id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6470 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of... | What were the Remonstrance opposed to? | {
"text": [
"religious persecution of any sort"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6471 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of... | When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage? | {
"text": [
"December 27, 1657"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6472 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of... | Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of? | {
"text": [
"Quakers"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6473 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of... | What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church? | {
"text": [
"religions"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} |
5731b690b9d445190005e49d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending ... | What did an established church, even at the state level, have? | {
"text": [
"opponents"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
5731b690b9d445190005e49e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending ... | What was Issac Backus' profession? | {
"text": [
"Baptist minister"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5731b690b9d445190005e49f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending ... | What region did Isaac Backus come from? | {
"text": [
"New England"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
5731b690b9d445190005e4a0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending ... | When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion? | {
"text": [
"1773"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
5731b690b9d445190005e4a1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending ... | When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted? | {
"text": [
"1786"
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
} |
5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6483 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description ... | Who was Roger Williams? | {
"text": [
"Baptist theologian"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6485 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description ... | What colony was Roger Williams the founder of? | {
"text": [
"Rhode Island"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6486 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description ... | When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published? | {
"text": [
"1644"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6487 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description ... | Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Jefferson"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
5731b79a0fdd8d15006c648d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while Pr... | Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over? | {
"text": [
"Jefferson and James Madison's"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5731b79a0fdd8d15006c648e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while Pr... | What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency? | {
"text": [
"Proclamations of Thanksgiving"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
5731b79a0fdd8d15006c648f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while Pr... | How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
5731b79a0fdd8d15006c6490 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while Pr... | Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services? | {
"text": [
"at the Capitol"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
5731b79a0fdd8d15006c6491 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while Pr... | What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government? | {
"text": [
"practical distinction"
],
"answer_start": [
940
]
} |
5731b868e17f3d1400422311 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Pro... | What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? | {
"text": [
"destruction"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
5731b868e17f3d1400422312 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Pro... | What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own? | {
"text": [
"preachers"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
5731b868e17f3d1400422313 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Pro... | How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity? | {
"text": [
"Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
5731b868e17f3d1400422314 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Pro... | What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students? | {
"text": [
"attend religious worship each morning"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
5731b868e17f3d1400422315 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Pro... | What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much? | {
"text": [
"one Jeffersonian letter"
],
"answer_start": [
889
]
} |
5731b8f8e17f3d1400422325 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "C... | When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence? | {
"text": [
"1878"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
5731b8f8e17f3d1400422326 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "C... | What was the case that used Jefferson's letter? | {
"text": [
"Reynolds v. U.S."
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
5731b8f8e17f3d1400422327 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "C... | What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.? | {
"text": [
"Mormon polygamy"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
5731b8f8e17f3d1400422328 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "C... | What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter? | {
"text": [
"legal definition for the word religion"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
5731b8f8e17f3d1400422329 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "C... | What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was? | {
"text": [
"constitutional"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c5 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"Jefferson and Madison's"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c6 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to? | {
"text": [
"a bill"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? | {
"text": [
"Patrick Henry"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support? | {
"text": [
"some denomination"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing? | {
"text": [
"worshipping God"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ab | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support? | {
"text": [
"some church"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ac | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey? | {
"text": [
"Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ad | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax? | {
"text": [
"to choose their own church"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ae | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism? | {
"text": [
"openly divine-right Catholic,"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
5731ba670fdd8d15006c64af | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey? | {
"text": [
"1698"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
5731bb10b9d445190005e4cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to? | {
"text": [
"Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
5731bb10b9d445190005e4d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being? | {
"text": [
"fervently Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
5731bb10b9d445190005e4d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy? | {
"text": [
"Scottish Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
5731bb10b9d445190005e4d2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681? | {
"text": [
"religious test"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
5731bb10b9d445190005e4d3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced? | {
"text": [
"1799"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
5731bbb5e99e3014001e622d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What is the first part of the First Amendment know as? | {
"text": [
"\"establishment clause\""
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
5731bbb5e99e3014001e622e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as? | {
"text": [
"\"free exercise clause\""
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
5731bbb5e99e3014001e6230 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose? | {
"text": [
"a faith"
],
"answer_start": [
677
]
} |
5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | What is John Baker of LSU's profession? | {
"text": [
"legal scholars"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c4 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment? | {
"text": [
"to appease the Anti-Federalists"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c5 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists? | {
"text": [
"because of the experience under the British crown"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c6 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause? | {
"text": [
"Elbridge Gerry"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? | {
"text": [
"Massachusetts"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64cd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Where was Representative Roger Sherman from? | {
"text": [
"Connecticut"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64ce | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? | {
"text": [
"Constitution only gave Congress stated powers"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution? | {
"text": [
"establishing a national religion"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from? | {
"text": [
"South Carolina"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt? | {
"text": [
"religious clauses in the state constitutions"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
5731bde8b9d445190005e4f7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created? | {
"text": [
"post-Civil War"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
5731bde8b9d445190005e4f8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What was the intent of the 14th Amendment? | {
"text": [
"secure rights for former slaves"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
5731bde8b9d445190005e4f9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What clauses does the 14th Amendment include? | {
"text": [
"due process and equal protection clauses"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
5731bde8b9d445190005e4fa | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of? | {
"text": [
"incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
5731bedce99e3014001e623e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments? | {
"text": [
"Everson v. Board of Education"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
5731bedce99e3014001e623f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education? | {
"text": [
"state law"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
5731bedce99e3014001e6240 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to? | {
"text": [
"state governments"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
5731bedce99e3014001e6242 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | When was the case of v. Grumet? | {
"text": [
"1994"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6252 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence? | {
"text": [
"Establishment Clause"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6253 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to? | {
"text": [
"Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6254 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion? | {
"text": [
"freedom"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6255 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What word is not defined in the Constitution? | {
"text": [
"religion"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6256 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to? | {
"text": [
"the Danbury Baptists"
],
"answer_start": [
759
]
} |
5731c3a2b9d445190005e51f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit? | {
"text": [
"1947"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
5731c3a2b9d445190005e520 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What case was the concept relevant? | {
"text": [
"Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
5731c3a2b9d445190005e523 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | How must the wall separating church and state be kept? | {
"text": [
"high and impregnable"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
5731ca39e99e3014001e6278 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Const... | What did the decision ultimately uphold? | {
"text": [
"state law"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
5731ca39e99e3014001e6279 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Const... | What was the state allowed to continue to fund? | {
"text": [
"transportation of students to religious schools"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
5731ca39e99e3014001e627b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Const... | What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what? | {
"text": [
"that wall"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
5731ca39e99e3014001e627c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Const... | What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what? | {
"text": [
"the present legislation"
],
"answer_start": [
1034
]
} |
5731cae1b9d445190005e563 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public sch... | When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools? | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5731cae1b9d445190005e564 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public sch... | What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer? | {
"text": [
"Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
5731cae1b9d445190005e565 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public sch... | By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer? | {
"text": [
"6-1"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
5731cae1b9d445190005e566 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public sch... | Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what? | {
"text": [
"unconstitutional"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
5731cb92e99e3014001e628c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to ... | What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America? | {
"text": [
"governmentally composed prayers for religious services"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
5731cb92e99e3014001e628d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to ... | Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling? | {
"text": [
"Justice Potter Stewart"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
5731cb92e99e3014001e628e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to ... | What did Stewart object to? | {
"text": [
"the court's embrace of the \"wall of separation\" metaphor"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
5731cb92e99e3014001e628f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to ... | Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what? | {
"text": [
"metaphors"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
5731cb92e99e3014001e6290 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to ... | Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was nowhere to be found in what? | {
"text": [
"the Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
5731cc95e99e3014001e62aa | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university ... | When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
5731cc95e99e3014001e62ac | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university ... | Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas? | {
"text": [
"Justice Abe Fortas"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
5731cc95e99e3014001e62ad | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university ... | What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to? | {
"text": [
"an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
5731cc95e99e3014001e62ae | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university ... | What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from? | {
"text": [
"views distasteful to them"
],
"answer_start": [
1053
]
} |
5731cd38e17f3d1400422419 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never b... | When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman? | {
"text": [
"1971"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
5731cd38e17f3d140042241a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never b... | What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman? | {
"text": [
"Pennsylvania"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
5731cd38e17f3d140042241b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never b... | Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools? | {
"text": [
"teachers of secular subjects"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
5731cd38e17f3d140042241c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never b... | What did the state's policy violate? | {
"text": [
"the Establishment Clause"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
5731cd38e17f3d140042241d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never b... | What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be? | {
"text": [
"absolute"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62be | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must ... | How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62bf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must ... | What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as? | {
"text": [
"\"Lemon Test\""
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must ... | To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose? | {
"text": [
"non-religious"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must ... | What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit? | {
"text": [
"religion"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must ... | Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what? | {
"text": [
"government with religion"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
5731d073b9d445190005e589 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified... | How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
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