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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 除了细菌之外,磺胺类药物能抑制几乎所有类型细胞的增殖,当然对不同细胞起作用的浓度不同,变化范围很大;目前几乎没有证据表明青霉素也有如此普遍的效果,但是康曼已经报道了在对恶性肿瘤细胞有破坏作用的青霉素溶液中正常细胞能够正常存活[9]
。磺胺类药物的作用通常是两相的;我们的观测结果表明青霉素的作用可能也是两相的。如同在磺胺类药物中所发生的那样,最近我们注意到在青霉素和出血性黄疸钩端螺旋体体系中也发生了细菌抑制前的初期细菌增殖[10]
。(如同之前曾提到的那样,这很可能是两相现象的另一个方面。)青霉素抑制细菌增殖的作用与磺胺类药物的作用是一致的,似乎也遵循质量作用定律,具体表现在:(a
)在消除细菌与青霉素的接触或用青霉素酶破坏青霉... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | this claim, concluding that while the balance of evidence seemed to weigh against the possibility of deterministic laws, they could not be ruled out. Many years later, von Neumann's argument would be dismantled by John Bell, who helped revitalize interest in deterministic quantum theories.
中文
A
short article publis... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Buffon, the French naturalist, tossed a coin until he obtained 2,048 heads. The results were quoted by De Morgan3
, who gave also an account of three similar experiments by his own pupils or correspondents. The arrangement by which the last toss ended with a head gave a small advantage to heads, but too small to make ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . Both these divergences diminish indefinitely as n
increases. We may also estimate the theoretical divergence of the proportion by its root-mean-square or “standard deviation”. This has the value
, a result which we shall contrast later with Heisenberg's Principle of Uncertainty.
中文
We now come to an important c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | gases, but in this case the symmetry assumed in the theory7
is a much closer approximation to the actual facts. But it is only an approximation, and here, as elsewhere in classical physics, pure statistical aggregates do not exist.
中文
This brings us to the question whether such aggregates exist in non-classical phy... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | mechanics, and the process of averaging causal laws, as applied in the kinetic theory of gases, cannot possibly be extended to quantum mechanics. There is no need, he says, to go more deeply into the details of a supposed system which is governed by further conditions (“hidden parameters”) in addition to the wave funct... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | a logically coherent account of nuclear physics or of cosmic rays.
中文
Many critics are suspicious of purely abstract arguments which make no reference to experiment. Of course, such experiments as those of Davisson and Germer on electron diffraction and of Condon and Gurney on radioactivity, though excellent as illu... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , but there are other grounds for supporting it. In fact, the postulate of quantum mechanics that electrons cannot be distinguished from one another appears, at least to me, not to be a statement that Nature is incomprehensible, but merely that quantum mechanics is incomplete. However, I do not wish to insist that ther... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , 53
, 195 (1944).
Phys. Rev.
, 47
, 777 (1935).
Phys. Rev.
, 48
, 696 (1935).
Proc. Univ. of Durham Phil. S
oc., 9
, 228 (1936).
因果律还是非决定论?
皮亚焦
编者按
约翰·冯·诺伊曼最近宣称,他将证明在对量子物理给出的因果解释方面没有任何一个理论能够超过当今的量子理论。虽然一些物理学家,例如爱因斯坦,认为量子理论也许仅仅是一个近似理论,具有统计特征,因为它忽视了物理现实中某些更深层次的细节,但冯·诺伊曼却不这样认为。在这篇文章中,亨利·皮亚焦对这两种不同的观点进行了评论,最后... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 在这种情况下,抛掷机制不是一个隐藏的参数,而是可见并且确定的参数,而在一般的抛掷情况下,这个参数是不确定的,而且在我们所能控制的范围内,它就是对称分布的。在杰文斯的实验中,正面朝上的情况太多很可能是因为抛掷情况缺乏对称性。不管情况是否如此,很明显,在抛掷硬币的实验中,概率理论给出的事实描述是不完善的
。
英文
因此,认为完美正态分布的性质必定严格符合物理现实是错误的,不过通常情况下这些性质可以为事实提供一个很好的近似。我们不能仅仅通过宣称抛掷细节搅乱了正态分布的纯正性,从而否认这些细节的存在。事实上,正是因为分布太过纯正,超出了物理的现实,因此,它才不是对现实的完整描述。同样的道理也适用于气体的动力学理论,但在这种情况下,该... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 因此我非常不自信地提出:因果律的存在还没有
完全被否认。爱因斯坦的观点确实已经被玻尔[12]
推翻,但还是存在一些其他依据来支持它。事实上,量子力学中关于电子与电子间无法区分的假设出现了,至少对我来说,这并不表明大自然是不可理解的,它仅仅说明量子力学是不完整的。但我并非想说量子力学与抛掷硬币没有任何区别。两者之间一个很明显的不同是在抛掷硬币中正面朝上的比例的标准偏差仅取决于抛掷的次数,并且可以无限减小;但是在量子力学中测不准原理给出了动量与位移的标准偏差的乘积的最小值,即h
/4π。这个结果中普朗克常数的出现似乎说明有一些新的东西尚待挖掘。我觉得如果冯·诺伊曼的结论中也包含这个常数,而不仅仅是一些完全定性的分析的话,我们将更容... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . He suggested that it kills them at the time of division and has no effect upon individual cocci which are not dividing. These, therefore, persist in broth cultures, which penicillin frequently fails to sterilize, and are the explanation of that failure. Bigger proposed to give penicillin intermittently, in the hope t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | most susceptible to lysis.
中文
These conclusions may be compared with those of Prof. L.P. Garrod (Brit. Med. J
., 108, Jan 27, 1945), who agrees that penicillin actually kills susceptible bacteria. He quotes the further opinion of L.A. Rautz and W.M.M. Kirby (J. Immunol.
, 48
, 335; 1944) that penicillin is actual... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , 341, March 17, 1945), especially in local treatment. The idea that higher doses will be more effective does not apply to penicillin. The reverse is truer. A concentration of 1 unit per c.c. is not onlyjust as effective as one of 1,000 units, but is often more effective. The only good reason for using stronger solutio... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . Unlike other organisms which become “drug-fast”, however, Staphylococcus
lost this property rapidly in media not containing penicillin. The authors refer to work which showed, on the other hand, that pneumococcus type III, made resistant to penicillin, either by culture in media containing penicillin (G. Rake et al.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | ”最快的溶菌速度出现在增殖速率最大的细菌中。这也许就是青霉素如此有效的真正原因,也就是说,培养时间不长的增殖活跃的细菌更易受到溶菌作用影响,虽然这时细菌最容易侵入人体,但是同时也最容易被溶解。
英文
上述结论可以与加罗德教授(《英国医学杂志》,第108页,1945年1月27日)的结论相比较,加罗德教授也认为青霉素确实可以杀死敏感细菌。他进一步引述了劳兹和柯比的看法(《免疫学杂志》,第48卷,第335页,1944年),即青霉素实际上是杀菌的。不过,加罗德对于比格提出的青霉素只对即将分裂的细菌才有杀菌作用的假说只给予了部分肯定;他提到霍比和道森(《实验生物学会会刊》,纽约,第56卷,第178页,1944年)以及米勒和福斯特(同前,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;金侠 审稿)
Natural History of Granite
A. Holmes
Editor's Note
Geologists argued throughout the nineteenth century whether granite, a very common rock, is igneous or metamorphic—that is, the primary result of the crystallization of molten magma, or a chemically altered form of either igneous or sedimentary ro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Discussion thus became focused on the question whether a given mass of granite had crystallized from an intrusive magma which mechanically displaced the pre-existing rocks, or whether the granite had been made out of the pre-existing rocks by some process of ultra-metamorphism which was thought to culminate locally in ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It is unfortunately not generally realized that the battle between rival camps has been repeated more than once, with varying fortunes at different times and in different countries. Most of the older English-speaking petrologists of today were brought up, like myself, in the faith that granite, being by definition an i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | any, save only in the rocks themselves.
中文
One of the “high lights” of the story is the record of the great contributions made by the French, a record which anticipates in the most remarkable way the more detailed developments of recent years. In 1824 we find Ami Boué describing what would now be called granitizatio... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Before considering one of the major turning points in the history of petrogenesis which was now approaching, it is of interest to see what was happening in the British Isles during the rise of the French school. Following Lyell's suggestion, “metamorphic” granites had been widely claimed in Scotland and Ireland, but mo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | published his classic work on the contact metamorphism of the slates around the granite of Barr-Andlau (Vosges) and showed by a series of chemical analyses that there was no significant change of composition in the altered rocks as they were traced towards the margin of the granite. Having found in this example no evid... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | in contact zones and enclaves. Rosenbusch stubbornly maintained his earlier interpretation, to the justifiable astonishment of Lacroix. Actually, the possibility of transfer of silicate-making materials was never widely admitted until the publication of Goldschmidt's proof (1921) that influx of silica and soda had acco... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Meanwhile, as a result of several comparative studies of felspathization and granitization, the French geologists became convinced that these processes increase in intensity downwards until the contact zones of the higher crustal levels merge into regions where the rocks have been quietly made over into granite without... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | was proposed by Sederholm for rocks which suggest by their appearance that they originated “by the mixture of older rocks and a later erupted granite magma”. Along the shores of southern Finland and its fringing archipelagoes, the waveswept rock surfaces display spectacular examples of all the phenomena associated with... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | they must differ fundamentally in properties and origin from the late-stage exudations of a granite magma as ordinarily conceived. For this reason the neutral term emanations
, which is free from genetic implications, is now coming increasingly into favour.
中文
Wegmann, now Argand's successor at Neuchâtel, has great... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | that are retained and fixed vary with the composition of the rocks that are being granitized. He has also stressed the important fact that granitization has been a normal accompaniment of orogenesis throughout geological time. Read gives an admirable account of these recent Fennoscandian developments, including a summa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | ) that the basic material migrating from a region of granitization, besides enriching the surrounding aureole in biotite and other minerals, was probably also responsible for the “igneous-looking” basic and ultrabasic rocks that overlie the granitic rocks of many plutonic complexes; and
(c
) that before a given mass o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | associations, derived from a parental granodioritic magma which originates where tectonic thickening of the crust brings the “granite” layer within the range of melting; the ascent of such magma is preceded by an advancing wave of granitization and migmatization.
中文
Since 1938, more precise estimates have been made ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | also be of the same origin, but some of them may result from the consolidation of migma and some from the consolidation of magma. Thus, though there may be granites and granites, most of them are of one kind and all of them may likely be of one connected origin.” With this conclusion I am in full agreement.
中文
(155
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 坚持认为花岗岩全是火成的人相信,肯定存在花岗岩浆,它可能是一种特有的岩浆,或按照最近的说法,花岗岩浆可能是由残余玄武质岩浆部分结晶而形成。那些认为花岗岩主要是由先成岩石而形成的人则承认,花岗岩经历了一个部分物质呈流体或液体状态的阶段。这种半液态的浆状物被赖因哈德命名为混合岩浆
,以便与由没有完全结晶的岩浆构成的浆状物区别开来。另外,岩浆可以由混合岩浆产生,要么完全从液体产生,要么在某个阶段从液体部分挤出。
英文
令人遗憾的是,人们没有普遍认识到对立阵营之间的争论已经发生了不止一次,而随着国家和时间的不同占优势的论点也不相同。今天大多数讲英语的老一辈岩石学家,例如我从小就被告知,被定义为火成岩的花岗岩肯定是由岩浆结晶形成的;我... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 在这个实例中,没有发现物质向围岩转移的迹象,因此罗森布施最终否定了物质渗入的可能性,他认为那些在别处需要花岗质物质侵入的片麻岩和长石片岩,在这里其本身就是在造山运动中经受了动力学变质的花岗岩。和维尔纳一样,罗森布施从国外招纳了很多学生,这些人后来也都成了名,罗森布施在法国以外的地区有着很高的威望,以至于他的学说在岩石学界影响了两代人。
英文
然而法国人并没有默然接受这一观点。巴鲁瓦(1884年于罗斯特勒南)、米歇尔·利维(1893年于弗拉芒维尔)和拉克鲁瓦(1898~1900年于比利牛斯)在花岗岩外侧的沉积性片岩中以及花岗岩内部由相似物质组成的包体中都发现了形状很好的正长石大晶体,这些正长石晶体与邻近的斑状花岗岩中的正长石晶体... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 以原始花岗岩浆和围岩为母体,这种新生岩浆的存在可导致进一步混合岩化的发生。他随后认为花岗岩浆无论是原始的还是次生的皆不重要,他更强调一种被称为岩汁
的派生岩浆流体,该流体富含水和其他挥发性物质,所以具有很强的渗透力。因此初始花岗岩浆仅仅是第二代岩汁的母体的母体。这一设想的弱点在于,产生于岩浆分异作用但相对较少的岩汁为何具有足够的能量和化学活性去引发区域性的深熔作用,并从大量的围岩中生成更多的岩浆和岩汁。显然,如果迁移物质能够在可观察到的尺度上对花岗岩化或深熔作用产生影响,那么它们必然在性质和成因上与普通意义上的后期溢出花岗岩浆有本质的区别。由于这个原因,没有成因内涵的中性术语析出物
现在越来越流行了。
英文
韦格曼现在是阿... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 里德赞同肯尼迪(1938年)关于岩浆活动的两种不同表达方式,它们分别为:
(a
)火山岩
组合:来源于由于地球玄武岩层再熔化而形成的玄武岩浆;
(b
)深成岩
组合:来源于花岗闪长岩浆,这种岩浆形成的温度范围与地壳构造增厚而导致“花岗岩”层处于融化时的温度范围相同;这种岩浆在上升之前先发生了花岗岩化和混合岩化作用。
英文
自1938年以来,人们更加精确地估算了放射性在岩石中产生的热量,以及英国、南非和北美东部地表的热流。结果说明,在非火山活动区,一般花岗岩和玄武岩层达不到形成岩浆所需的温度,实际上还差几百度[9]
。根据现在已知的证据,我们只能对玄武岩浆的成因进行推测。在山脉根部花岗岩岩层很厚的地方,底部的温度可能最... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | having the chemical structure shown in Fig. 1. It is a polymer of isoprene, the isoprene units being joined together in the form of a long chain. The actual length of the molecular chain, or molecular weight
, of rubber has been the subject of much discussion, estimates obtained by different methods having ranged from... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Until about twelve years ago, none of the theories of the elasticity of rubber which had been proposed could be regarded as even approximately satisfactory. Attempts to interpret long-range elasticity on the basis of interatomic forces were manifestly inadequate, and it was not until Meyer, v. Susich and Valko introduc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , and the statistical treatment of the problem enables the probability of any given end-to-end distance to be calculated. The function representing this probability turns out to be the ordinary Gaussian error function, which is represented in Fig. 3. The normal state of the free molecule may be identified with the maxi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Thus far our attention has been focused on the individual molecule. We have yet to consider in more detail how the elastic properties of the molecule are to be conveyed to the material in bulk. When we consider this problem, we see that in order to be able to take up a variety of statistical forms in the way required b... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | is number of “molecules”, a “molecule” being the length of chain between its points of junction to the network, k
is Boltzmann's constant, T
is absolute temperature, and α
is the ratio of stretched to unstretched length.
For simple shear,
Fσ
=NkTσ
where F
σ
is shear stress and σ
is amount of shear.
中文
There ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The first point of difference is that in practice rubber-like properties appear only within a certain range of temperature. At low temperatures rubbers are transformed to a glass-hard condition. Below the transition temperature the molecular chains become immobile, the thermal energy no longer being sufficient to overc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | same pattern is given in the glass-hard state. But the slowly frozen rubber shows a number of well-defined rings, which are to be interpreted as due to the presence of crystallites oriented at random, as in a powder.
中文
Owing to the enormous length of the molecules, there are significant differences between the proc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | In stretched crystalline rubber the crystals all have one axis pointing in a fixed direction. Viewed by X-rays, this kind of arrangement gives rise to a series of spots arranged in a characteristic pattern. This pattern bears a rather strong resemblance to the X-ray pattern of natural fibres (cotton, wool, etc.), and i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | a reinforcing agent like carbon black, compared with similar natural rubber vulcanizates. Moreover, there would appear to be a possibility of the formation of branched chains (Fig. 5b
) leading to a crosslinked structure. It is suggested that this effect may account not only for the comparative difficulty encountered ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
要理解这种动态观点,我们必须首先把长链分子看作一个独立的个体来考察它的形态。为此我们通常会考虑最简单的且可获得的链结构分子,即石蜡分子。假定链中的碳原子处于持续的热振动状态,因此在保持固定键长和固定键角(109.5°)的前提下,它们可以处于任何一种相对位置。根据这一假定,可以认为每一个C–C键都能以前一个键为轴自由旋转。有化学证据表明,这样的旋转确实存在。但是作为键的随机旋转的结果,链不会形成如图2a
所示的规则的锯齿形平面结构,而是形成一种如图2b
所示的三维随机曲折的形态。在这种形态中,链端之间的距离可能会远远小于图2a
中处于伸展状态的分子链的链端距离,利用统计学的处理方法就可以计算出任一给定的两链端之间的距离的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 在低于玻璃化转变温度时,分子链变得不可运动,热能不再足以克服分子之间的次级作用力。对于像天然橡胶那样的物质来说,这种次级作用力是相当弱的,其玻璃化转变温度非常低(-70°C)。如果分子间作用力比较强,那么玻璃化转变温度就会非常高。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯很好地证明了这一点(图1),它在室温下是一种玻璃(因其具有不会碎裂的性质而得到广泛应用),但在高于70°C左右时就会变得极富弹性。
英文
在高
温下类橡胶性质也可能会消失。对于未交联的聚合物而言,分子具有足够的运动能力而彼此滑过,橡胶因此而变成一种黏性液体。分子链越长,表现出这种效应所需的温度就越高。
英文
橡胶的这种塑性性能和“热塑性”可以用在模压和挤出等加工工艺成型中。对于... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Penicillin Treatment of Venereal Disease and Spirochaetal Infections
G. Lapage
Editor's Notes
Penicillin was widely used to treat infections during the Second World War, and here Geoffrey Lapage summarises the antibiotic's use to treat gonorrhoea and syphilis. United States Army medical men had already noted that pen... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . In co-operation with A. O. F. Ross and R. B. Wilson (Lancet
, 845, Dec. 30, 1944) they report on the treatment of five cases of human syphilis with penicillin. All these cases had wellmarked secondary lesions, and the immediate response “could not have been bettered by any known form of treatment”. The spirochaetes ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , 187; 1944) has pointed out that less than half the patients get enough of such treatment to ensure a cure-rate of 80 percent, because they default. One danger of future penicillin treatment is emphasized by both the Lancet
and the British Medical Journal
(loc. cit.
). A patient may have both gonorrhoea and syphili... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , the cause of Vincent's gingivitis, under treatment with penicillin incorporated in pastilles. J. M. Alston and J. C. Broom (Brit.Med. J
., 718, Dec. 2, 1944) report on their experiments on its action on nine strains of Leptospira icterohoemorrhagioe
, the cause of Weil's disease (six strains were human, two were fr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | results of the penicillin treatment. The liver and kidneys are rapidly damaged by the spirochaete, so that penicillin should ideally be given before the diagnosis can be made. Inadequate doses of penicillin appeared, however, to shorten the duration of the fever and to cause dramatic improvement, especially when high d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | ), so that it is possible that penicillin may prove better than arsenic for the treatment of relapsing fever of man, which is caused by this organism.
中文
(155
, 459-461; 1945)
青霉素治疗性病和螺旋体感染
拉帕吉
编者按
第二次世界大战期间,青霉素被广泛用于治疗感染性疾病,杰弗里·拉帕吉对使用青霉素治疗淋病和梅毒进行了总结。美国军医已经注意到青霉素对梅毒的即时疗效比砷剂更好。虽然后续的文章支持这种观点,但每天两次重复注射被视为一个问题。在美国,大... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 麦格雷戈和朗(《英国医学杂志》,第686页,1944年11月25日)报道了用整合到锭剂中的青霉素进行治疗可以使引起奋森氏牙龈炎的奋森氏密螺旋体快速消失。奥尔斯顿和布鲁姆(《英国医学杂志》,第718页,1944年12月2日)报道了青霉素对9个品系的黄疸出血型钩端螺旋体的效果的实验,这种钩端螺旋体可引起威尔氏病(6个品系来自人类,2个来自大鼠,1个来自狗)。此外还对1个种系的犬钩端螺旋体展开实验,其可引起人类和狗另一种钩端螺旋体病。青霉素杀死了培养基中的所有这些品系,并抑制了它们的增殖。如果用药足够早的话(感染后的18小时内),它也能治愈感染了恶性钩端螺旋体的豚鼠。它并不阻止豚鼠血清抗体以及对再次感染的抵抗力的形成。就像之前报道的其他动... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of chromosomes. And she uses Schrödinger's calculations to help estimate that a chromosome could harbour between “300 and 12,000 duplicate versions of the genetical material.”
中文
W
HEN a great physicist takes the trouble to explain in simple language some of his matured thoughts on topics of general interest outsid... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Few biologists will probably wish to dispute this in general terms. Cytological comment is, however, aroused by the details of its presentation from the circumstance that Prof. Schroedinger, at various points, is thinking in terms of certain assumptions regarding chromosome structure which are by no means universally h... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | a chromosome which can have a genetically detectable effect, or the shortest distance between two mutations which can be separated by crossing-over; a numerical estimate of either of these by existing genetical or cytological methods may be expected to yield purely subjective values expressing present crudities of tech... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | division. The strongest piece of evidence in support of this is the differential behaviour of certain nuclear stages to irradiation by X-rays at dosages sufficient to cause gross chromosome fracture. Assuming that the statements in the literature are correct (for example, Riley 19362
) the position appears to be that ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | in contact at the region known as the centromere (marked c
in the figure). A new spiral, differing in diameter and in number of coils from that at the previous division, affects each chromatid. At a somatic division, Fig. 3, the number of coils is increased still further but the two chromatids lie close together. It i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | fixed 30 hours after irradiation of the uninucleate spore with X-rays at 2,500 r. showing fractures, fusions and abnormally clear spiral structure. Acetocarmine preparation, visual light photograph. (×1,000.)
Fig. 5. Anaphase of the third spore division in Todea
after ammonia treatment, showing lateral separation of c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It is not easy to determine the diameter of an object near the limit of visibility, but the fact that quarter-chromosomes are visible at all suggests that their thickness is likely to be of the same order as the wave-length of the light used (275 μμ). In round numbers and for the sake of argument this may be put as app... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of these are co-ordinated together in a manner recalling, though not necessarily exactly resembling, the periodic crystals. The “whole chromosome fibre” may in fact have to be visualized as an aperiodic solid in its longitudinal dimension but as periodic in its transverse dimension.
中文
The recognition of an element ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 令人感兴趣的是,如果这些假说发生变化,那么会使观点变成什么样呢(如果会有变化的话)。
英文
遗传学上代码指令的单一性给薛定谔教授留下了很深刻的印象。代码指令是指单倍体细胞核中遗传物质的总和(按遗传学的说法应该是指基因组)。事实上,对于生物发育来说只有一套染色体组或者基因组是必要的。单倍体生物的存在,例如许多低等植物,以及一些动植物的单性繁殖,就能证明这一点。因此我们可以完全忽略对二倍体和多倍体的研究。然而,如果“单一性”这个名词在分子意义上仅仅是字面意思(很明显,这是薛定谔教授从基因大小的有趣讨论中得出的名词),那就会出现很多困惑。
英文
使用“基因的大小”这种表述是否可取或是否合理,是值得怀疑的。“基因”的本来意义仅仅... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 然而,可以肯定的是每一条染色单体的螺旋都是独立形成的,在这个图例中,螺旋盘绕的方向是由两条姐妹染色单体对应的部分决定的,并且两者盘绕方向相反[5]
。因此,在细胞分裂前期,必然可以通过X射线的破损作用检测到两条分离的螺旋。在细胞分裂后期,两条螺旋分别分到两极,我们可以见到相当清晰的单个螺旋卷曲,如图4所示。这与先前实验的区别在于,样品处理前经过了数小时X射线的照射,产生了多种类型的融合和破裂。在图4中,某些染色体中的单个螺旋显得非常清楚,也许这是射线照射后的效应,但它与其他的证据完全符合。
英文
图1.薇菜减数第一次分裂中尚未配对的染色体。螺旋结构经过氨处理。在丁香油中加入醋酸洋红染色,可见光成像。(×2,000)
图2.薇... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
(刘振明 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
Artificial Protein Fibres: Their Conception and Preparation
W. T. Astbury
Editor's Note
This review of the molecular structure of protein fibres by William Astbury begins with an observation commonly heard today of how apparently academic work can prove invaluable to applied science and industry.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | industry owes to science, or vice versa, or of emphasizing again that the great industries of the future must draw their sustenance from unremitting research; but I would certainly like to stress the case of the artificial protein fibres as being a most impressive example of the indivisibility of science. The discovery... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Since the beginning of the century, chemists have been increasingly convinced that all proteins are polypeptide chain systems, alone or in combination with various prosthetic groups; but there seemed to be a distinction between the fibrous and non-fibrous kinds in that the molecules of the latter are massive, rounded b... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Among other things, then, the X-ray study of keratin brought out the two main points from which in due course the theory of artificial protein fibres followed naturally. The α-form revealed for the first time the existence of polypeptide chains that are normally in a folded state, while the β-form gave the average dime... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | ). In short, it became clear—what has been demonstrated since on many other protein preparations—that the denaturation and aggregation of a corpuscular protein leads ultimately to a diffraction pattern like that given by disoriented
β-keratin
. When keratin is stretched from the α- to the β-form, the side-chain refle... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | recognized between denaturation and the aggregation of proteins that are already in an extended configuration8
. Myosin “denatured” by simple drying is still in the folded α-form, but there is disorganization of the folds if it is heated.)
中文
Fig. 1. X-ray powder photographs of (a
) dried egg white, and (b
) drie... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Experiments on continuous fibre production from urea solutions were then conducted in Prof. A. C. Chibnall's laboratory at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London; but later, though considerable further advances were made, it was felt better to return to the more fundamental side of protein research. The... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | During the last few years a number of important papers have been published in America on the preparation of artificial protein fibres with the aid of detergents11
. Products such as “Nacconol NRSF” (which is essentially dodecyl benzene sodium sulphonate) are found to act as excellent unfolding agents for the corpuscul... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Lundgren and O'Connell report that artificial fibres from egg albumin (and from chicken-feather keratin, which also responds to the technique just described) have been prepared with breaking strengths of more than 70×103
lb. per sq. in.: to appreciate what this means, it may be noted that in the same table they quote ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 事实上,根据蛋白质变性的X射线解释所作出的预测
——可以利用非纤维状蛋白质制造纤维状蛋白质是符合逻辑的:现在我们既知道什么是必须要做的也知道这样做的理由。
英文
自本世纪以来,化学家已经逐步确信所有的蛋白质都是独立的或与各种辅基相结合的多肽链体系;但是纤维状蛋白质和非纤维状蛋白质之间还存在着差别,后者的分子较大且为球形,经常聚集形成普遍的、可见的晶体,因此被称为“颗粒”蛋白。随着纤维就是由长链分子构成的“分子纱”这一概念的发展(很多技术都对此概念的发展有所贡献,而X射线分析方法首先使此概念成为“真的”),关于蛋白纤维不再存在任何结构上的困难,如同迈耶和马克在1928年解释天然丝(蚕丝蛋白[1]
)的衍射图案时所阐明的那样;... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 决定性的定向效应最初通过种球蛋白、麻仁球蛋白(来自大麻种子)和巴西果蛋白(来自巴西坚果)的变性制剂以及从“煮熟的”卵清蛋白获得[9]
,而最早实际出现的纤维从浓的尿素溶液中获得[9]
。例如,当把麻仁球蛋白溶解于浓的尿素溶液中时,溶液会立刻变得非常黏稠,通过拉出黏性物质或者通过一根毛细管将其喷入水或稀释的盐溶液中便可以产生弹性纤维。(这种现象并非是全新的,但似乎是X射线最先明确地揭示出其黏性增加的原因——球形分子中的折叠打开,形成伸展构型的多肽链。)不过一般地说,这种纤维还需进一步拉伸以便在X射线照片中呈现出明确的定向效应。根据其重要性,图2再现了一些早期的衍射图像。这些衍射图像是首次通过X射线方法证明从初始的结晶蛋白到弹性纤维... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
Appendix: Index by Subject
附录:学科分类目录
Physics
物理学
The Ether-Drift Experiment and the Determination of the Absolute Motion of the Earth
以太漂移实验和地球绝对运动的确定
Artificial Production of a New Kind of Radio- Element
一种新放射性元素的人工制造
The Positron
正电子
Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons
由高... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction
由中子引起的铀衰变:一类新型核反应
Theory of Mesons and Nuclear Forces
介子和核力理论
Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment
中子轰击导致重核分裂的物理证据
The Fundamental Length Introduced by the Theory of the Mesotron(Meson)
介子理论中的基本长度
Energy Obtain... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Excited States of Stable Nuclei
稳定核的激发态
Considerations Concerning the Fundaments of Theoretical Physics
关于理论物理基础的思考
Causality or Indeterminism?
因果律还是非决定论?
Chemistry
化学
Reaction Rates of the Hydrogen Isotopes
氢同位素的反应速率
Heavy Hydrogen and Heavy Water
重氢和重水
Liquid Crystals
液晶
The New Hydrogen
氢的新同位素
Chemical Detection of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Some Biological Applications of Neutrons and Artificial Radioactivity
中子与人工放射性的若干生物学应用
Radium Treatment
镭疗
Cancer- Producing Chemical Compounds
诱发癌症的化合物
Molecular Structure of the Collagen Fibres
胶原纤维的分子结构
Dextran as a Substitute for Plasma
作为血浆替代物的葡聚糖
Plant Viruses and Virus Diseases
植物病毒和病毒性疾病
Action of Penicillin on... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 《自然》百年科学经典
(英汉对照版)
《〈自然〉百年科学经典》(10卷本)是一套英汉对照版的科学主题丛书,收录并翻译了国际顶尖学术期刊《自然》自1869年创刊以来发表过的近千篇精华论文,再现了过去近一百五十年间自然科学各个领域的研究人员艰辛跋涉、不断探索的历史足迹:从狭义相对论的提出到量子理论的日趋成熟,从同位素的发现到纳米管的诞生,从研究太阳黑子到追踪宇宙微波背景辐射,从报道苏伊士运河通航到关注全球气候变暖,从进化论之争到人类基因组测序的完成......
百年自然科学的波澜壮阔,尽在《〈自然〉百年科学经典》 !
第一卷(1869~1930)
1869年 《自然》创刊并确定办刊宗旨
1870年 巴斯德研究发现导致家蚕微粒子病的病原... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Foreword by Lu Yongxiang
路甬祥序
Foreword by Tsung Dao Lee
李政道序
Preface
前言
Nature’s Aims
《自然》的宗旨
On the Fertilisation of Winter-Flowering Plants
论冬季开花型植物的受精作用
Fertilisation of Winter-Flowering Plants
冬季开花型植物的受精作用
The Fertilisation of Winter-Flowering Plants
冬季开花型植物的受精作用
The Recent Total Eclipse of the Sun
近... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 泛生论
On Colour Vision
论色觉
A New View of Darwinism
对达尔文学说的新看法
The Copley Medalist of 1870
1870年的科普利奖章获得者
Periodicity of Sun-spots
太阳黑子的周期
Clerk Maxwell’s Kinetic Theory of Gases
克拉克·麦克斯韦的气体动力学理论
Molecules
分子
On the Dynamical Evidence of the Molecular Constitution of Bodies
关于物体分子构成的动力学证据
The Law of Storms
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The Connexion of Mass with Luminosity for Stars
恒星的质量与发光度之间的关系
Discovery of a Trans-Neptunian Planet
发现海外行星
Lowell’s Prediction of a Trans-Neptunian Planet
洛威尔对海外行星的预言
Age of the Earth
地球的年龄
Artificial Disintegration by α-Particles
α粒子引发的人工衰变
A New Theory of Magnetic Storms
一项关于磁暴的新理论
Deep Sea Investigation... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | influence on modern agriculture and medicine. The development of information science has provided a theoretical basis for computer science, communication technology, intelligent manufacturing, understanding of human cognition, and even economic and social studies. The theory of continental drift and plate tectonics has... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | cartography, the circulation of the blood, the invention of paper and sericulture and, most famously, of compasses and gunpowder—were first made in China. The Four Great Inventions in ancient China have influenced the development process of the world. Ancient Chinese astronomical records are still used today by astrono... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | and popularization of hybrid rice strains have significantly increased the yields from rice cultivation, benefiting hundreds of millions of people across the world. Breakthroughs in many other fields, such as materials science, aeronautics and life science, all represent China’s progress in modern science and technolog... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In the 20th century, Nature published many remarkable discoveries in disciplines such as biology, geoscience, environmental science, materials science, and physics. The selection and publication of the best of the more than 100,000 articles in Nature over the past 150 years or so in English-Chinese bilingual format is ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 自近代科学诞生以来,特别是20世纪以来,随着人类对自然的认识不断加深,随着人类利用自然资源的手段与方法不断丰富,技术创新、产业进步已成为推动生产力空前发展和人类社会进步的决定性因素,极大地改变了人类的生产与生活方式,使人类社会发生了显著的变化。 英文
20世纪是科学革命的世纪。量子理论和相对论的创立与发展,改变了人类的时空观和对物质与能量统一性的认识,成为了20世纪一系列重大科学发现和技术发明的理论基石;DNA双螺旋结构模型的建立,标志着人类在揭示生命遗传奥秘方面迈出了具有里程碑意义的一步,奠定了生物技术的基础,对现代农业和医学的发展产生了深远影响;信息科学的发展为计算机科学、通信技术、智能制造提供了知识源泉,并为人类认知、经济学和... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 阅读这套丛书,读者可以重温科学史上一些科学巨匠作出重大科学发现的历程,拓宽视野,拓展思路,提升科研能力,提高科学道德。我相信,这套丛书一定能成为社会各界的良师益友,增强他们对科学的了解与热情,加深他们对科学的尊重与信心。 英文
借此机会向外语教学与研究出版社、麦克米伦出版集团、自然出版集团策划出版本丛书的眼光和魄力表示赞赏,对翻译者、审校者和编辑者为保证丛书质量付出的辛苦劳动表示感谢。 英文
是为序。
中国科学院院长 英文
Foreword by Tsung Dao Lee
We can appreciate the significance of natural science to human life in two as... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of their vision and broadmindedness. Arduous is the road of science; behind any success are countless failures unknown to outsiders. But such failures have laid the foundation for success in later times and thus should not be forgotten. The comprehensive and thoughtful coverage of these volumes will enable readers to g... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如何认识自然科学对人类生活的意义,可以从两个方面来分析:一是物质层面,尤其是近百年来,自然科学取得了很多跨越性的发展,给人类生活带来了许多革命性的变化;二是精神层面,科学精神日益深入人心,这种科学精神并不是认为科学万能、科学可以解决一切问题,它应该是一种老老实实、严谨缜密、又勇于批判和创造的精神,更重要的是,它具有一种坚持为人类福祉而奋斗的信念。这种科学精神可能比物质意义上的科技成就更重要,因为技术进步的影响可能与时代具体的背景有密切关系,但科学精神却永远是人类精神文明中最可宝贵的一部分。 英文
从这个意义上,这套《〈自然〉百年科学经典》丛书的出版,不仅为读者呈现了一个多世纪以来自然科学各个领域发展的历史轨迹,更重要的是,它展现了无... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | a way that reflects currents in the broader social and political landscape. The collected papers—more than 840 selected from over 100,000 published in the journal over the past century and a half—offer a vision of what society wants from science, and what science has given society. 中文
The evolution of Nature
Nature is ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | inception, Nature has been produced by the British publishers Macmillan & Co., although there is now no record of how that arrangement came about. 中文
Lockyer was an astronomer and civil servant who had been elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society six months before Nature first appeared in print. He was well connected ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | That was an ambitious goal. Even now, the research papers in Nature are not easy reading for the lay person with no scientific education, and with the increasing specialization of science it is often difficult even for scientists to understand papers outside their own field. On the other hand, the expansion of Nature i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Several other disciplines have been transformed by discoveries that Nature has reported. The theory of plate tectonics, advanced in the 1930s, was verified by the discovery of seafloor spreading by Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews in 1963. The birth of nuclear physics, which profoundly affected not only physical science... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It was his journalistic instinct that enabled Maddox to restore Nature’s position as an influential voice in the scientific community. In the tradition of Lockyer, he was willing to make the journal vigorously outspoken on matters that demanded it, as for example when Nature campaigned against the dangerous and damagin... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | capable of reading Nature from cover to cover and understanding more or less all of it. Certainly, it is hard to think of anyone else with the breadth of knowledge needed to oversee this collection. 中文
Selection of papers for Nature: the Living Record of Science
The well-known papers mentioned above were obvious candid... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | eugenics: efforts to engineer the genetics of human populations by selective breeding. These ideas are now discredited, but it would seem not only dishonest in historical terms to ignore them but also a distortion of how biologists at that time were interpreting Darwinian theory. 中文
One underlying principle of the sele... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | same is true of the papers that uncover the palaeontological fraud of “Piltdown Man”. 中文
Some reviews of the state of play of a discipline by leading scientists have been included, even though they do not in themselves report new discoveries, in part because such contributions serve as landmarks that, with the imprimat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In general, however, the selected papers in this collection are primary scientific contributions, not comments on work reported elsewhere, or editorials, book reviews, obituaries and so forth. That is a reflection of the intended aims of this collection, although it means that it provides only a partial view of the “fl... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | themselves. In some cases, it is only with hindsight that the significance of a particular discovery becomes apparent, and we have occasionally needed to point out implications that were not even clear to a paper’s author(s). 中文
Scientific publishing in China
Publishing and the media have played a significant role in s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | that high-quality scientific research papers, both past and present, be readily accessible within China. Most of the scientific literature is not available in the Chinese language; this collection takes the first step to change that situation, with the original articles represented as they first appeared in Nature and ... | 400套付费套装书 |
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