Split (2)

train · 82.9k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringlengths 3 59	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 217	answers dict
5731d073b9d445190005e58a	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified...	When did the three judge panel make their ruling?	{ "text": [ "2002" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
5731d073b9d445190005e58b	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified...	What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?	{ "text": [ "the Pledge of Allegiance" ], "answer_start": [ 101 ] }
5731d073b9d445190005e58c	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified...	Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?	{ "text": [ "procedural grounds" ], "answer_start": [ 574 ] }
5731d073b9d445190005e58d	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified...	What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?	{ "text": [ "standing to sue" ], "answer_start": [ 759 ] }
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ec	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the pu...	When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?	{ "text": [ "December 20, 2005" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ed	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the pu...	What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?	{ "text": [ "the Ten Commandments" ], "answer_start": [ 152 ] }
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ee	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the pu...	Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?	{ "text": [ "secular in nature" ], "answer_start": [ 359 ] }
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ef	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the pu...	When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?	{ "text": [ "May 3, 2006" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
5731d14ee99e3014001e62f0	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the pu...	What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?	{ "text": [ "the cross" ], "answer_start": [ 479 ] }
5731d483b9d445190005e59d	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo...	What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?	{ "text": [ "Town of Greece v. Galloway" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
5731d483b9d445190005e59e	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo...	When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?	{ "text": [ "May 5, 2014" ], "answer_start": [ 267 ] }
5731d483b9d445190005e59f	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo...	What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?	{ "text": [ "5-4" ], "answer_start": [ 309 ] }
5731d483b9d445190005e5a0	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo...	Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?	{ "text": [ "Town of Greece" ], "answer_start": [ 329 ] }
5731d483b9d445190005e5a1	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo...	What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?	{ "text": [ "sectarian prayers" ], "answer_start": [ 446 ] }
5731d5eee17f3d140042247b	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ...	What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?	{ "text": [ "separation of church and state" ], "answer_start": [ 61 ] }
5731d5eee17f3d140042247c	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ...	What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?	{ "text": [ "constitutional limitation on religious establishment" ], "answer_start": [ 143 ] }
5731d5eee17f3d140042247d	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ...	What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?	{ "text": [ "the textual requirements of the Constitution" ], "answer_start": [ 256 ] }
5731d5eee17f3d140042247e	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ...	What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?	{ "text": [ "many aspects of church and state" ], "answer_start": [ 320 ] }
5731d5eee17f3d140042247f	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ...	What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?	{ "text": [ "prevalent degree of separation of church and state" ], "answer_start": [ 443 ] }
5731d701e17f3d140042248b	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]...	Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?	{ "text": [ "religion" ], "answer_start": [ 99 ] }
5731d701e17f3d140042248c	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]...	When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?	{ "text": [ "1868" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
5731d701e17f3d140042248d	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]...	What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?	{ "text": [ "first amendment's application to the state government" ], "answer_start": [ 455 ] }
5731d701e17f3d140042248e	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]...	What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?	{ "text": [ "progressivist" ], "answer_start": [ 638 ] }
5731d701e17f3d140042248f	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]...	What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?	{ "text": [ "legal precedence" ], "answer_start": [ 857 ] }
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6326	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con...	What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?	{ "text": [ "religious test" ], "answer_start": [ 5 ] }
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6327	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con...	What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?	{ "text": [ "Religious" ], "answer_start": [ 156 ] }
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6328	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con...	How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?	{ "text": [ "Seven" ], "answer_start": [ 331 ] }
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6329	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con...	What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?	{ "text": [ "particular religious beliefs" ], "answer_start": [ 505 ] }
5731d900b9d445190005e5af	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (...	What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?	{ "text": [ "a Supreme Being" ], "answer_start": [ 56 ] }
5731d900b9d445190005e5b0	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (...	What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?	{ "text": [ "Article IX, Section 2" ], "answer_start": [ 153 ] }
5731d900b9d445190005e5b1	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (...	What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?	{ "text": [ "so help me God" ], "answer_start": [ 274 ] }
5731d900b9d445190005e5b2	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (...	Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?	{ "text": [ "federal First Amendment" ], "answer_start": [ 521 ] }
5731d900b9d445190005e5b3	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (...	Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?	{ "text": [ "unconstitutional and unenforceable" ], "answer_start": [ 605 ] }
5731da10e17f3d140042249f	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th...	Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?	{ "text": [ "beneficial arrangements for the society" ], "answer_start": [ 277 ] }
5731da10e17f3d14004224a0	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th...	What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as?	{ "text": [ "ceremonial deism" ], "answer_start": [ 428 ] }
5731da10e17f3d14004224a1	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th...	What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?	{ "text": [ "not religious in nature" ], "answer_start": [ 448 ] }
5731da10e17f3d14004224a2	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th...	What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?	{ "text": [ "Ohio" ], "answer_start": [ 505 ] }
5731da10e17f3d14004224a3	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th...	Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?	{ "text": [ "because it displayed no preference for a particular religion" ], "answer_start": [ 601 ] }
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635c	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr...	When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?	{ "text": [ "mid-twentieth century" ], "answer_start": [ 104 ] }
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635d	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr...	What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?	{ "text": [ "constitutional ban against aid to religious schools" ], "answer_start": [ 193 ] }
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635e	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr...	What was later banned in public education?	{ "text": [ "religious observance" ], "answer_start": [ 273 ] }
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635f	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr...	How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?	{ "text": [ "two" ], "answer_start": [ 350 ] }
5731dd32e17f3d14004224b9	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ...	What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?	{ "text": [ "no-aid" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
5731dd32e17f3d14004224ba	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ...	What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?	{ "text": [ "pervasive" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bb	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ...	Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?	{ "text": [ "most Protestants (and most Jews)" ], "answer_start": [ 335 ] }
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bc	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ...	What diminished after 1980?	{ "text": [ "anti-Catholic sentiment" ], "answer_start": [ 468 ] }
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bd	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ...	What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?	{ "text": [ "strict separationism" ], "answer_start": [ 810 ] }
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d7	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa...	What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?	{ "text": [ "anything in the text of the constitution" ], "answer_start": [ 101 ] }
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d8	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa...	What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?	{ "text": [ "professor" ], "answer_start": [ 267 ] }
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d9	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa...	What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?	{ "text": [ "Columbia Law school" ], "answer_start": [ 247 ] }
5731ddefb9d445190005e5da	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa...	What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?	{ "text": [ "American anti-Catholicism" ], "answer_start": [ 465 ] }
5731ddefb9d445190005e5db	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa...	What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?	{ "text": [ "Blaine Amendments" ], "answer_start": [ 712 ] }
5731dee2e17f3d14004224cd	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert...	Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?	{ "text": [ "J. Brent Walker" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5731dee2e17f3d14004224cf	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert...	Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?	{ "text": [ "Champions of religious liberty" ], "answer_start": [ 291 ] }
5731dee2e17f3d14004224d0	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert...	Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?	{ "text": [ "tap into the public till to support its parochial schools" ], "answer_start": [ 542 ] }
5731dee2e17f3d14004224d1	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert...	What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?	{ "text": [ "religious bigotry" ], "answer_start": [ 733 ] }
5731df48e99e3014001e6378	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ...	What did evangelicals want to keep apart?	{ "text": [ "the spiritual and secular worlds" ], "answer_start": [ 207 ] }
5731df48e99e3014001e6379	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ...	What did religious freedom result from?	{ "text": [ "an alliance of unlikely partners" ], "answer_start": [ 281 ] }
5731df48e99e3014001e637a	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ...	What profession does Frank Lambert have?	{ "text": [ "historian" ], "answer_start": [ 327 ] }
5731df48e99e3014001e637b	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ...	What is the name of Lambert's book?	{ "text": [ "The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America" ], "answer_start": [ 363 ] }
5731df48e99e3014001e637c	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ...	What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?	{ "text": [ "a complete separation of church and state" ], "answer_start": [ 578 ] }
5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65eb	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be...	What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?	{ "text": [ "constitution of the United States" ], "answer_start": [ 112 ] }
5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ec	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be...	What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe?	{ "text": [ "the specific relation between politics and religion" ], "answer_start": [ 296 ] }
5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ed	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be...	Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?	{ "text": [ "John F. Kennedy" ], "answer_start": [ 420 ] }
5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ee	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be...	What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?	{ "text": [ "God" ], "answer_start": [ 534 ] }
5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ef	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be...	What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?	{ "text": [ "a religious dimension" ], "answer_start": [ 636 ] }
5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f5	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th...	Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?	{ "text": [ "Robert S. Wood" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f6	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th...	What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?	{ "text": [ "flourish" ], "answer_start": [ 242 ] }
5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f7	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th...	Where is the Center for New Religions located?	{ "text": [ "Toronto" ], "answer_start": [ 268 ] }
5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f8	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th...	What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?	{ "text": [ "a sort of civic religion" ], "answer_start": [ 542 ] }
5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f9	Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States	Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th...	What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?	{ "text": [ "genius of religious sentiment in the United States" ], "answer_start": [ 807 ] }
5731b64f0fdd8d15006c6479	Protestantism	Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicani...	What type of faith is Protestantism?	{ "text": [ "Christian" ], "answer_start": [ 27 ] }
5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647a	Protestantism	Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicani...	Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?	{ "text": [ "Martin Luther" ], "answer_start": [ 512 ] }
5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647b	Protestantism	Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicani...	Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?	{ "text": [ "Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy" ], "answer_start": [ 270 ] }
5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647c	Protestantism	Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicani...	Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?	{ "text": [ "Lutheran princes" ], "answer_start": [ 442 ] }
5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647d	Protestantism	Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicani...	What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?	{ "text": [ "the Protestant Reformation" ], "answer_start": [ 78 ] }
5731b75cb9d445190005e4b1	Protestantism	All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all...	What do all Protestantism denominations reject?	{ "text": [ "the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal" ], "answer_start": [ 36 ] }
5731b75cb9d445190005e4b2	Protestantism	All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all...	What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?	{ "text": [ "transubstantiation," ], "answer_start": [ 142 ] }
5731b75cb9d445190005e4b3	Protestantism	All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all...	What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?	{ "text": [ "sola fide" ], "answer_start": [ 378 ] }
5731b75cb9d445190005e4b4	Protestantism	All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all...	What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?	{ "text": [ "the Bible" ], "answer_start": [ 440 ] }
5731b75cb9d445190005e4b5	Protestantism	All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all...	What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?	{ "text": [ "Five solae" ], "answer_start": [ 573 ] }
5731b919e17f3d140042232f	Protestantism	Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjac...	Where did Lutheranism begin?	{ "text": [ "Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 80 ] }
5731b919e17f3d1400422330	Protestantism	Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjac...	Name three early Protestant reformers.	{ "text": [ "John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox" ], "answer_start": [ 432 ] }
5731b919e17f3d1400422331	Protestantism	Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjac...	Where did Arminianism take hold?	{ "text": [ "the Netherlands and parts of Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 514 ] }
5731b919e17f3d1400422332	Protestantism	Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjac...	Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?	{ "text": [ "King Henry VIII" ], "answer_start": [ 561 ] }
5731b919e17f3d1400422333	Protestantism	Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjac...	Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?	{ "text": [ "Protestants" ], "answer_start": [ 1214 ] }
5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a1	Protestantism	Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and centr...	What percentage of Christians are Protestant?	{ "text": [ "nearly forty percent" ], "answer_start": [ 62 ] }
5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a2	Protestantism	Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and centr...	Which continents have some form of Protestantism?	{ "text": [ "all populated continents" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a3	Protestantism	Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and centr...	What types of Protestantism are increasing?	{ "text": [ "Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches" ], "answer_start": [ 605 ] }
5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a4	Protestantism	Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and centr...	What Protestant church has members around the world?	{ "text": [ "the Anglican Communion" ], "answer_start": [ 432 ] }
5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a5	Protestantism	Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and centr...	How many people are considered Protestant?	{ "text": [ "more than 900 million" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
5731bb9de99e3014001e6222	Protestantism	During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, a...	From what language does the term evangelical originate?	{ "text": [ "German" ], "answer_start": [ 103 ] }
5731bb9de99e3014001e6223	Protestantism	During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, a...	What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?	{ "text": [ "evangelisch" ], "answer_start": [ 111 ] }
5731bb9de99e3014001e6224	Protestantism	During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, a...	What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?	{ "text": [ "evangelical" ], "answer_start": [ 543 ] }
5731bb9de99e3014001e6225	Protestantism	During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, a...	Name two contributors to Reformed churches.	{ "text": [ "John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli" ], "answer_start": [ 964 ] }
5731bb9de99e3014001e6226	Protestantism	During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, a...	Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?	{ "text": [ "the Puritans" ], "answer_start": [ 681 ] }
5731bcb9e17f3d1400422353	Protestantism	The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvati...	What is the term for teaching by only scripture?	{ "text": [ "sola scriptura" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
5731bcb9e17f3d1400422354	Protestantism	The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvati...	How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?	{ "text": [ "four" ], "answer_start": [ 188 ] }
5731bcb9e17f3d1400422355	Protestantism	The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvati...	What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?	{ "text": [ "inerrancy" ], "answer_start": [ 413 ] }
5731bcb9e17f3d1400422356	Protestantism	The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvati...	What power can help someone overcome sin?	{ "text": [ "the Holy Spirit" ], "answer_start": [ 438 ] }

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