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American Control Conference (ACC 2016)
We consider a mean field game among a large population of noncooperative agents divided into two categories: leaders and followers. Each agent is subject to heterogeneous convex constraints and minimizes a quadratic cost function; the cost of each leader is affected by the leaders’ aggregate strategy, while the cost of...
C++ Constants and Literals
Constants in C++ refers to immutable values that C++ program cannot change during the course of execution. In C++, a constant can be of any basic data types like boolean, character constants, integer constant, strings etc.
For Example : true, 'A', 754, 123.5, "Hello World".
Boolean literals in C++
C++ supports two boolean literals "true" and "false". true and false are part of the C++ keywords.
Integer Constants in C++
Integer constants are whole numbers without any fractional part or exponential part. It can either be positive or negative, If no sign precedes then by default it is assumed to be positive. The range of integer constant depends on programming environment. For Example, In a 16-bit system range of integer literal is -327...
An integer constant can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal. A prefix specifies the base of number system.
Prefix Description Base Example
0x or 0X Hexadecimal Number 16 0x5C, 0x22
0 Octal Number 8 012C, 0243
Nothing Decimal Number 10 25, 100
You can also specify the type of integer constant by using a suffix character. It can be lowercase or uppercase and can be in any order.
• L, l : Long
• U, u : Unsigned
Examples of Integer Constants
• Unsigned Integer Constant : 100U, 565U
• Long Constant : 67L, -2398876L
• Unsigned Long Constant : 55UL, 77652UL
• Decimal Constants : 85, -54
• Octal Constants : 0213, 045
• Hexadecimal Constants : 0x4b, 0x2A
Character Constants in C++
Character constants are enclosed between a pair or single quote. C++, supports two type of character constants, wide character literal and narrow character literal. If a character literal starts with uppercase 'L' then it is a Wide character (for Example : L'a') and must be stored in a variable of type wchar_t otherwis...
For Example : 'a', 'A', '1', '#' are character constants. C++ Backslash Character Constants
There are some characters which are impossible to enter into a string from keyboard like backspace, vertical tab, newline etc. C++ includes a set of backslash character which have special meaning in C++ programming language. The backslash character ('\') changes the interpretation of the characters by C++ compiler.
Escape Sequence Description
\” Double quote(")
\' Single quote(')
\\ Backslash Character(\)
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\a Alert or bell
\? Question mark
\0 Null character
C++ Program to print character constants
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char c1 = 'E';
wchar_t wc = L'E';
cout << c1 << endl;
cout << wc << endl;
// Printing newline character
cout << '\n';
C++ Floating-point Constants
A floating point constant has a integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part and may contain an exponential part. Floating point literal may be positive or negative but must have a decimal point. You can also represent floating point literals in scientific notation.
For Example: 1234.5432, -100.001, 2.37E-3
C++ String Constants
p class="myParagraph"> A string constant in C++ is a set of characters enclosed between a pair of double quotes. A string literal is actually a character array. A string literal may contain any number of characters including alphanumeric characters, escape characters, graphical characters etc.
For Example
• "" : Null String.
• "A" : String literal having one characters.
• "XYZ12.iyu" : String literal with multiple characters.
• "XYZ jjuh\n" : String with spaces and escape characters.
Declaration of Constants in C++
We can define constants in C++ in two ways.
1. Using const keyword.
2. Using #define preprocessor directives.
We can use const keyword as a prefix of data type to declare a Constant. Here is the syntax for using const keyword.
const data_type variable_name = Constant;
For Example
    const float INTEREST_PERSENTAGE = 9;
#include Preprocessor Directive
We can use #define preprocessor directive to define a constant as per following syntax.
#define Constant_Identifier Value
For Example:
C++ Program to show use of #include preprocessor
#include <iostream>
#define PI 3.141
using namespace std;
int main() {
float radius;
cout << "Enter Radius of Circle\n";
cin >> radius;
cout << "Circumference of Circle : " << 2*PI*radius;
return 0;
Enter Radius of Circle
Circumference of Circle : 31.41
Synonyms to bowlike
arched, arciform, arclike, arcual, bandy, bent, bowed, concave, convex, convexed, curvilinear, embowed, excurvate, excurvated, excurved, gibbose, gibbous, humpbacked, humped, humpy, hunched, hunchy, out-bowed, oxbow, rotund, round, rounded, vaulted, alternate, answer, bandy-legged, banter, be quits with, blemished, blo...
Dear Ms.Jayalalithaa,
Welcome aboard for the third time but pity you for falling for the second time in your first 100
Let me come over to your second fall first – would want to term it the second lunatic act – but stopping short of saying that. Instead would term it an act of cowardice, to put it mildly.
You were right up to the point when you had said that beyond the President’s orders, you were powerless and hence did not choose to act on the mercy petition of Rajiv killers. But when the lunatic hoodlums from TN comprising of fringe elements like Nedumaran, Vaiko and Ramadoss who have nothing in common but an element...
Let me remind you that you have been chosen not to safeguard killers and mercenaries. You have been elected to retrieve what ever is left of the piece of the country called Tamil Nadu.
Your election plank was not to save Rajiv killers and additionally the killers of the 17 other policemen ( they were Tamil too ). You were elected to work for the people of Tamil Nadu.
Rajiv was killed, as has often been declared by the LTTE in the courts as well, for teaching him a lesson for sending the peace keeping force to SL. But wait a minute. The former PM just implemented a resolution of the Parliament of India.
As a result of the killing, you had won a grand victory in 1991, no doubt, in the elections. But the nation as a whole had to suffer later on as there was always this instability. We had to suffer a Gujral and a Deve Gowda as PMs and the nation was set back by another 10 years during their tenure until Vajpayee come ov...
You might want to believe that you had scored a point over the DMK on the Rajiv killer front. There is no need to do this as the DMK is already history and the country knows of the plight of the party.
Just when you came back to power and started making some rational decisions, I was under the impression that TN was on its way towards progress like Gujarat’s no-nonsense approach to development.
What a precedent you had set ! What if the Nagaland assembly passed a resolution demanding independence now that there is no dearth of lunatics in India with Omar Abdullah and his father from J&K being the head of the Lunacy Department ?
I would, as an Indian, term your act as an act in complete cowardice and the second of the somersault to score some political brownie points against a non-existent opposition, much to the detriment of national integrity.
And you had your first fall when you wanted to appeal against the HC ruling on the Uniform system of education. I know that the USE is, pardon me, fit for lunatics. But that was the lunacy brought upon the people by a lunatic government lead by a lunatic who spent his time in the company of movie stars. And you need no...