id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4a | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | What author had a great impact in Rome? | {
"text": [
"P. Terentius Afer"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4b | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words? | {
"text": [
"Terence"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4c | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | From where did this school of thought emerge? | {
"text": [
"the Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4d | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later | {
"text": [
"Seneca"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4e | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | What was the name of the main belief Terence offered | {
"text": [
"universalism"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de5 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge? | {
"text": [
"technical writings"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de6 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward? | {
"text": [
"A. C. Crombie"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de7 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? | {
"text": [
"Renaissance humanists"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de8 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle? | {
"text": [
"16th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764a | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art? | {
"text": [
"Leonardo da Vinci"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764b | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time? | {
"text": [
"Juan Luis Vives"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764c | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | Where did this initiate? | {
"text": [
"universities"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764d | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought? | {
"text": [
"Aristotelian"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acaad | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism? | {
"text": [
"Early humanists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acaae | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians? | {
"text": [
"secular"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acaaf | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation? | {
"text": [
"Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acab0 | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning? | {
"text": [
"Gherardo"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab5 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte? | {
"text": [
"Harriet Martineau"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab6 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism? | {
"text": [
"atheistic"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab7 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings? | {
"text": [
"religion of humanity"
],
"answer_start": [
693
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab8 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher? | {
"text": [
"altruism"
],
"answer_start": [
840
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acac7 | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | What 19th century author associated his works with humanism? | {
"text": [
"F.C.S. Schiller"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acac8 | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | When was the first public group for Humanist founded? | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acac9 | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | Who created this group? | {
"text": [
"Charles Francis Potter"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acaca | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism? | {
"text": [
"1930"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e07 | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology? | {
"text": [
"Abraham Maslow"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e08 | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | What is human phycology? | {
"text": [
"psychological perspective"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e09 | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence? | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e0a | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | They introduced it in response to what? | {
"text": [
"psychoanalysis"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d68 | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist? | {
"text": [
"Raymond B. Bragg,"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d69 | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | What groups thoughts did he seek to include? | {
"text": [
"Western Unitarian Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d6a | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others? | {
"text": [
"Humanist Manifesto"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d6b | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented> | {
"text": [
"15"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7a | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance> | {
"text": [
"cultural and educational reform"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7b | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge? | {
"text": [
"late fifteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7c | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy? | {
"text": [
"umanisti"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7d | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | Where was one main concentration of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Naples"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e19 | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like? | {
"text": [
"narrow pedantry"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e1a | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought? | {
"text": [
"women"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e1b | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people? | {
"text": [
"humanities"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e1c | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars? | {
"text": [
"pervasive cultural mode"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e21 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What is contemporary humanism optimistic about? | {
"text": [
"capacity of people"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e22 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What is the main goal of humanism optimistic? | {
"text": [
"human flourishing"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e23 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What is human flourishing? | {
"text": [
"making life better"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e24 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What doesnt conetemporary humanism believe about human nature? | {
"text": [
"purely good"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acacf | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion? | {
"text": [
"religious rituals"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acad0 | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism? | {
"text": [
"19th and early 20th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acad1 | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism? | {
"text": [
"Jacques Hébert"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acad2 | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"1793"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7666 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | Who was one early naysayer of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Ezra Pound"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7667 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs? | {
"text": [
"sentimental"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7668 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder? | {
"text": [
"Timothy Laurie"
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7669 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Kate Soper"
],
"answer_start": [
1060
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae1 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | In what year was the book humanism published? | {
"text": [
"1997"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae2 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | In what century was the horrific wars? | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae3 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions? | {
"text": [
"humanism"
],
"answer_start": [
1232
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae4 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | Who wrote the book humanism? | {
"text": [
"Tony Davies"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a58 | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories? | {
"text": [
"ancient manuscripts"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a59 | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living? | {
"text": [
"Church fathers"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a5a | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence? | {
"text": [
"Saint Augustine"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a5b | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | Who quoted the line of Terence most notably? | {
"text": [
"Seneca"
],
"answer_start": [
1035
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabcc | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings? | {
"text": [
"The Age of Reason"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabcd | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | Which century was the first writing from? | {
"text": [
"18th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabce | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | Who states imply that humans are their own Gods? | {
"text": [
"Feuerbach"
],
"answer_start": [
898
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabcf | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | What was the origin of the second writing? | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
5732884d06a3a419008acad7 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | The initial state of earth was what? | {
"text": [
"molten"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
5732884d06a3a419008acad8 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled? | {
"text": [
"a solid crust"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
5732884d06a3a419008acad9 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | How does the mass of the moon compare to earth? | {
"text": [
"about 10% of the Earth's mass"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
5732884d06a3a419008acada | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | What created a primordial atmosphere on earth? | {
"text": [
"Outgassing and volcanic activity"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
5732884d06a3a419008acadb | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans? | {
"text": [
"comets"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
5732897457eb1f1400fd2d88 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state? | {
"text": [
"molten"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
5732897457eb1f1400fd2d89 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed? | {
"text": [
"water began accumulating"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
5732897457eb1f1400fd2d8a | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | What size of object may have created the moon? | {
"text": [
"Mars"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
5732897457eb1f1400fd2d8b | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor? | {
"text": [
"Condensing"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d90 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is toda... | During what time period was the Archean era? | {
"text": [
"4,000 to 2,500 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d91 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is toda... | During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates? | {
"text": [
"Archean"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d92 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is toda... | It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what? | {
"text": [
"crustal material"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d93 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is toda... | What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring? | {
"text": [
"cratonisation and continent formation"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d94 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is toda... | What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks? | {
"text": [
"erosion and subsequent tectonic events"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
} |
57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9a | Geological_history_of_Earth | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | What are Archean rocks composed of, in general? | {
"text": [
"metamorphized deep-water sediments"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9b | Geological_history_of_Earth | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks? | {
"text": [
"Greenstone"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9c | Geological_history_of_Earth | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | From where did high grade Archean rocks originate? | {
"text": [
"volcanic island arcs"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9d | Geological_history_of_Earth | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally? | {
"text": [
"deep-sea sediments"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9e | Geological_history_of_Earth | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | What is a greenstone belt? | {
"text": [
"sutured protocontinents"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
57328b7c06a3a419008acae9 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are les... | During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur? | {
"text": [
"2,500 to 541 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
57328b7c06a3a419008acaea | Geological_history_of_Earth | The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are les... | What era came before the Proterozoic era? | {
"text": [
"Archean"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
57328b7c06a3a419008acaeb | Geological_history_of_Earth | The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are les... | In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be? | {
"text": [
"shallow epicontinental seas"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
57328b7c06a3a419008acaec | Geological_history_of_Earth | The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are les... | What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic? | {
"text": [
"rapid continental accretion"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
57328b7c06a3a419008acaed | Geological_history_of_Earth | The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are les... | What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago? | {
"text": [
"Rodinia"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
57328bf706a3a419008acaf3 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and... | During what period was the Paleozoic era? | {
"text": [
"541 to 252 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
57328bf706a3a419008acaf4 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and... | How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era? | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
57328bf706a3a419008acaf5 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and... | The Permian is an example of what? | {
"text": [
"geologic periods"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
57328bf706a3a419008acaf6 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and... | After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin? | {
"text": [
"breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
57328bf706a3a419008acaf7 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and... | What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic? | {
"text": [
"Pangaea"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
57328cb6b9988014000c766e | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may hav... | At what rough time did the Cambrian era start? | {
"text": [
"541.0 ± 1.0 Ma."
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
57328cb6b9988014000c766f | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may hav... | What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of? | {
"text": [
"Pannotia"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
57328cb6b9988014000c7670 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may hav... | What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era? | {
"text": [
"Gondwana"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
57328cb6b9988014000c7671 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may hav... | What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian? | {
"text": [
"Panthalassa"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
57328cb6b9988014000c7672 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may hav... | Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era? | {
"text": [
"independent continents"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
57328db8b9988014000c7678 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period prog... | How long ago did the Ordovician period begin? | {
"text": [
"485.4 ± 1.9 Ma."
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
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