id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57328db8b9988014000c7679 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period prog... | Which event precipitated the Ordovician period? | {
"text": [
"the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
57328db8b9988014000c767a | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period prog... | What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician? | {
"text": [
"Gondwana"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
57328db8b9988014000c767b | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period prog... | Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician? | {
"text": [
"Iapetus Ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
} |
57328db8b9988014000c767c | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period prog... | What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia? | {
"text": [
"Avalonia"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
} |
57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da4 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows... | What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period? | {
"text": [
"stable greenhouse conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da5 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows... | What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period? | {
"text": [
"the Hirnantian faunal stage"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da6 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows... | Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage? | {
"text": [
"brachiopods"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da7 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows... | How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted? | {
"text": [
"0.5 to 1.5 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da8 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows... | What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole? | {
"text": [
"ice caps"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
57328f64b9988014000c7682 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice c... | When was the Silurian period believed to have begun? | {
"text": [
"443.8 ± 1.5 Ma."
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
57328f64b9988014000c7683 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice c... | Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian? | {
"text": [
"less extensive"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
57328f64b9988014000c7684 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice c... | What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to? | {
"text": [
"a rise in sea levels"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
57328f64b9988014000c7685 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice c... | Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian? | {
"text": [
"Euramerica"
],
"answer_start": [
619
]
} |
57328f64b9988014000c7686 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice c... | Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period? | {
"text": [
"Panthalassa"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
573295af0d034c1900ab002b | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ... | During what time period was the Devonian era? | {
"text": [
"419 to 359 Ma."
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
573295af0d034c1900ab002c | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ... | Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica? | {
"text": [
"Euramerica (or Laurussia)"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
573295af0d034c1900ab002d | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ... | Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period? | {
"text": [
"Old Red Sandstone"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
573295af0d034c1900ab002e | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ... | Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on Pangaea during the Devonian? | {
"text": [
"the northern Appalachian Mountains"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
573295af0d034c1900ab002f | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ... | What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period? | {
"text": [
"Panthalassa"
],
"answer_start": [
956
]
} |
573296cbb4fa5219003da0da | Geological_history_of_Earth | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if th... | What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished? | {
"text": [
"A global drop"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573296cbb4fa5219003da0db | Geological_history_of_Earth | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if th... | During which period were epicontinental seas created? | {
"text": [
"Carboniferous"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
573296cbb4fa5219003da0dc | Geological_history_of_Earth | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if th... | What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period? | {
"text": [
"lush coal swamps"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
573296cbb4fa5219003da0dd | Geological_history_of_Earth | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if th... | What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period? | {
"text": [
"a major marine extinction"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
573296cbb4fa5219003da0de | Geological_history_of_Earth | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if th... | The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period? | {
"text": [
"Mississippian Period"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
5732978b0342181400a20289 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted i... | What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous? | {
"text": [
"mountain building"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
5732978b0342181400a2028a | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted i... | What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous? | {
"text": [
"Laurussia"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
5732978b0342181400a2028b | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted i... | What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America? | {
"text": [
"the Alleghenian orogeny"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
5732978b0342181400a2028c | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted i... | The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what? | {
"text": [
"the Ouachita Mountains"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
5732978b0342181400a2028d | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted i... | Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period? | {
"text": [
"the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1c | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the... | What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era? | {
"text": [
"Pangaea"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1d | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the... | What was the largest ocean during the Permian called? | {
"text": [
"Panthalassa"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1e | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the... | There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it? | {
"text": [
"Paleo-Tethys Ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1f | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the... | The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys? | {
"text": [
"Cimmeria"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a20 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the... | During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant? | {
"text": [
"the Mesozoic Era"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a30 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t... | Which ocean name is translated to mean "all the sea?" | {
"text": [
"Panthalassa"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a31 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t... | What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection? | {
"text": [
"subduction of oceanic plates"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a32 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t... | What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic? | {
"text": [
"Pangaea was rifting"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a33 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t... | Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea? | {
"text": [
"Newark Supergroup"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a34 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t... | What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period? | {
"text": [
"terrestrial vertebrates"
],
"answer_start": [
1003
]
} |
5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3a | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. T... | During what years was the Jurassic period? | {
"text": [
"201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma."
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3b | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. T... | Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period? | {
"text": [
"Pangaea"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3c | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. T... | The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass? | {
"text": [
"Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3d | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. T... | At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open? | {
"text": [
"Cretaceous Period"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3e | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. T... | Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe? | {
"text": [
"lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen"
],
"answer_start": [
969
]
} |
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a44 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort... | The current continents were formerly known as what continent? | {
"text": [
"Pangaea"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a45 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort... | Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous? | {
"text": [
"Sevier and Laramide"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a46 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort... | South America was formerly which continent? | {
"text": [
"Gondwana"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a47 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort... | The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans? | {
"text": [
"raising eustatic sea levels"
],
"answer_start": [
778
]
} |
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a48 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort... | Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent? | {
"text": [
"Gondwana"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a4e | Geological_history_of_Earth | To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's pre... | During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water? | {
"text": [
"one-third"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a4f | Geological_history_of_Earth | To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's pre... | What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of? | {
"text": [
"Phanerozoic"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a50 | Geological_history_of_Earth | To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's pre... | The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era? | {
"text": [
"Phanerozoic"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a51 | Geological_history_of_Earth | To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's pre... | Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member? | {
"text": [
"North America"
],
"answer_start": [
863
]
} |
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a52 | Geological_history_of_Earth | To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's pre... | Where are the Deccan Traps? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
1104
]
} |
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc2 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australi... | How many years long was the Cenozoic Era? | {
"text": [
"66 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc3 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australi... | Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era? | {
"text": [
"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc4 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australi... | What geologic period are we in currently? | {
"text": [
"Cenozoic Era"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc5 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australi... | At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape? | {
"text": [
"Mesozoic"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc6 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australi... | The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range? | {
"text": [
"the Himalayas"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff871 | Geological_history_of_Earth | In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia... | How many continents did Laurasia break into? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff872 | Geological_history_of_Earth | In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia... | In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent? | {
"text": [
"North America"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff873 | Geological_history_of_Earth | In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia... | What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny? | {
"text": [
"the Rocky Mountains"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff874 | Geological_history_of_Earth | In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia... | In which period did North and South america join? | {
"text": [
"Neogene"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff875 | Geological_history_of_Earth | In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia... | Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene? | {
"text": [
"Tethys"
],
"answer_start": [
903
]
} |
5732a702328d981900601fdf | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | During what years did the Eocene period take place? | {
"text": [
"56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
5732a702328d981900601fe0 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene? | {
"text": [
"Antarctica"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
5732a702328d981900601fe1 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split? | {
"text": [
"around 45 Ma"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
5732a702328d981900601fe2 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun? | {
"text": [
"40 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} |
5732a702328d981900601fe3 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what? | {
"text": [
"keeping global temperatures high"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87b | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America? | {
"text": [
"Eocene"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87c | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene? | {
"text": [
"huge lakes"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87d | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be? | {
"text": [
"Tethys Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87e | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene? | {
"text": [
"Tethys Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87f | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia? | {
"text": [
"the Himalayan orogeny"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fe9 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | What permanent structure formed on Antarctica? | {
"text": [
"ice cap"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fea | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian? | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601feb | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America? | {
"text": [
"Oligocene"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fec | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent? | {
"text": [
"Antarctica"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fed | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica? | {
"text": [
"the Antarctic Circumpolar Current"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe6 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America? | {
"text": [
"the Andes"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe7 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene? | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe8 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene? | {
"text": [
"The Tethys Seaway"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe9 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear? | {
"text": [
"19 and 12 Ma"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabea | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period? | {
"text": [
"Messinian salinity crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfa | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | What is the link between North and South America called? | {
"text": [
"the Isthmus of Panama"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfb | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | In which period did North and South America become linked? | {
"text": [
"Pliocene"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfc | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America? | {
"text": [
"marsupial faunas"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfd | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what? | {
"text": [
"Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfe | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | What period came after the Pliocene? | {
"text": [
"the Quaternary Period"
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac04 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | How long ago did the last glacial period end? | {
"text": [
"about 10,000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac05 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period? | {
"text": [
"35 metres (115 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac06 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet? | {
"text": [
"Holocene"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac07 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet? | {
"text": [
"Pleistocene"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac08 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of? | {
"text": [
"Tyrrell Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
1287
]
} |
5732977f0342181400a20283 | Police | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of tha... | What does the state want a police force to do? | {
"text": [
"enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
5732977f0342181400a20284 | Police | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of tha... | What are gendarmerie? | {
"text": [
"military units charged with civil policing"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0035 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | How are police usually paid? | {
"text": [
"through taxes"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0036 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | What kind of service are police? | {
"text": [
"public sector"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0037 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | When were police used to protect the class system? | {
"text": [
"late 18th and early 19th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0038 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | What problem do many police forces have? | {
"text": [
"corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
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