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5733582fd058e614000b5886
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system doe...
How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?
{ "text": [ "a number of years" ], "answer_start": [ 393 ] }
573359544776f41900660870
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ...
What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?
{ "text": [ "Mark Zandi" ], "answer_start": [ 10 ] }
573359544776f41900660871
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ...
In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?
{ "text": [ "securitization markets" ], "answer_start": [ 96 ] }
573359544776f41900660872
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ...
What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?
{ "text": [ "close to $2 trillion" ], "answer_start": [ 415 ] }
573359544776f41900660873
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ...
What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?
{ "text": [ "less than $150 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 468 ] }
573359544776f41900660874
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ...
Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?
{ "text": [ "TALF" ], "answer_start": [ 574 ] }
57335b42d058e614000b58e1
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money...
Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?
{ "text": [ "Rapid increases" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57335b42d058e614000b58e2
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money...
How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?
{ "text": [ "nearly tripled from $50 to $147" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
57335b42d058e614000b58e3
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money...
What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?
{ "text": [ "plunging" ], "answer_start": [ 174 ] }
57335b42d058e614000b58e4
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money...
What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008?
{ "text": [ "monetary policy" ], "answer_start": [ 382 ] }
57335b42d058e614000b58e5
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money...
Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?
{ "text": [ "gasoline" ], "answer_start": [ 665 ] }
57335c77d058e614000b5907
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as...
Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?
{ "text": [ "Michael Greenberger" ], "answer_start": [ 187 ] }
57335c77d058e614000b5908
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as...
Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?
{ "text": [ "IntercontinentalExchange" ], "answer_start": [ 244 ] }
57335c77d058e614000b5909
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as...
Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?
{ "text": [ "Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP" ], "answer_start": [ 281 ] }
57335c77d058e614000b590a
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as...
Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?
{ "text": [ "IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)" ], "answer_start": [ 464 ] }
57335c77d058e614000b590b
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as...
Where are regulated future exchanges located?
{ "text": [ "London and New York" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
57335ed14776f419006608d5
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin...
Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?
{ "text": [ "Ailsa McKay" ], "answer_start": [ 20 ] }
57335ed14776f419006608d6
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin...
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?
{ "text": [ "mainstream economics" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
57335ed14776f419006608d7
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin...
According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?
{ "text": [ "feminist economics" ], "answer_start": [ 357 ] }
57335ed14776f419006608d8
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin...
What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?
{ "text": [ "a reshaping" ], "answer_start": [ 210 ] }
573360014776f4190066090a
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa...
Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?
{ "text": [ "Raghuram Rajan" ], "answer_start": [ 46 ] }
573360014776f4190066090b
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa...
When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?
{ "text": [ "2005" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
573360014776f4190066090c
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa...
In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper?
{ "text": [ "at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan" ], "answer_start": [ 169 ] }
573360014776f4190066090d
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa...
What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?
{ "text": [ "\"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\"" ], "answer_start": [ 371 ] }
573360014776f4190066090e
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa...
What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?
{ "text": [ "tail risks" ], "answer_start": [ 696 ] }
5733612b4776f41900660932
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi...
Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?
{ "text": [ "Raghuram Rajan" ], "answer_start": [ 78 ] }
5733612b4776f41900660933
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi...
What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?
{ "text": [ "Great Moderation" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
5733612b4776f41900660934
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi...
Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?
{ "text": [ "Dirk Bezemer" ], "answer_start": [ 216 ] }
5733612b4776f41900660935
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi...
How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?
{ "text": [ "as a vindication" ], "answer_start": [ 768 ] }
5733612b4776f41900660936
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi...
Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?
{ "text": [ "Alan Greenspan" ], "answer_start": [ 1005 ] }
5733625f4776f41900660962
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis...
Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?
{ "text": [ "BusinessWeek" ], "answer_start": [ 17 ] }
5733625f4776f41900660963
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis...
The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?
{ "text": [ "Great Depression" ], "answer_start": [ 137 ] }
5733625f4776f41900660964
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis...
Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?
{ "text": [ "The Wharton School" ], "answer_start": [ 168 ] }
5733625f4776f41900660965
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis...
Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?
{ "text": [ "Nouriel Roubini" ], "answer_start": [ 572 ] }
5733625f4776f41900660966
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis...
What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?
{ "text": [ "\"Dr. Doom\"" ], "answer_start": [ 897 ] }
573363724776f41900660995
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed...
Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?
{ "text": [ "Nassim Nicholas Taleb" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
573363724776f41900660996
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed...
What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?
{ "text": [ "David Brooks" ], "answer_start": [ 568 ] }
573363724776f41900660997
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed...
What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?
{ "text": [ "the breakdown of the banking system" ], "answer_start": [ 132 ] }
573363724776f41900660998
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed...
What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?
{ "text": [ "banking stocks" ], "answer_start": [ 456 ] }
5733651b4776f419006609bf
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v...
Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?
{ "text": [ "Phil Dow" ], "answer_start": [ 18 ] }
5733651b4776f419006609c0
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v...
How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?
{ "text": [ "50%" ], "answer_start": [ 168 ] }
5733651b4776f419006609c1
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v...
What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?
{ "text": [ "54.7%" ], "answer_start": [ 215 ] }
5733651b4776f419006609c2
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v...
Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?
{ "text": [ "Floyd Norris" ], "answer_start": [ 373 ] }
573365f4d058e614000b5a14
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise...
Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?
{ "text": [ "Northern Rock" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
573365f4d058e614000b5a15
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise...
Who did Northern Rock request security from?
{ "text": [ "Bank of England" ], "answer_start": [ 159 ] }
573365f4d058e614000b5a16
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise...
When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?
{ "text": [ "September 2007" ], "answer_start": [ 233 ] }
573365f4d058e614000b5a17
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise...
When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?
{ "text": [ "February 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 364 ] }
573365f4d058e614000b5a18
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise...
Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?
{ "text": [ "Northern Rock" ], "answer_start": [ 510 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a4e
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States....
Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a4f
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States....
Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?
{ "text": [ "Countrywide Financial" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a50
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States....
Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac Bank" ], "answer_start": [ 171 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a51
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States....
On what date did IndyMac fail?
{ "text": [ "July 11, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 352 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a52
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States....
Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac Bancorp" ], "answer_start": [ 575 ] }
573368994776f41900660a3f
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi...
IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?
{ "text": [ "the borrower’s income" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
573368994776f41900660a40
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi...
What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?
{ "text": [ "Appraisals" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
573368994776f41900660a41
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi...
IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?
{ "text": [ "poor" ], "answer_start": [ 104 ] }
573368994776f41900660a42
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi...
IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?
{ "text": [ "risky" ], "answer_start": [ 345 ] }
573368994776f41900660a43
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi...
IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?
{ "text": [ "issuing criteria" ], "answer_start": [ 759 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aa7
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively ...
When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?
{ "text": [ "April 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aa8
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively ...
What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?
{ "text": [ "$160 million" ], "answer_start": [ 168 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aa9
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively ...
What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?
{ "text": [ "Moody's" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aaa
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively ...
If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?
{ "text": [ "9.27%" ], "answer_start": [ 513 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aab
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively ...
What is a well capitalized ratio?
{ "text": [ "minimum 10% risk-based" ], "answer_start": [ 643 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a89
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported...
Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?
{ "text": [ "Charles Schumer (D-NY)" ], "answer_start": [ 8 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8a
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported...
What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?
{ "text": [ "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" ], "answer_start": [ 145 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8b
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported...
How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?
{ "text": [ "a little over $7 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 379 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8c
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported...
Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?
{ "text": [ "June 30" ], "answer_start": [ 683 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8d
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported...
How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?
{ "text": [ "$500 million" ], "answer_start": [ 584 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa6
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of Indy...
What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?
{ "text": [ "$10.7 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa7
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of Indy...
How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?
{ "text": [ "$1.55 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa8
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of Indy...
What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?
{ "text": [ "7.5%" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa9
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of Indy...
Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac?
{ "text": [ "Charles Schumer" ], "answer_start": [ 414 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aaa
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of Indy...
What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?
{ "text": [ "unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated" ], "answer_start": [ 627 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af1
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July...
On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?
{ "text": [ "July 11, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af2
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July...
What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB" ], "answer_start": [ 108 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af3
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July...
On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?
{ "text": [ "July 14, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 316 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af4
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July...
What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?
{ "text": [ "US$100,000" ], "answer_start": [ 599 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af5
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July...
How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?
{ "text": [ "roughly 10,000 depositors" ], "answer_start": [ 662 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660acd
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear S...
How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?
{ "text": [ "Over 100" ], "answer_start": [ 222 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660ace
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear S...
Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?
{ "text": [ "Bear Stearns" ], "answer_start": [ 314 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660acf
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear S...
When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?
{ "text": [ "September and October 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 451 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660ad0
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear S...
When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?
{ "text": [ "Oct. 6, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 713 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660ad1
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear S...
What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?
{ "text": [ "Lehman Brothers" ], "answer_start": [ 745 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660ad7
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion th...
When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?
{ "text": [ "September 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660ad8
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion th...
The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?
{ "text": [ "money market funds" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660ad9
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion th...
What do money market funds frequently invest in?
{ "text": [ "commercial paper issued by corporations" ], "answer_start": [ 152 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660ada
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion th...
How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?
{ "text": [ "$144.5 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 266 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660adb
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion th...
What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?
{ "text": [ "4.65%" ], "answer_start": [ 822 ] }
57337227d058e614000b5b19
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most ...
Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?
{ "text": [ "shadow banking system" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
57337227d058e614000b5b1a
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most ...
What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?
{ "text": [ "shadow banking system" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
57337227d058e614000b5b1b
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most ...
The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?
{ "text": [ "investor funds" ], "answer_start": [ 284 ] }
57337227d058e614000b5b1c
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most ...
What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?
{ "text": [ "U.S. Treasury Secretary" ], "answer_start": [ 27 ] }
57337343d058e614000b5b30
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie...
How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?
{ "text": [ "nearly one-third" ], "answer_start": [ 16 ] }
57337343d058e614000b5b31
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie...
What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?
{ "text": [ "the collapse of the shadow banking system" ], "answer_start": [ 599 ] }
57337343d058e614000b5b32
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie...
What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?
{ "text": [ "Brookings Institution" ], "answer_start": [ 134 ] }
57337343d058e614000b5b33
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie...
What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?
{ "text": [ "some forms of securitization" ], "answer_start": [ 406 ] }
57337343d058e614000b5b34
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie...
As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?
{ "text": [ "capital" ], "answer_start": [ 206 ] }
573374204776f41900660b02
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation need...
How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?
{ "text": [ "more than a quarter" ], "answer_start": [ 256 ] }
573374204776f41900660b03
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation need...
In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?
{ "text": [ "45%" ], "answer_start": [ 395 ] }
573374204776f41900660b04
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation need...
In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?
{ "text": [ "20%" ], "answer_start": [ 446 ] }