id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
573422234776f4190066190e | Portugal | The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher educat... | What are most higher education student costs supported with? | {
"text": [
"public money"
],
"answer_start": [
832
]
} |
573422234776f4190066190f | Portugal | The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher educat... | Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature? | {
"text": [
"over 23 years old"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
57342458d058e614000b69ee | Portugal | The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shift... | What is the Ministry of Health responsible for? | {
"text": [
"developing health policy as well as managing the SNS"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
57342458d058e614000b69ef | Portugal | The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shift... | How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"Five"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
57342503d058e614000b69f4 | Portugal | Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular dis... | What do most Portuguese people die from? | {
"text": [
"noncommunicable diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
57342503d058e614000b69f5 | Portugal | Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular dis... | What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease? | {
"text": [
"ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
57342503d058e614000b69f6 | Portugal | Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular dis... | What is the biggest killer in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"cerebrovascular disease"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
57342503d058e614000b69f7 | Portugal | Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular dis... | What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A? | {
"text": [
"12%"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
57342503d058e614000b69f8 | Portugal | Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular dis... | Who is cancer more common among in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"children as well as among women younger than 44 years"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
573425ecd058e614000b6a08 | Portugal | People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Th... | What survey results complement on data on health status? | {
"text": [
"self-reporting at the household level"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
573425ecd058e614000b6a09 | Portugal | People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Th... | What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good? | {
"text": [
"one third"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
573426c64776f41900661987 | Portugal | Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in ... | Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades? | {
"text": [
"1990s and 2000s"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
573426c64776f41900661988 | Portugal | Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in ... | In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established? | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
573426c64776f41900661989 | Portugal | Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in ... | Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established? | {
"text": [
"Lisbon"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
573426c64776f4190066198b | Portugal | Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in ... | How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to? | {
"text": [
"fifteen"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
} |
5734275c4776f41900661991 | Portugal | Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively ... | What is the Manueline style also known as? | {
"text": [
"Portuguese late Gothic"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
5734275c4776f41900661993 | Portugal | Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively ... | What is Soft Portuguese style? | {
"text": [
"A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
5734275c4776f41900661995 | Portugal | Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively ... | For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"stadium design"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
573427dc4776f419006619af | Portugal | Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira... | In which period was cinema born? | {
"text": [
"late 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
57342888d058e614000b6a50 | Portugal | Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors s... | Who was Luís de Camões? | {
"text": [
"Adventurer and poet"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57342888d058e614000b6a51 | Portugal | Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors s... | What epic poem did Luís de Camões write? | {
"text": [
"\"Os Lusíadas\" (The Lusiads)"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
57342888d058e614000b6a52 | Portugal | Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors s... | What was Luís de Camões main influence? | {
"text": [
"Virgil's Aeneid"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
57342888d058e614000b6a53 | Portugal | Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors s... | What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in? | {
"text": [
"neoclassic and contemporary styles"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
57342937d058e614000b6a64 | Portugal | Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from sev... | What is dry cod known as in Portuguese? | {
"text": [
"bacalhau"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
57342937d058e614000b6a65 | Portugal | Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from sev... | Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"grilled sardines and caldeirada"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
57342937d058e614000b6a67 | Portugal | Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from sev... | What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes? | {
"text": [
"beef, pork, lamb, or chicken"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
573429e3d058e614000b6a7a | Portugal | Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, usin... | What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries? | {
"text": [
"almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
57342a56d058e614000b6a80 | Portugal | Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinh... | Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition? | {
"text": [
"since the times of the Romans"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
57342a56d058e614000b6a81 | Portugal | Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinh... | With which Roman God was Portugal associated with? | {
"text": [
"Bacchus"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
57342a56d058e614000b6a83 | Portugal | Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinh... | Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world? | {
"text": [
"Port and Madeira"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
57342b24d058e614000b6a93 | Portugal | Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock i... | What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
57342b24d058e614000b6a96 | Portugal | Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock i... | In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards? | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
920
]
} |
57342bbc4776f419006619f1 | Portugal | In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, Jo... | What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal? | {
"text": [
"Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
57342bbc4776f419006619f2 | Portugal | In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, Jo... | What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal? | {
"text": [
"Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
57342bbc4776f419006619f4 | Portugal | In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, Jo... | Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal? | {
"text": [
"Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
57342c97d058e614000b6a9c | Portugal | The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers w... | In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism? | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
57342c97d058e614000b6a9d | Portugal | The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers w... | By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by? | {
"text": [
"French painters, particularly by the Delaunays"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
57342c97d058e614000b6a9e | Portugal | The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers w... | What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works? | {
"text": [
"Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
57342d5b4776f41900661a17 | Portugal | Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballo... | What is the most popular sport in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"Football"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57342d5b4776f41900661a18 | Portugal | Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballo... | What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history? | {
"text": [
"Eusébio"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
57342d5b4776f41900661a19 | Portugal | Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballo... | Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
57342d5b4776f41900661a1a | Portugal | Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballo... | What award did both Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win? | {
"text": [
"FIFA World Player of the Year"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
57342e50d058e614000b6aae | Portugal | SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost ev... | What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57342e50d058e614000b6aaf | Portugal | SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost ev... | What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as? | {
"text": [
"\"os três grandes\" (\"the big three\")"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
57342e50d058e614000b6ab0 | Portugal | SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost ev... | How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have "the big three" won? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
57342e50d058e614000b6ab1 | Portugal | SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost ev... | Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal? | {
"text": [
"roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
57342e50d058e614000b6ab2 | Portugal | SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost ev... | By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted? | {
"text": [
"Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
57327732b9d445190005eb3f | Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the su... | What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism? | {
"text": [
"human beings"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
57327732b9d445190005eb40 | Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the su... | What is a common tenant of humanism? | {
"text": [
"freedom and progress"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
57327732b9d445190005eb41 | Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the su... | These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what? | {
"text": [
"secularism"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
57327732b9d445190005eb42 | Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the su... | What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? | {
"text": [
"intellectual movements"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
57327732b9d445190005eb43 | Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the su... | Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what? | {
"text": [
"science"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} |
57327819e99e3014001e67ca | Humanism | Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "p... | What was humanism once considered the same as? | {
"text": [
"philanthropy"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
57327819e99e3014001e67cb | Humanism | Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "p... | Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word? | {
"text": [
"Gellius"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
57327819e99e3014001e67cc | Humanism | Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "p... | In which period did Gellius gain fame? | {
"text": [
"Italian Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
57327819e99e3014001e67cd | Humanism | Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "p... | Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace? | {
"text": [
"Cicero"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
57327819e99e3014001e67ce | Humanism | Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "p... | What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals? | {
"text": [
"speech"
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
573278c8e99e3014001e67d4 | Humanism | During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and ear... | At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed? | {
"text": [
"supernatural"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
573278c8e99e3014001e67d5 | Humanism | During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and ear... | Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what? | {
"text": [
"supernatural"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
573278c8e99e3014001e67d6 | Humanism | During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and ear... | What do current tenants humanism have their origins in? | {
"text": [
"18th-century Enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
573278c8e99e3014001e67d7 | Humanism | During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and ear... | What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? | {
"text": [
"Religious Humanism"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
5732793be99e3014001e67dc | Humanism | In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance ... | In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning? | {
"text": [
"1808"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5732793be99e3014001e67dd | Humanism | In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance ... | Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language? | {
"text": [
"Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
5732793be99e3014001e67de | Humanism | In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance ... | Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856? | {
"text": [
"Georg Voigt"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
5732793be99e3014001e67df | Humanism | In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance ... | What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept? | {
"text": [
"Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
57327a00e17f3d140042299d | Humanism | But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'hu... | During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated? | {
"text": [
"French Enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
57327a00e17f3d140042299e | Humanism | But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'hu... | What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time? | {
"text": [
"idolatry of humanity"
],
"answer_start": [
1019
]
} |
57327a00e17f3d140042299f | Humanism | But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'hu... | Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics? | {
"text": [
"liberal reformers and radicals"
],
"answer_start": [
1531
]
} |
57327a00e17f3d14004229a0 | Humanism | But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'hu... | Who felt that humanism would surely be a major "religion" today? | {
"text": [
"Ernest Renan"
],
"answer_start": [
1822
]
} |
57327a72e17f3d14004229a5 | Humanism | At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ... | What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time? | {
"text": [
"centred on humankind"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
57327a72e17f3d14004229a6 | Humanism | At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ... | What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany? | {
"text": [
"Karl Marx"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
57327a72e17f3d14004229a7 | Humanism | At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ... | Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy? | {
"text": [
"Greek philosophers"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
57327a72e17f3d14004229a8 | Humanism | At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ... | Where did the learned believers place their focus? | {
"text": [
"linguistic and cultural disciplines"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6af9 | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking? | {
"text": [
"Gathas of Zarathustra"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afb | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | When was this writing penned? | {
"text": [
"afterlife"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afc | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Voltaire"
],
"answer_start": [
846
]
} |
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b01 | Humanism | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China? | {
"text": [
"Yellow Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b03 | Humanism | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism? | {
"text": [
"Book of History"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b04 | Humanism | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world? | {
"text": [
"Wu of Zhou"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb49 | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker? | {
"text": [
"6th century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb4a | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics? | {
"text": [
"Silver Rule of Confucianism"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb4b | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods? | {
"text": [
"Ji Liang"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb4c | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | Where could you read this information? | {
"text": [
"Zuo Zhuan"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b09 | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook? | {
"text": [
"Thales of Miletus"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0a | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Where did this type of thinking next travel to? | {
"text": [
"Athens"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0b | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms? | {
"text": [
"Democritus"
],
"answer_start": [
943
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0c | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females? | {
"text": [
"Epicurus"
],
"answer_start": [
1324
]
} |
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b25 | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe? | {
"text": [
"Middle Ages and the Early Modern period"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b26 | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period? | {
"text": [
"Petrarch"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b28 | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue? | {
"text": [
"Cicero"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d30 | Humanism | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all? | {
"text": [
"the Jewish Kabbalah"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d32 | Humanism | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds? | {
"text": [
"era of universal agreement"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d33 | Humanism | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto? | {
"text": [
"Florence, Venice, and Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca89 | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought? | {
"text": [
"Latin literary texts"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca8a | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system? | {
"text": [
"Patristic literature"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca8b | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it? | {
"text": [
"philology"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca8d | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s? | {
"text": [
"Greek manuscripts"
],
"answer_start": [
1262
]
} |
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d39 | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people? | {
"text": [
"Erasmus"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3a | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who? | {
"text": [
"Lefèvre d'Étaples"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3b | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"the Bible"
],
"answer_start": [
919
]
} |
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