is LED lighting very well suited? | {
"text": [
"supermarket freezer"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccba | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | LEDs produce less waste heat than what other device? | {
"text": [
"incandescent lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccbb | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | What is LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light? | {
"text": [
"frost"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
5731085e497a881900248b1b | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University? | {
"text": [
"Stanford"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
5731085e497a881900248b1c | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | When was the first blue-violet LED developed? | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
5731085e497a881900248b1d | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | What students developed the first blue-violet LED? | {
"text": [
"Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
5731085e497a881900248b1e | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence? | {
"text": [
"zinc-doped gallium nitride"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
57310d75497a881900248b47 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
57310d75497a881900248b48 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs? | {
"text": [
"Shuji Nakamura"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
57310d75497a881900248b49 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs? | {
"text": [
"Dr. Moustakas"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
57310d75497a881900248b4a | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources? | {
"text": [
"BlueRay"
],
"answer_start": [
852
]
} |
57310d75497a881900248b4b | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting? | {
"text": [
"tablets"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe2 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2014? | {
"text": [
"Physics"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe3 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What award did Nakamura receive in 2006 for his invention? | {
"text": [
"Millennium Technology Prize"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe4 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior blue light patent in 2015? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe5 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What was the fine given to the three companies? | {
"text": [
"not less than 13 million USD"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
573112cae6313a140071cbf2 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What does AlGaN stand for? | {
"text": [
"Aluminium gallium nitride"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
573112cae6313a140071cbf3 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without? | {
"text": [
"Green"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
} |
573113d805b4da19006bcd56 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What substance does nitrides contain? | {
"text": [
"aluminium"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
573113d805b4da19006bcd57 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market? | {
"text": [
"Ultraviolet"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
573113d805b4da19006bcd58 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs? | {
"text": [
"375–395 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
573113d805b4da19006bcd59 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what? | {
"text": [
"240 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
573113d805b4da19006bcd5a | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices? | {
"text": [
"250–270 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
5731151605b4da19006bcd74 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What colors are used to form white light? | {
"text": [
"red, green, and blue"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
5731151605b4da19006bcd75 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light? | {
"text": [
"multi-color white LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
5731151605b4da19006bcd76 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result? | {
"text": [
"electronic circuits"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
5731151605b4da19006bcd77 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method? | {
"text": [
"RGB LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7c | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What is one type of multi-color white LED? | {
"text": [
"tetrachromatic"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7d | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs? | {
"text": [
"luminous efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7e | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what? | {
"text": [
"lower color rendering"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7f | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What type has the best luminous efficacy? | {
"text": [
"dichromatic white LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
5731162005b4da19006bcd80 | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have? | {
"text": [
">70 lm/W"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} |
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