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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “With regard to the observation of spot-spectra, I find that every increase of dispersive power renders the phenomenon much more clear, and at the same time more simple. The selective absorption I discovered in 1866 comes out in its most intense form, but without any of the more complicated accompaniments described by ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Thus, of the b lines, b1 and b2 are of nearly equal height, but b4 is much shorter. 中文
4. It has since been discovered that of the 450 iron lines observed by Ångstrom, only a very few are indicated in the spectrum of the chromosphere when iron vapour is injected into it. 中文
5. The authors’ experiments on hydrogen and n... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | have been almost perfectly reproduced; for each increase in the temperature of the spark caused the magnesium vapour to extend further from the pole, and where the lines disappeared a band was observed surmounting them, which is possibly connected with one which at times is observed in the spectrum of the chromosphere ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
除上述谱线外,其他谱线也被观测了许多次,但是它们的位置仍然没有被严格确定。 英文
作者指出,以铁为例,如果昂斯特伦和基尔霍夫图谱中标注的铁线是由铁这一种元素的吸收造成的,那么到目前为止,他只能在色球层较低的区域中检测到全部460条谱线中的3条——也许未来的观测工作中可能会观测到全部。镁和钡也如此。 英文
文章接着写到: 英文
“弗兰克兰博士和我已经确定了我在1866年提出的黑子光谱中钠线的展宽效应,并称这可能是存在更强吸收作用的证据,说明较大的压力导致强的吸收。 英文
“在一个黑子光谱中钠线的持续展宽可以被看作是一个附加的证据(如果现在需要一个证据的话),这支持由弗兰克兰博士和我首先提出的有关太阳物质组成的理论,即色球层和光球... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | (《皇家学会学报》,第17卷,第351页。) 英文
2. 这也表明:(1)这些气体中的绝大部分都处于色球层的底部;(2)在极少数情况下,镁蒸气看上去像是一块与光球层分离的云。 英文
3. 1869年3月14日向皇家学会提交了一幅草图,进一步说明当镁蒸气注入的时候,并不是所有谱线都达到了同一高度。 英文
比如,对于b线而言,b1和b2的高度近似相等,但b4短很多。 英文
4. 在昂斯特伦先前发现的450条铁线中,只有极少数会在铁蒸气注入色球层时出现在色球层的光谱中。 英文
5. 作者关于氢和氮的实验可以立刻与这些现象联系起来,这通常要假设大部分产生夫琅和费线的吸收发生于光球层内部。 英文
实际上,就像在氢和氮的实例中一样,只需要假定在... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THE Darwinian theory has a practical side of infinite importance, which has not, I think, been sufficiently considered. The process of natural selection among wild animals is of necessity extremely slow. Starting with the assumption (now no longer a mere assumption) that the creature best adapted to its local condition... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | species by the most exalted individuals for the time being to be found. Parliament, being an assembly about as devoid of any scientific insight as a body of educated men could possibly be, has not as yet consciously legislated with a view to the improvement of the English type of character. Without knowing it, however,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | A glance at the operation of Darwinism in the past, will best show how potent it may be made in the future. Look at English progress and English character, and consider from this point of view to what we owe it. There were originally some natural conditions favourable to the growth of our commercial and manufacturing e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the people. All that there was of meanness and selfishness and falsehood was tempted to servility and apostacy, and flourished and perpetuated itself accordingly. All that there was of nobleness and heroic determination was drawn into a separate circle, where the only qualities that throve and grew were irreconcileable... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | is the special type of character which on the Darwinian hypothesis we should expect to see developed, transmitted, and increased. How far this accords with actual experience, no one can be at a loss to say. There is probably not a nation in the world whose peculiarities might not be traced with equal ease to the operat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我们从一个假设(现在已经不仅仅是一个假设了)开始论述这个问题,假设最适应当地环境的生物必定在生存斗争中胜过其他生物,那么,一种高等生物最终确立的每一步都是依赖于以下三个事件:第一,出现了一个新种类的个体或变异体,比当时占优势的物种更适应周围环境;第二,这个更高等的个体在死亡之前有足够的时间能够产生后代以传递自己的特性;第三,这个个体与其他足够优良的个体交配来繁殖后代,以保证它的优等生物性状不会被中和掉。对于家养动物来说,进化的速度无比之快,因为在实际应用中为了促进改良品种的产生首先会改变动物的生活环境;其次,会照料并保护出现的改良品种使其免受灾害;最后,还会给它指定配偶以保证其优良性状的延续。人类的进化速度则介于两者之间。人类中出现... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 那么,现在的结果是什么呢?从我们废除了那些肮脏的刑律算起,已经过去大半个世纪了,然而在爱尔兰,没有人不会发现由我们的祖先人为导致的这两种主流特质。唯一的变化是,这两种特质在一定程度上混杂在一起,交叉体现着各自的特性。是否未来的立法能在一定程度上改变爱尔兰的生存环境,从而使得这个民族的特质慢慢有所变化,这个问题是十分有意义的,但它太大了,不是现在就能讨论的。不管怎样,我们都难以期待短短几代人的时间就能使几个世纪以来形成的民族特质得到改变。 英文
我还是把眼光放在过去吧,让我再来说一下由美国人自身的生存环境造就的美国人的显著的特质。一开始,他们身上就携带着大量的英国人所具有的根深蒂固的特质,而数百万超出各个种族平均水平的移民可能使这种特... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Although some apparent exceptions might be adduced, it is no doubt true that man displays his utmost vigour and perfection, both of mind and body, in the regions intermediate between extreme heat and extreme cold, allowance being made for the reduced temperature of elevated mountain districts. The explanations hitherto... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I conceive it to be the essential consequence of Darwin’s views that no form of life is to be regarded as a fixed form; but that all living beings, including man, are in a continual process of adjustment to the conditions in which they live. If this be so, it will of necessity follow that the longer any race dwells in ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is hardly to be expected that history can afford complete corroboration of this theory; but I do not think that historical facts can be adduced in serious opposition to it. The progress of archaeological and linguistic inquiry shows more and more clearly that the civilised parts of the earth have been inhabited by a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I would add in conclusion that the utmost result of speculations of this kind, supposing them to be valid, would consist in establishing a general tendency, so that the probabilities will be in favour of a great display of civilisation occurring in temperate climates rather than elsewhere. I do not for a moment suppose... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 一些人甚至主张我们不列颠特殊的气候可能是最佳的,因为这样的气候使我们的忍耐力达到我们所能承受的极限程度,因此最大限度地挖掘出了我们的潜力。这里又是一个假设:不列颠的人和气候是特别创造出来的,彼此相适应。 英文
另一个方面,自然选择的理论表明:伴随着时间的推移,会有多种多样的适应现象不断产生。物质世界发生的任何事情必然反馈到原本强加于物质的特性上,尽管这看起来不那么完美,但当我们真正理解了这一点时,可以肯定,我们对蕴涵在创造过程中的智慧的认知也必将不断得到提升。持续不断的创造和适应一定是受某种伟大力量支配的,就好像从一开始就是这种力量按照某种始终如一的法则设计并创造了各种物质,之后又不受任何约束地继续创造了各种生命形式并使它们不断适应... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(刘冉冉 翻译;陈平富 审稿)
The Veined Structure of Glaciers
E. Whymper
Editor’s Note
Edward Whymper was a renowned British explorer, and the first person to ascend the Matterhorn in the Alps. He commonly made geological observations on his expeditions, and here he weighs in on a debate about glaciers that had involved some le... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The late Principal J. D. Forbes maintained (“Occasional Papers on the Theory of Glaciers”, 13th letter) that the veins of stratification were annihilated at a certain point, and that at precisely the same time other veins, approximately at right angles to the former ones, were formed. These effects he referred to inten... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I have seen examples which it was difficult to explain by either one or the other. 中文
There is one means by which the veins might be produced, which, if not overlooked, is at least not generally advanced. All glaciers have crevasses; a glacier is known by its crevasses. The sides of all crevasses become more or less we... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 阿加西斯教授还区分出两种冰川纹理,即分层纹理和渗透条带,后者被认为是由于水的渗透和凝结而形成的。 英文
已故的福布斯校长认为:分层纹理在某一时刻会消失,但与分层纹理近于垂直的其他纹理便立刻形成。他认为这是由于(冰川)高压作用造成的(《冰川理论部分研究论文集》,第13篇)。 英文
廷德尔教授同意福布斯教授关于“垂直纹理构造不是由分层作用形成”的观点(《阿尔卑斯山脉的冰川》,第380、425~426页)。如果我没有理解错的话,福布斯教授不相信任何(近于)垂直的纹理是分层作用的结果。他将纹理分为边缘、横向和纵向三种构造,认为它们都与压力有关,压力可造成冰的部分液化,当压力消失后,水将再次结冰。 英文
如果存在一种机制,它在纯冰中产生的所有... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THIS may seem a bold question, for it is commonly believed that Sir William and Sir John Herschel—the Ajax and the Achilles of the astronomical host—have long since proved that many of the nebulae are star-systems. If we inquire, however, into what the Herschels have done and said, we shall find that not only have they... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Then there were certain other objects, which seemed to present no analogy either to the sidereal system or to separate stars. These objects Sir Wm. Herschel considered to belong to our sidereal system; for he could not put them outside its range without looking on them as objects sui generis, which would have been to a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Struve found that the numbers of stars of given magnitudes exhibit nearly the same proportion in different directions. Thus supposing that in a given direction there are three times as many stars of a certain magnitude as there are of the next highest magnitude, then in other directions, also, the same relation is obse... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Before proceeding to exhibit the evidence which has led me to the conviction that the nebulae belong to our sidereal system, I may mention some reasons for believing that if Sir William Herschel’s labours in the sidereal heavens were to be begun now, not only would he not have been led to adopt as probable the view on ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | From a careful study of all that Sir William Herschel has written, I feel certain, that in the case I have imagined, he would have been prepared, even before commencing his labours, to expect precisely that variety of matter, size, and aggregation, which modern observations, rightly understood, prove actually to exist ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the Herschels admit. 中文
But yet stronger evidence of association exists; evidence which I do not hesitate to speak of as incontrovertible. Space will only permit me to treat it very briefly. 中文
There is a certain well-marked stream of nebulae in the southern heavens leading to a well-marked cluster of nebulae. There is... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Again, some of the nebulae are gaseous, and all the gaseous nebulae exhibit the same spectrum. Now, two classes of gaseous nebulae, the planetary and the irregular nebulae, exhibit a marked preference for the Milky Way, and therefore we must admit the probability that they, at any rate, belong to the sidereal scheme. B... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | analogues of those other nebulous and clustering forms which are not miniatures of our galaxy?” 中文
It will be seen that, while Sir John Herschel is quite ready (should the evidence require it) to adopt altogether new views about the nebulae, he is not ready to forego the grandeur of those noble views of the universe wh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
威廉·赫歇尔爵士认为,银河系是一个裂开的盘状恒星系统。约翰·赫歇尔爵士判断,这个恒星系统更像是一个被压平的环。威廉·赫歇尔爵士认为,恒星星云可能是外面的星系。约翰·赫歇尔爵士则给出了一些理由,认为它们处于我们星系内部,休厄尔认为这些理由已经构成了确凿的证据。 英文
人们已经确信,老斯特鲁韦的研究工作在很大程度上证明威廉·赫歇尔爵士提出的观点很可能是正确的。 英文
那就让我们来研究一下他的论断在多大程度上是正确的。 英文
斯特鲁韦发现,一定星等的恒星数目在不同方向上所占的比例大致相同。因此,如果假定在一个给定方向上某个星等的恒星数目是比该星等亮一等的恒星数目的3倍,那么在其他方向上,这个关系也会成立。这是一个非常值得注意的定律,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 同样存在一个十分明显的恒星流一直通向同样十分明显的恒星团。星云流的位置与恒星流的位置相符,这种一致性源于巧合的可能性是很小的。星云团在位置上也与恒星团相符,这第二种一致性源于巧合的可能性更小。这两个事件是相对独立的。于是我们立刻可以想到,这两个事件都源于巧合的几率会是多么小。 英文
这里提到的星团就是著名的大麦哲伦星云。当我们把小麦哲伦星云的情况也考虑进来的时候,该现象又一次重复出现了,这说明这种相关性的存在是毋庸置疑的。如果星云真的以这种方式与固定的恒星相联系,那么这篇文章标题中的问题就会马上迎刃而解。 英文
但是这里还有更进一步的证据。 英文
通过难以察觉的渐变,星云从非常不容易分辨的星团,逐渐过渡到严格来说可被称为星云但仍然可... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | therefore easier to resolve into independent stars, whereas in practice, on the contrary, smaller nebulae were more easily resolvable. 中文
MR. Proctor’s interesting paper in your last number reminded me of an essay on “The Nebular Hypothesis”, originally published in 1858, and re-published, along with others, in a volum... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | fact that local regions of nebulae are regions where stars are scarce, and the further fact that single nebulae are habitually found in comparatively starless spots, does not the proof of a physical connection become overwhelming?” 中文
The reasonings of Humboldt and others proceeded upon the tacit assumption that differ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | This startling incongruity being deducible if the argument proceeds on the assumption that differences of apparent magnitude among the stars result mainly from differences of distance, I have gone on to consider what must be inferred if this assumption is not true; observing that “awkwardly enough, its truth and its un... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | ones. This, however, is exactly the reverse of the fact. The largest nebulae are either wholly irresolvable, or but partially resolvable under the highest telescopic powers; while a great proportion of quite small nebulae are easily resolvable by far less powerful telescopes.” 中文
At the time when these passages were wr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | ’既然认为我们的太阳系靠近这一聚集体的中心,那么我们与聚集体最远端的距离大约是我们与天狼星的距离的400倍。然而即使借助目前威力最大的望远镜,也不能逐个分辨出位于聚集体最远端的恒星。那么,用这样的望远镜如何才能分辨出这些100万倍于天狼星距离的星云中的单个恒星呢?这意味着,一颗由于距离过远而无法观测到的恒星,在将其距离拉远2,500倍后,反而可以观测到了!” 英文
如果承认恒星之间视星等的区别主要源于距离的差异,那么从以上结果得到的推论会存在惊人的矛盾。因此,我继续思考,如果该假设不成立,那么究竟可以推出什么。我也注意到“情况非常尴尬,无论是否正确,由洪堡的方法得出的结论都是同样致命的。只能考虑其他可能的选择”: 英文
“一方面,如... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | MODERN geological research has rendered it almost certain, that the same causes which produced the various formations with their imbedded fossils, have continued to act down to the present day. It has therefore become possible that, by means of changes which are known to have occurred in a given number of years, some m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But there is another class of geological phenomena which enable us to measure those very gaps in the record of which we have just spoken, and it is now generally admitted that the continual change of the forms of animal and vegetable life which each succeeding formation presents to us, affords the best means of estimat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | intercalated milder periods, that we meet with a decided change in the forms of life. Elephants and rhinoceroses, bears, lions and hyenas then inhabited Europe; but they were nearly all of species slightly different from any now existing, while the reindeer, the musk-sheep, the lemming and some other animals, were the ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the earth; while the researches of Mr. Darwin render it almost certain that, however vast the time since the Silurian and Cambrian epochs, yet anterior to these, at least an equal, and probably a much longer, series of ages must have elapsed since life first appeared upon the earth, in order to allow for the slow devel... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | any one period, winter in the northern hemisphere occurs when the earth is nearest the sun or in perihelion (as is the case now), in 10,500 years it will occur in aphelion; at the one period the winters will be shorter and warmer, at the other longer and colder. When the excentricity is great (say two, three, or four t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | generally forming true glacial epochs. This seems the legitimate deduction from Mr. Croll’s reasoning and from the tables of excentricity with which he has furnished us; but, as he very justly argues, we cannot expect to find geological evidence of all these changes of climate. The warm and temperate periods will natur... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | toward the sun in June) having so much more land than the southern. So, the northern hemisphere being three millions of miles nearer the sun in winter than in summer, while the southern hemisphere is the reverse, the northern winter ought to be warmer and the northern summer cooler than the southern; but this, too, is ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Stream to be diverted into the Pacific. The only proof of this is the fact that one-third of the known species of marine fishes are absolutely identical on the two sides of the isthmus of Panama; but it is impossible to conceive any means by which such an amount of identity could have been brought about except by a rec... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 从生命形式最初在地球上出现一直到今天,其演化的速度可能确实曾持续增加或减少过,或者曾经历过一些短期的变化,但是直到现在我们还没有这方面的实例证据。我们可以有把握地认为,生命的演变基本上是匀速进行的。 英文
因此,为了测定地质年代,我们只需要为物种变化确定一个可靠的测量单位,但这恰恰是我们至今还没有解决的问题,因为在人类有记载的全部历史时期中,自然界的生物体本身还没能产生人类能够感觉到的哪怕是最轻微的变化。况且,虽然从新石器时代至今这段相当漫长的时间里,自然地理已发生了某些变化,而且在一定程度上改变了动植物的分布,但是并没有对生物形态的演化产生影响。只有当我们回到旧石器时代,当人类使用打制的石器作为武器,而欧洲可能或是刚刚度过严酷的冰... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 最近的300万年可能包含了第三纪的大部分时间,因此在这段时间里主要是两个半球中温暖和寒冷气候的交替变化,后者通常能形成真正的冰川期。这似乎是从克罗尔先生的推理和他提供给我们的偏心率表格中得出的合理推论,但正如他论证的那样,我们无法找到这些气候变化的地质学方面的证据。气候温暖的时期自然会留下最好的记录,而寒冷时期则只能是以生物遗骸的缺失为特征。此外,我们必须考虑到10,500年在地质学中只是一个很小的时间段,我们有理由认为,可能有几个这样的时期并没有发生那些达尔文先生和赖尔爵士认为是保存地质记录所必需的异常情况。至于冰川活动的自然证据,很少能在反复的剥蚀、抬升和沉降作用后保存下来,这也是自以前任何一个冰川期以来地球表面必然要经受的过程... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Nile in the north, the Congo to the west and the Zambesi to the east. The discussion is ample reminder of how poorly Africa was mapped out in the late nineteenth century. 中文
I have read with much pleasure Mr. Keith Johnston’s remarks in your impression of the 27th ult. on the subject of Dr. Livingstone’s explorations, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Johnston, it follows that there is here a virtual dead level extending over not five, but thirteen degrees of latitude, or 780 geographical miles! If then it is possible for the waters of Lake Liemba, the head of Livingstone’s “eastern line of drainage”, to flow into the Albert Nyanza, it is equally possible for those ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | This is entirely in accordance with the opinion I have always entertained that the water-parting between the basin of the Nile and those of the rivers flowing into the Atlantic—the Ogowai, the Kuango (Congo), the Kwanza, and the Kunene—is on about the twentieth meridian of east longitude, as it is, in fact, marked on m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | sources in snowy mountains, not at the extremity but at the side of their respective basins. Dr. Livingstone’s present discoveries seem to establish the fitness of this comparison, and to extend it. For as the Po, whose exit is in the Adriatic, has its head sources in the Cottian and Maritime Alps, within a few miles o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
读了贵刊上月第27期刊载的基思·约翰斯顿先生关于利文斯通博士的探险的评论,我非常高兴,因为这些评论不仅深刻地揭示了所探讨地区的基本自然风貌,并恰当地评估了该问题的价值,而且,还有助于证实我的看法的正确性,即谦比西河及其湖泊归属于尼罗河水系而不是刚果河水系。只是有一点我要解释一下,在12月1日的那篇快报(《自然》,第9期)中,我并没有“认为构成伟大的旅行家最新发现的主要部分的那条河就是尼罗河的源头”,而仅仅是说它“汇入”了尼罗河。 英文
在水位问题上,贵刊的通讯员是完全正确的,并且,如果他看一下本月的《图说旅行》第1期,就会知道我与他的观点有多一致。从利文斯通博士的陈述来看,谦比西河流域的一般水位不超过3,000英尺,并且,河流... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 因为在东西距离不到1°(位于东经18°~19°之间),南北距离仅为0.5°(南纬11°30′~12°)的范围内,发源于此的河流不仅包括流向北方的全长超过地球周长1/8的尼罗河,还有那些向西流去的刚果河、宽扎河和库内内河,以及向南流去的奎维河和库班河,另外,这里还是兰热邦戈河(流向东方并构成赞比西河源头)的发源地。实际上,它就是自1846年以来我一直努力要确定的“非洲大陆的巨型水库,是分别流入地中海、大西洋、印度洋的各河流的中心分界处”(《皇家地理学会会刊》,第17卷,第82页),同样也是流向尼亚萨湖和其他内陆低地的各河流的中心分界点。 英文
(齐红艳 翻译;刘盛和 审稿)
The Velocity of Thought
M. Fo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of the signal—a fraction, moreover, varying somewhat with different observers, and with the same observer under differing mental conditions. Of late years considerable progress has been made towards an accurate knowledge of this mental time. 中文
A typical bodily action, involving mental effort, may be regarded as made u... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | either is indicated at once by an upward (or downward) deviation from the horizontal line. These levers further are so arranged (as may readily be done) that the one lever is moved by the entrance of the very galvanic current which gives rise to the motor impulse in the nerve, and thus marks the beginning of that motor... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Having ascertained this, the next step is to repeat the experiment exactly in the same way, except that the galvanic current is brought to bear upon the nerve, not close to the muscle, but as far off as possible at the furthest point of the two inches of nerve. The motor impulse has then to travel along the two inches ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | depends, to some extent, on its intensity. Weak impulses, set up by slight causes of excitement, travel more slowly than strong ones. 中文
The contraction of a muscle offers us an excellent objective sign of the motor impulse having arrived at its destination; and, all muscles behaving pretty much the same towards their ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | then, that the excess of time is taken up by the transit of the sensation through the distance by which the sensory nerves of the foot exceed in length those of the brow. And from this we can calculate the rate at which the sensation moves. 中文
Unfortunately, however, the results obtained by this method are by no means ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | This general fact seems quite clear and settled; but if we ask ourselves the question, why is it so? Where, in the case of light, for instance, does the delay take place? We meet at once with difficulties. The differences certainly cannot be accounted for by differences in length between the optic, auditory, and brow n... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | signal be made with the hand of the same side, a certain physiological time is consumed in the act. But if the apparatus be so arranged that the shock may be given to either foot, and it be required that the person experimenting, not knowing beforehand to which foot the shock is coming, must give the signal with the ha... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | When the exciting cause was a sound answered by a sound, the increase of the physiological time was much shortened. Thus, the choice between two sounds and the determination to answer required about 50/1,000 of a second; while, when the choice lay between five different sounds, 88/1,000 of a second was required. In the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The mental labour actually employed when the sound at last is heard is limited almost to a recognition of the sound, and the rise of what we may venture to call a bare volitional impulse. When this is done, the time is very considerably shortened. In this way Donders found, as a mean of numerous observations that the s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 然而,人们除了作重大决定时需要花很长时间思考以外,粗略的经验清楚地告诉我们,普通的思考也是需要花费时间的。而且,一旦将思考过程与精密仪器和精确计算联系起来以后,思考所花的时间就变得不容忽视了。天文学家的“测者误差”就是一个著名的例子。当观测者在观察星体运动时,会在看到星体或其特定的运动轨迹后立即记录,人们发现观测者作出记录的时间总是比星体实际在他眼中成像的时间滞后零点几秒,并且这个滞后时间的长短因人而异,就算是同一个观测者,其精神状态不同,滞后时间也不同。近年来,人们在对这一思考时间的准确认识方面已经取得了相当大的进展。 英文
一个典型的身体动作需要大脑的帮助,可能包括三个步骤:首先感觉信息向大脑传输,然后在大脑中建立动作过程,最后... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我们或许可以这样做:假设当一个人的额头皮肤受到电击后,人在感知的同时立即通过形成或切断电流而产生一个信号。我们可以很容易地通过旋转的圆柱和细杆将这两种电流联系起来,这样我们就能用上文中描述的音叉法测定出从额头遭受电击到产生信号的时间间隔。这样我们就可以获得整个的“生理时间”,正如它的名字(一个很糟糕的名字)所表示的一样,在这段时间里感觉从额头传递到大脑,然后大脑皮层作出反应,形成意识脉冲,意识脉冲沿着胳膊和手的神经传递,达到目的地后引起肌肉收缩从而产生信号。然后我们又进行了类似的测量,不过这次电击的是脚部而不是额头。结果发现脚部的整个生理时间比额头的长,主要原因是刺激感觉从脚部到大脑的神经传递路径比从额头到大脑长得多。由此,我们可以... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
受试者在2个字母之间进行选择需要的生理时间比前述的用手作出反应所需的生理时间短很多,而当被选择的字母增加到5个时,生理时间变长,这一过程中思考的时间是170/1,000秒。 英文
当用声音回应声音刺激时,延长的生理时间将大大缩短。在2种声音之间作出选择并决定回应所需的时间大约是50/1,000秒。然而,当在5种声音之间作出选择时,所需的生理时间为88/1,000秒。在上述观测研究中,2名受试者坐在声波记振仪前,他们的声音被记录在同一个旋转圆柱上。 英文
这些观测结果也许可以看作是新一轮研究的起点,很明显,适当地综合运用多种方法,可以减少精神因素的影响,并确定它们的生理时间。例如,人发出声音的过程是预先安排好的,在给出回答之前消... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | CAN any of your readers inform me why the sky is blue? Is it that the predominant colour of sunlight being orange, the regions devoid of sunlight appear of the complementary colour? If so, the planets of Sirius and Vega would have a black sky, those of Betelgeux a green sky, while those of the double stars would have d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(刘明 翻译;邓祖淦 审稿)
The Physical Constitution of the Sun
Editor’s Note
What gives the Sun its heat? Hermann von Helmholtz and William Thomson had recently speculated on the physical constitution of the Sun, and this editorial explores one of their ideas concerning its energy source. Their so-called “contraction theory” ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | data (derived from experiments which ought to be repeated in some year when the solar spots are at a minimum) Helmholtz has shown that, even were the sun’s density uniform, a contraction of 1/10 percent in his diameter would evolve 20,000 times the present annual supply of solar heat. But when the sun was hotter the sa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “Now we have every reason for the belief that radiation is proportional to temperature. Assuming this and taking the temperature of the sun’s photosphere as 14,000 °C,
10,000,000 times the present annual supply would be radiated
in 3,650,000 years if the specific heat were 218,
in 7,280,000 ... ... ... ... 1,000.
1... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | epoch. 中文
“The very great diversity of the limiting values for the specific heat seems to afford ample scope for every needful allowance on account of the natural action of the particles within the body of the sun, even conceding to this the immense effect (analogous to the increase of specific heat) which has been ass... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
“现在,我们有充分的理由相信辐射正比于温度。按照这个假设并假定太阳光球层的温度为14,000°C,则:
英文
“对于气体而言,除了氢气之外,就我所知,已知的最小比热是0.508(氨气);氢气的比热低于3.5,不可能是组成太阳大气的主要成分。*看起来比热高达1,000是完全不可能的;即便就按这样的假设,那么,如果太阳的辐射量与它的温度成正比的话,500,000,000倍于目前年辐射量的初始热量也将在不到4,000万年的时间里被辐射掉。在1,000万年这个更可能的时间长度内,我们会发现,如果比热不高于218,那么将有2.26亿倍于目前年辐射量的热量在这段时间内被消耗掉;即使比热能够达到1,000,总辐射量也将是目前年热辐射量的1... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The negative results which Dr. Frankland and myself have obtained in our laboratory-work in the matter of the yellow bright line, near D, in the spectrum of the chromosphere being a hydrogen line, led me to make a special series of observations on that line, with a view of differentiating it, if possible, from the line... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I have been able to make a series of observations on the fine spot which was visible when I commenced them on April 10th, not far from the centre of its path over the disc. At this time, the spot, as I judged by the almost entire absence of indications of general absorption in the penumbral regions, was shallow, and th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I pointed out to the Royal Society, now more than a year age*, that the largest prominences, as seen at any one time, are not necessarily those in which either the intensest action or the most rapid change is going on. From the observations made on this and the following day, I think that we may divide prominences into... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The appearances were at times extraordinary and new to me. The hydrogen shot out rapidly, scintillating as it went, and suddenly here and there the bright line, broad and badly defined, would be pierced, as it were, by a line of intensely brilliant light parallel to the length of the spectrum, and at times the whole pr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | corrugation, or spot under the corresponding part of the slit—a pore, in fact, is a spot. Here and there, where the spectrum is brightest (where a bright point of facula is under the slit) we suddenly see this appearance—an interesting bright lozenge of light. This I take to be due to bright hydrogen at a greater press... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | On this day I was so anxious to watch the various motion-forms of the hydrogen-lines, that I did not use the tangential slit. This I did the next day (the 17th of April) in the same region, when similar eruptions were visible, though the spot was no longer visible. 中文
Judge of my surprise and delight, when upon sweepin... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | spectroscope reported tranquil as to up and down rushes. I saw every cloud-dome in their neighbourhood perfectly, and I saw these domes drawn out, by horizontal currents, doubtless, in the penumbrae, while on the floors of the spots, here and there, were similar cloud-masses, the distribution of which varied from time ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
4月10日,我开始对一个小黑子进行一系列的观测,这个黑子距离其通过日面路径的中点不远。在这次观测中,黑子半影区内几乎完全没有出现吸收现象,我据此判断这是一个很浅的黑子。最近观测到的很多黑子都是这样。几个小时的观测过程中,这个黑子显然在逐渐变深,本影部分变大,且数目增加,就好像有某种下沉运动正在进行;但是这时有云飘过来,我的观测被迫停止。 英文
等到了第二天(4月11日),黑子显然已经变大了,而且这时出现了一个非常明亮的日珥,完全遮住了黑子本影最暗的区域,这个日珥从黑子的半影或者是很靠近半影的地方出现,这一点根据其亮度比明亮C线和F线更高可知。 英文
4月12日,日珥仍然停留在那里。 英文
4月15日,黑子接近日面的边缘,日珥仍... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
3. 可以比较肯定地确认在日面上形成了一个明亮日珥。 英文
4. 如果靠近日面边缘,这个日珥会延伸到日面以外,这样它的运动形态就更容易被观测。在这种情况下,这类日珥运动大多会呈气旋状,运动速度一般都很快,另外光球大气被撕裂,同时伴有非常明亮的氢线(这正是太阳风暴的另一特征),可见的明亮谱线的数目反映了气体被撕裂位置的深度,并且这个数目的变化直接反映了那里的运动状况。 英文
我认为我们现在已经建立了日珥与光斑中较明亮点之间的联系。 英文
我们在16日观测到的在太阳黑子附近出现的菱形亮点是伴随着“脉动”式的喷发出现的,我在前面已经提到过这种脉动;霍利迪先生当时正和我在一起,两个小时内我们看到了两次喷发,在两次喷发之间有一段几乎完全... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | optical means. 中文
THE battle of the Standards is over, and we may say the Metre has gained the victory. The need of a new system of weights and measures to amend the strange diversities which disfigure our practice being admitted, the question has once more been started—Should we once for all found our system on a natu... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | attain much greater accuracy than was arrived at by the French philosophers at the end of the eighteenth century. What commends the metre above any other unit, is the fact, that it is already a cosmopolitan unit, widely recognised, and in general use among many nations; and that whilst other units remain as philosophic... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “Considering the information which has been laid before the Commission, — 中文
“Of the great increase during late years of international communication, especially in relation to trade and commerce; 中文
“Of the general adoption of the metric system of weights and measures in many countries, both in Europe and other parts o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | that the people will give themselves the trouble of learning the new system, however beautiful and easy, so long as its use is not absolutely necessary. With all the desire of the teachers to introduce it in the schools, they find that they cannot teach the old and the new tables. They cannot afford the time. A compuls... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | MM. Struve, Wild, and Jacobi, has made a report on the subject, observing that the standard metric weights and measures of the various countries of Europe and of the United States differ by sensible though small quantities from one another. They expressed their opinion that the continuation of these errors would be hig... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
我们说,关于标准的战争终于结束,米获得了最终胜利,这意味着,从实用角度出发,所有反对引入米制系统的意见都被抛弃,国会和政府接下来将在适当的时间,以适当的方式将其推广,并将很快得到可行且满意的结果。虽然米制系统在6年前已经合法化,但是直到最近某皇家委员会才开始慎重地考虑这个问题。由皇家天文学家、皇家学会主席、前任铸币大臣等人组成的标准委员会开始考虑重新(无论以何种方式)引入米制度量衡的问题。经过仔细的考量,他们通过了以下决议: 英文
“根据委员会掌握的信息: 英文
近年来国际交往迅速增加,尤其是商贸上的往来; 英文
在欧洲和世界其他地区的许多国家,米制度量衡体系已经得到广泛的应用,最近北德联盟和美国也开始使用这种体系; 英文
在... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | but previously thought to be native to the creatures. Pasteur’s initial presentation in France of his theory on infectious germs met with strong criticism, but his famously systematic experiments eventually made the case irrefutable. 中文
I have recently received from M. Pasteur a copy of his new work, “Sur la Maladie de... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | attention fixée sur la question qui interesse mon pauvre pays; la misère surpasse tout ce que vous pouvez imaginer.” Pamphlets about the plague had been showered upon the public, the monotony of waste paper being broken at rare intervals by a more or less useful publication. “The Pharmacopoeia of the Silkworm,” wrote M... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | adopted by Pasteur. Pébrine also declares itself in the stunted and unequal growth of the worms, in the languor of their movements, in their fastidiousness as regards food, and in their premature death. The discovery of the inner workings of the epidemic may be thus traced. In 1849 Guerin Méneville noticed in the blood... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the life of the insect. After the last moulting the worm climbs the brambles placed to receive it, and spins among them its cocoon. It passes thus into a chrysalis; the chrysalis becomes a moth, and the moth when liberated lays the eggs which form the starting-point of a new cycle. Now Pasteur proved that the plague-co... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Pasteur made his first communication on this subject to the Academy of Sciences in September 1865. It raised a cloud of criticism. Here forsooth was a chemist rashly quitting his proper métier and presuming to lay down the law for the physician and biologist on a subject which was eminently theirs. “On trouva étrange q... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In 1867 the cultivators communicated to the mayor their results. The letter of Pasteur was then opened and read, and it was found that in twelve out of fourteen cases, there was absolute conformity between his prediction and the observed facts. Many of the educations had perished totally; the others had perished almost... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | been eaten, he watched the consequences from day to day. Side by side with the infected worms he reared their fellows, keeping them as much as possible out of the way of infection. These constituted his “lot temoign”, his standard of comparison. On the 16th of April, 1868, he thus infected thirty worms. Up to the 23rd ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | As his acquaintance with the subject increased, Pasteur’s desire for precision augmented, and he finally gives the growing number of corpuscles seen in the field of his microscope from day to day. After a contagious repast the number of worms containing the parasite gradually augmented until finally it became cent per ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | nothing to be desired. Our observer would, therefore, conclude without hesitation that the eggs produced will be good for incubation. The truth is, on the contrary, that all the worms of these fine crops have been poisoned; that from the beginning they carried in them the germ of the malady; ready to multiply itself be... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Pasteur describes in detail his method of securing healthy eggs, which is nothing less than a mode of restoring to France her ancient prosperity in silk husbandry. And the justification of his work is to be found in the reports which reached him of the application, and the unparalleled success of his method, at the tim... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | letter which accompanied his volumes ends thus:—“Permettez-moi de terminer ces quelques lignes que je dois dicter, vaincu que je suis par la maladie, en vous faisant observer que vous rendiez service aux Colonies de la Grande Bretagne en repandant la connaissance de ce livre, et des principes que j’établis touchant la ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 白僵病虽然不具有遗传性,但是通过随风漂浮的寄生虫孢子,它也会传播到远离疫情中心的地区。巴斯德说,白僵病现在已经非常罕见了,但最近的15~20年间出现了一种更严重的疾病。这种疫病的一个鲜明标志是患病的蚕身上通常有许多黑点,根据这一特征,德卡特勒法热先生最先将这种病命名为微粒子病,巴斯德沿用了这一名称。患微粒子病的家蚕生长受到阻碍且体型发育不均,蠕动缓慢无力,挑食且易早死。关于传染性疾病内在机制的研究从此揭开了序幕。1849年,介朗·莫奈维勒发现一些蚕的体液中存在以振动形式运动的微粒,他认为这些微粒拥有独立的生命并给它们取了一个特别的名字。关于微粒的运动方式,后来菲利皮证明介朗·莫奈维勒是错误的,这些微粒的运动方式正是著名的布朗运动。不... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 14份样本中的另外2份没有被疾病毁掉,最终大概有将近一半的收成。而当初这些蚕卵的主人都认为他们的蚕卵是健康的。他们悉心地孵化,仔细地照料幼蚕,殷切地期望着付出的劳动能得到回报。如果当初他们在1866年进行几分钟的蛾子检测,就能够节省劳动并避免失望一场了。当时,另外还有2份样本也寄来让巴斯德检测。他检测后宣布这2份是健康的,来年丰硕的收成证明了他的预言完全正确。当然,除此之外还有一些间接的但同样具有重要意义的预测此前已经报道过了。 英文
在此之前,莱迪希在其他昆虫体内也发现过类似的致命性微粒。他认为这些微粒属于米勒发现的寄生病菌家族。巴斯德指出,“这等于是将微粒看作是寄生虫,它们在完成寄生行为的同时还繁殖后代。”他通过实验研究了微粒的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 其实这完全就是吃入带病原微粒的食物引起的,结果的严重程度一定程度上和家蚕吃这些带病食物时所处的生命周期有关。” 英文
像这样的研究我曾经也想到过,那是在一次报告上,一部分医生对我提出了并无恶意的责备,而另一部分医生则充分鼓励我,当时我就想到,实验的物理精度对于医学理论的检验是很必要的。我们应该把巴斯德这样的研究工作作为范例提供给英国的医生们,实际上许多既有专业技能又有热情的医生正期望着能接受大师为他们定制的课程指导。在巴斯德之前,关于微粒子病传播特征的观点形形色色、相互矛盾,有些人轻率固执地肯定它,也有些人同样轻率固执地否定它。不过有一点当时是形成共识的,“他们相信必定存在某种有毒的媒介物质以未知的神秘的方式传播疫情,从而导致了疾病... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | DR. H. C. Bastian, who has recently called attention to the nature of the evidence before scientific men in favour of the theory of so-called spontaneous generation, has supplemented it by fresh experiments of his own. The dilemma in which the opponents of this doctrine are now placed is that they must either admit it,... | 400套付费套装书 |
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