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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 从《自然》在过去近一个半世纪里发表过的十万多篇论文中精选出来的这八百四十余篇文章,展现了社会对科学的冀求和科学对社会的贡献。 英文
《自然》的变迁
《自然》几乎是独一无二的发表所有科学领域中开创性研究成果的杂志,由非常有魄力的英国天文学家约瑟夫·诺曼·洛克耶于1869年创立。其办刊宗旨发表在当年11月11日的《自然》第2期上(为什么没有发表在第1期上原因不详),内容如下: 英文
首先,将科学研究和科学发现的重大成果呈现给公众,并促使科学理念在教育和日常生活中得到更为普遍的认可。 英文
其次,帮助科学家自己,为他们提供自然科学各个分支在世界范围内取得的所有进展的最新信息,为他们探讨不时出现的各种科学问题提供交流平台。 英文
上述内容也... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 本套选集还见证了大气和环境科学中出现的许多重大进展,从1985年发现南极上空平流层的臭氧被破坏到逐渐意识到人类活动导致的全球变暖,以及生物圈、海洋、地壳和冰盖之间相互作用导致的过去的一系列气候波动。 英文
悼念主编约翰·马多克斯
在这个项目的最后阶段,约翰·马多克斯与世长辞了,享年83岁。1966~1973年和1980~1995年,他两度担任《自然》的主编。在他的领导下,《自然》从一个完全针对专业人士的期刊转型成为一个集记录科学与将科学的最新进展以易于理解的方式呈现给读者为一体的出版物。这一特质恰恰与马多克斯本人的特点相符,他在伦敦的国王学院接受学习并被培养成为专业的物理学家,而到1955年他成了当时《曼彻斯特卫报》(现称《卫报》)... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 但是,它和1988年《自然》发表的推测“水的记忆”的文章一起,不仅揭示了科学研究是如何进行的(以及可能是如何错误地进行的),也凸显了当时进行的对水分子结构研究的主题。本选集还收录了一些调查所谓氢的“冷核聚变”的文章,它们不仅在今天再现了20世纪80年代末那场尖锐的科学争论,而且在当时揭示那是一个错误实验的过程中也发挥了重要作用。那些揭露古生物学中“皮尔当人”骗局的文章也具有同样的意义。 英文
我们还选入了一些顶级科学家对某一学科进展的综述,尽管它们本身没有报道新的发现。这在某种程度上是因为这些文献是科学发展中的里程碑,借助于《自然》的认可,它们确立了所报道的工作后来成为今天科学重要组成部分的地位,并在当时使其得到广大读者的认可。阿尔... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
一部开创性的选集
《〈自然〉百年科学经典》的开创性在于,此前从未有过如此鸿篇巨制的科学论文选集,而且针对的是全世界的学生与研究人员。它涵盖广泛的学科领域,从生物学到地球与环境科学、材料科学及物理学等等。我们以英汉双语形式出版的目的是为了促进不同文化之间的沟通并激发国际化的研究。 英文
我们希望借此机会感谢所有的译者、审稿专家和编辑,是他们的精心努力成就了本套选集。我们也希望外语教学与研究出版社、麦克米伦出版集团和自然出版集团能够更加紧密地合作,向中国的科学家、学生和科技爱好者提供更多高水准的科学作品。我们相信,这样的合作一定会有效地促进中国科学家和西方科学家之间的思想交流与成果共享。 英文
菲利普·坎贝尔
《自然》主编 英文... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I. Articles written by men eminent in Science on subjects connected with the various points of contact of Natural knowledge with practical affairs, the public health, and material progress; and on the advancement of Science, and its educational and civilizing functions. 中文
II. Full accounts, illustrated when necessary,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
为实现这一双重目标,本刊将尽可能严格地遵循下列计划: 英文
本杂志将刊载一些公众普遍感兴趣的论文,内容包括: 英文
一、由科学界杰出人士撰写的文章,这些文章将涉及与实际事务、公共健康以及物质文明相关的自然知识的各个领域,以及科学进展及其教育与教化功能等方面。 英文
二、对公众普遍关注的科学发现所作的详尽叙述,必要时会辅以图示。 英文
三、对大中院校倡导自然知识所取得的成果的报道,以及旨在为科学教育提供各种援助的公告。 英文
四、对科研成果的全面综述,特别是对前人科研成果的总结回顾,以及对知识进步有所贡献的文章,形式不限,包括文章内的新论据、地图、插图、表格等。 英文
本杂志还会刊载一些更受科学界人士关注的文章,这些将包括: 英... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | England, have investigated the very important part played by insects in the fertilisation of the pistil of one individual by the stamens of another individual of the same species. It is now generally admitted by botanists that cross-fertilisation is the rule rather than the exception. The various contrivances for ensur... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | purse, and some others. 中文
During the winter of 1868–1869, I had the opportunity of making some observations on this class of plants; the result being that I found that, as a general rule, fertilisation, or at all events the discharge of the pollen by the anthers, takes place in the bud before the flower is opened, thu... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In contrast with these was also examined a number of wild plants which had been tempted by the mind January to put forth a few wretched flowers at a very abnormal season, including the charlock Sinapis arvensis, wild thyme Thymus serpyllum, and fumitory Fumaria officinalis; in all of which instances was there not only ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Chimonanthus is abundantly cross-fertilised by the agency of insects, attracted by its delicious scent, in a similar manner to our Grass of Parnassus? 中文
C. Chimonanthus Fragrans
1. Early stage of flower, calyx and corolla removed.
2. Later stage, stamens surrounding the pistil, and discharging their pollen outwardl... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 2. The same some what later, with the stigmas turned upwards.
中文
A single one, however, of these latter organs was observed to protrude beyond the glands simultaneously, or nearly so, with the pistil, and to discharge its pollen freely on the stigmas, thus illustrating a kind of quasi-self-fertilisation. The remaining ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the summer are cross-fertilised; a suggestion which I believe will be found correct. 中文
In conclusion, I may make two observations. The time of flowering of our common plants given in our textbooks is lamentably inexact; for the hazel, March and April for instance! and for the white dead-nettle, May and June! according... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 在直立婆婆纳、双生婆婆纳、大蔓长春花、荆豆、蒲公英、千里光、雏菊和荠菜中,这种现象并不多见,而是4枚较长的雄蕊将花粉释放到花蕾上,2枚较短的雄蕊则需再经过一段时间才能成熟。紫花野芝麻、碎米荠和繁缕是否开花只受日照影响。在检测过的样本中,几乎所有我们观察到的植物都产生了大量完全成形的结有种子的蒴果。上述所有观察是在12月28日到1月20日之间进行的。 英文
A. 短柄野芝麻
1. 去除了花萼和花冠后的花蕾部分。
2. 花蕾上生出的膨大雄蕊,花粉正从中散出。
英文
作为对照,我们也研究了另外一些野生植物,这些植物在1月里受温暖天气的诱导反季节地开出了几朵可怜的小花,这包括野芥、铺地百里香和球果紫堇。对于所有这些植物,不仅没有发现开... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 例如,巴宾顿的书中竟然说榛树是在3月和4月开花,短柄野芝麻是在5月和6月开花!另外,我们也应该特别关注花被搬进室内时的反应,因为室内的热量通常会使花药在很短的时间内就释放出花粉,稻科植物尤其如此。 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
* 《林奈学会会刊》,1868~1869年,植物学,第24页。
Fertilisation of Winter-Flowering Plants
A. W. Bennett
Editor’s Note
Alfred Bennett’s article in Nature’s first issue on fertilisation in winter-flowering plants made m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | plants produced plenty.” This again would agree with my conjecture that it is only the flowers produced in winter that are self-fertilised. I may, however, be permitted to suggest that the test of covering up a plant with a bell-glass is not conclusive on the point of cross-fertilisation, as it is quite probable that w... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The correspondence on fertilisation in winter-flowering plants, begun by Alfred Bennett in the journal’s first issue, continues here with a letter from Charles Darwin himself, who cautions against using bell-jars to isolate flowers from their environment (and thus any external pollination agency) because such a practic... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | account in a letter, and which I am glad to say are far from being opposed to the very general law that distinct individual plants must be occasionally crossed. 中文
(1, 85; 1869)
Charles Darwin: Down, Beckenham, Kent, Nov. 13.
冬季开花型植物的受精作用
达尔文
编者按
关于冬季开花型植物受精作用这一主题的讨论,始于阿尔弗雷德·贝内特在《自然》第1期中发表的文章,随后就有了这篇来自查尔斯·达尔文的快报文章。达尔文... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Earth). 中文
IF our American cousins in general hesitate to visit our little island, lest, as some of them have put it, they should fall over the edge; those more astronomically inclined may very fairly decline, on the ground that it is a spot where the sun steadily refuses to be eclipsed. This is the more tantalising, b... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Now, although we might, as I have pointed out, have these things revealed to us during eclipses if they belonged to the sun, it does not follow that they belong to the sun because we see them. Halley, a century and a half ago, was, I believe, the first person to insist that they were appearances due to the moon’s atmos... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | After I had been at work for some time on the new method of observing the red flames, and after Dr. Frankland and myself had very carefully studied the hydrogen spectrum under previously untried conditions, we came to the conclusion that the spectroscopic evidence brought forward, both in the observatory and in the lab... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | What, then, is the evidence furnished by the American observers on the nature of the corona? It is bizarre and puzzling to the last degree! The most definite statement on the subject is, that it is nothing more nor less than a permanent solar aurora! the announcement being founded on the fact, that three bright lines r... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | So much, then, for the spectroscopic evidence with which we are at present acquainted on the most important point. The results of the other attacks on the same point are equally curious and perplexing. Formerly, a favourite argument has been that because the light of the corona is polarised; therefore it is solar. The ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the noble example they have shown to us, and the food for future thought and work they have accumulated. 中文
* * *
Since writing the above, I find the following independent testimony in favour of Dr. Frankland’s and my own notion of the corona in the Astronomische Nachrichten, from the pen of Dr. Gould. He says:—“Its fo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
在天文学家缓慢地摸索前行之时,沃拉斯顿、赫歇尔、福克斯·塔尔博特、惠斯通、基尔霍夫和本生所做的工作给他们提供了一个强有力的仪器,它以惊人的速度拓宽天文学家的知识并给他们以前难以想象的研究能力,这就是光谱仪。在去年日食期间,天文学家第一次成功地将光谱仪用在对日珥的研究上。两个相隔数千英里的观测者独立得到了这样的科学事实:日珥是由氢组成的;我们每天都可以利用光谱仪对日珥进行研究。 英文
因此,从某种程度上来说,日珥的问题已经“得到解决”了,但是日冕又如何呢? 英文
我用观测日珥的这种新方法工作了一段时间,另外我还和弗兰克兰在各种以前未曾尝试过的条件下对氢的光谱进行了非常仔细的研究,在这之后,我们得出了这样的结论:尽管此前人们总是设... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | ”这一切好像本来就该如此。美国政府和科学工作者们给我们树立了一个光辉的榜样,也积累了一些有助于进一步研究的证据和思路,应该为此而向他们致敬。 英文
* * *
写完以上这些后,我在《天文通报》上看到了谷德博士独立发现的一些能够支持弗兰克兰博士以及我自己关于日冕观点的证据。谷德博士称:“它的形状在不断变化,我得到了间隔一分钟的3个不同时刻的图像。可以看到,它的形状很不规则,与太阳表面的突起或月球上的某些位置都没有明显的联系。事实上,有很多现象都能够推出这是一种大气现象而非宇宙现象的结论。其中一条光束至少有30角分长。” 英文
(汪浩 翻译;蒋世仰 审稿)
The Suez Canal
T. Login
Editor’s Note
B... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | carried out on an extensive scale? And of this also I have no doubt, for the enormous volume of water which now flows into the sea and is lost, is quite sufficient to reclaim the whole of the desert. 中文
It may be asked, can the water be made to flow over the desert? And of this I hold that there can also be no doubt. T... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The great difficulty, however, to contend against, appears to me to be to keep a deep-water channel at the Mediterranean end of the Canal; and what drew my attention to this more than a dozen years ago, was the fact that the harbour of Alexandria does not get silted up. Some have supposed that the subsidence of the del... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The breakwater AB is intended to prevent the very muddy water traveling along the coast, and the point A should extend well out into deep water. The breakwater CD is to direct the comparatively pure water where the sea is deep to pass across the mouth of the canal; and by the funnel-mouthed shape thus given, the veloci... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | † At Felixstowe, last March, during a gale of wind, I watched a mass of brickwork, some eighteen inches square and about six inches thick, moved along the coast by the action of the waves, which were in an oblique direction to the coast, and no doubt the same takes place along the mouths of the Nile. By a sample I took... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | † 英文
从运河向海延伸一小段距离后,泥沙的含量相对就比较少了,所以我认为主要目标应该是防止涌动的水以现在的方式流动,这可以通过建造如图所示的防浪堤来实现。 英文
英文
防浪堤AB用以防止泥沙含量很大的水沿岸移行,A点应伸到深水区中。防浪堤CD用以引导深海中相对纯净的海水流经运河河口。通过建造这样两条漏斗口状的防浪堤,D处水流速度将会增大,从而就能使运河河口处总是深海海水。也许有人会说这样做花费巨大,而且以后还要不时地延展这些防浪堤。对此,我的答复是,河口三角洲向海中延伸的速度并没有某些人想象的那样快。三角洲的形成要经过数千年,因此人们几乎不会感觉到这处三角洲向海中的推进,而且还有人曾在解释三角洲推进缓慢时提出过陆地沉降的观点,尽... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | famous warriors, and distinguished savants invited from the East and from the West; and while the ceremonial lasts the very dreariest of the dreary wastes that here and there border the blue waters of the Mediterranean will be animated by a brilliant throng and the sound of music; and speeches will be made and healths ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But the main project was a ship canal across the isthmus. There is some tradition that Alexander consulted with his engineer officers as to its feasibility, and that they reported against it on account of the difficulty in preventing the mouth of the canal from silting up. In a later age Sultan Selim, who had been baff... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | within a given distance of the shore, with that of the deserts through which the Nile flows. Farther out to sea the sand was coralline, and of an entirely different character, while the Nile drift is made up of quartzose sand, with fine mud and particles of mica. The verifications in this particular were too numerous a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | sea continually reaccumulates the sand upon the beach, onward it moves, in spite of those efforts, and the rate of progress may be imagined when I state that a mosque near Brulos has in about twelve months been nearly buried in one of the dunes” advancing from the westward. “And as the coarse sand of which these hills ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | breezes at the period of high Nile, must cause a continuous progression of an immense quantity of the sands and matter carried out by the turbid river.” 中文
We quote another passage bearing on this point. The captain was walking along the coast for the purpose of observation, from the beacon marking the site of Port Sai... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | and canal on the Bay of Pelusium to be, if not impossible of execution, at least unprofitable. Places which were on the shore when Strabo wrote are now from four to six miles inland, as is shown on the accompanying map, reduced from that published with Captain Sprat’s report; and this modifying action is still going on... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 据说这个联系实际上在托勒密·费拉德尔甫斯时代就已建立起来了,但毫无疑问它已被人们遗忘,而且被流沙掩埋,直到有一个哈里发下令将它清理出来,从此这里才出现了一条尼罗河到红海之间的航道。一百多年后它又消失了,而且连它究竟是否存在过也成了被怀疑和争论的问题。 英文
但主要工程是开通一条穿过地峡的能行船的运河。依照惯例,亚历山大向工程官员们咨询了开凿运河的可行性,他们因为难以克服运河河口被淤塞而持反对态度。后来,苏丹塞利姆二世计划开通一条运河以连接顿河与伏尔加河的方案受阻后,他转而决定开凿一条从培琉喜阿姆到苏伊士的运河。他为完成这个目标迈出了重要的一步,因为他征服了横跨这一区域的国家,阿拉伯人都畏惧他的名字。但他没能活到运河开通。拿破仑一世重... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我以为它们可能来自附近倒塌的建筑,但我最后发现,它们全都来自尼罗河河口,而且确确实实是来自尼罗河两岸村镇的破旧物品。它们在尼罗河涨水时由水流带来,然后在沿岸海流和盛行海浪的作用下,沿着海岸向东边散去。” 英文
如果需要更多的证据,我可以很容易地列举出更多的事实。毫无例外,尼罗河也是自然界强大的改造力量之一,它把干旱的土地冲刷到海里,在海边和海上形成新的陆地和岛屿。密西西比河、恒河、长江和各大陆上的其他河流每年都要携带数百万吨的固体物质。北海正逐渐被比利时、荷兰和大不列颠诸岛的河流带来的泥沙淤塞。一位著名的英国工程师正在治理地中海北侧埃布罗河河口的沉积物。因此我们无需对尼罗河——世界上最大的河流之一——在漫长的岁月中使地中海南岸发生的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | combination, namely, “carbonic oxide”—the gas whose delicate blue flame we often see in our fires. Carbonic oxide may be obtained from many sources; but, like carbonic acid, its composition is always exactly the same. These two bodies, then, illustrate the law of Definite Proportions. But Dalton went a step further. He... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the atom of oxygen weighs 7. Carbonic oxide, containing one of each must therefore be invariably constituted of 5 carbon, and 7 oxygen: carbonic acid must in like manner contain 5 carbon, and 14 oxygen. Here, then, Dalton not only states that he has accounted for the two laws we have mentioned by making a single assump... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | for the existence of atoms. They all, for example, have the same capacity for heat; they all, when in the gaseous state, have a volume which is an even multiple of that of one part by weight of hydrogen. But bodies in the free or uncombined state—such, in fact, as we see them—more commonly consist of many clusters of a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The atomic theory has undoubtedly been of great service to science, since the laws of definite and multiple proportions would probably not have received the attention they deserve, but for being stated in terms of that theory. Yet we must discriminate between these laws, which are the simple expression of experimental ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The above are a few broad outlines of the existing aspect of the atomic controversy, and may somewhat assist in forming an estimate of it. The general theoretical tone of the discussion last Thursday must have surprised most who were present. Our own position is necessarily an impartial one; but it will probably be agr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
原子论的现代支持者同意前面所述的道尔顿的基本假设,同时他们声称拥有说服力更强的证据。气体化合现象和比热方面的研究确实改变了原子论的数值形式,但并没有改变其本质。我们积累的有关化合比例的所有结果都非常简单,这本身就是原子存在的强力论据。例如,它们都具有同样的热容;处于气态时它们的体积都是单位质量氢气体积的偶数倍。但实际上,就像我们看到的,游离态或非化合态的物质在大多数情况下是由许多原子团(分子)而非单个原子组成。实验表明,处于气态时它们具有相同的体积,这就证明了分子的存在。再者,我们挑选一些有水生成的化学方程式,通过比较、消约可以推算出水的最小组分,我们发现其分子量是18。根据这一结果,很自然地可以推测:氧(16)在水(18)中... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | to be reconstructed, but the correspondent “F. R. G. S.” here is rather sceptical that Livingstone was close to achieving his goals, and criticizes his general sense of geography. Indeed Livingstone, in poor health by 1869, never did succeed. 中文
THE letters from Dr. Livingstone lately read at the Royal Geographical Soc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The high land which culminates towards the east in Muchingue was ascended on leaving the valley of the Aroangoa. The traveller then came in lat. 10°34′ S., to the river Chambezi, called by Lacerda the New Zambezi, flowing from east to west, and rarely fordable. He remarks that it resembles the Zambezi, not in name only... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | statements it is necessary to beware of rash conclusions and inaccurate expressions. It is a hazardous thing to pronounce upon the length, breadth, and boundaries of lakes without surveying them. The Portuguese officers in 1831 obtained leave to examine Lake Mofo or Mofwe, and for that purpose went four and a half leag... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Our traveller informs us, that “the Luapula, leaving Moero at its northern end by a rent in the mountains of Rua, takes the name of Lualaba, and, passing on N. N. W., forms Ulenge in the country west of Tanganyika.” He saw the Luapula only at this gap in the mountains. Ulenge is a lake with many islands, or a separatio... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | not Balunda, &c. They tell us that the Alunda never pronounce the letter r, and that in writing the names Arungo, Moiro, &c., in which that letter occurs, they have adhered to the Maravi dialect. We thence conclude that for the names Rua, Moero, Lufira, &c., and perhaps for the initial Ba above alluded to, Dr. Livingst... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is to be regretted that Dr. Livingstone missed the opportunity of viewing the highest mountain in this part of the world, now known only by a ridiculously exaggerated description; and also a most interesting point in the centre of Africa. The great town, Katanga, as described by the Arabs, is near the copper mines, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 根据利文斯通博士的说法,该河流在西部形成了广阔的班韦乌卢湖,而从班韦乌卢湖流出后,该河继续向北流,此时被称为卢阿普拉河。不过说它汇入了卢阿普拉河应该更确切一些,因为卢阿普拉河更大。在两条河流之间是彭佩西大沼泽,毫无疑问,由于河流经常泛滥,它变成了湖泊。接下来,利文斯通告诉我们“卢阿普拉河向北流去,穿过卡仁比城,在其下游12英里处注入姆韦鲁湖。”从这里我们可能会得出结论认为:这条河流过了酋长所在的城镇,并在下游约12英里或者更北的地方注入湖泊。不过这可能并不是他要表达的意思。在利文斯通最新的发现中,姆韦鲁湖呈现出不寻常的特征,然而他写的有关记录却不可思议地被复杂化、模糊化了。我们知道卢阿普拉河流经卡仁比城西约8~10英里处,是向北或东... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 所以,我们可以得出如下结论:就Rua、Moero、Lufira等名字以及上面提到的以Ba开头的一些名字而言,很可能是利文斯通博士受了他的阿拉伯朋友们的影响。我们知道阿拉伯人很满意自已对方言的了解,他们对各地方言都能理解一些,但对每一种方言都不精通。 英文
利文斯通博士发现“尼罗河的主要源头位于南纬10°~12°之间,或是托勒密所说的位置附近,其中托勒密指的拉普塔河(?)很可能就是鲁伍马河。”他似乎为此而兴高采烈。在这里需要同时解决两个问题——其一是白尼罗河的源头问题,另外一个则是托勒密所指的尼罗河的源头问题。关于后者,我们已经知道,托勒密所说的尼罗河的源头湖泊有两个,相隔8°,分别位于南纬6°和7°,但他的分度结果存在缺陷,因为他对... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | IT certainly is to be regretted that the information received from Dr. Livingstone should be so imperfect. Still, though insufficient in itself, perhaps, to warrant our arriving at any positive conclusion respecting his claim to have discovered the chief sources of the Nile, the information furnished by him affords mat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In the next place, Dr. Livingstone informs us that the Chambeze enters Lake Bangweolo, and then changes its name to Luapula; that this river flowing north enters Moero Lake, and “on leaving Moero at its northern end by a rent in the mountains of Rua it takes the name of Lualaba, and passing on N. N. W. forms Ulenge in ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Further, according to Dr. Livingstone, the Lualaba, after leaving Moero beyond the town of the Cazembe to the north, forms Ulenge, either a lake with many islands or a division into several branches, which are taken up by the Lufira. This I understand to mean, that the junction of the Lualaba and the Lufira is in Uleng... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | G. S.” associates Captain Burton with this “Nyanza”; but such a name was never given to it by its discoverer, neither is it generally known by any other designation than that of “Lake Tanganyika”: whether or not it should properly be called the “Lake of Tanganyika” is of no moment. 中文
I come now to the consideration of... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “All the streams of the plateau or western counter-slope of the Abyssinian chain are affluents of the Nile, and their easternmost branches take their rise at the extreme eastern edge of the table-land, which is the limit of the basin of the Nile, and the watershed between its tributaries and the rivers flowing E. and S... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | What I thus wrote three-and-twenty years ago requires now but little modification. The erroneous identification of Lake Zambre with N’yassi was simply adopted from Mr. Cooley’s learned and valuable paper in the fifteenth volume of the Society’s Journal, which was then our only authority on the subject. I also followed ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | letter, he “had the impression that he was then on the watershed between the Zambesi and either the Congo or the Nile.” His present determination of the want of connection between the Chambeze and the Zambesi, and of the western and northwestern course of the former river, has proved the soundness of his impression of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
第三,利文斯通博士告诉我们,谦比西河注入了班韦乌卢湖,然后更名为卢阿普拉河,而卢阿普拉河则向北流入了姆韦鲁湖,并且“通过卢阿山脉的间隙从姆韦鲁湖的北端流出,之后更名为卢阿拉巴河,然后向西北偏北方向流去,进而在坦噶尼喀湖西部的地区形成了乌莱西湖。”值得注意的是,这并不是来自土著人的信息,而是旅行家利文斯通在这个地方亲自观察获得的结果。他在信中曾注明是“在班韦乌卢湖附近”,并且在提及卢阿拉巴河时,他说,“我仅在它流出姆韦鲁湖,从卢阿山脉的缺口处流出来时看到过它。” 英文
为了进一步确认他提到的是卢阿拉巴河而不是卢阿普拉河,旅行家利文斯通阐明了他的意图,即“沿卢阿拉巴河顺流而下,去看看到底是不是像土著人所说的那样,河流穿过坦噶尼喀湖... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
在描述了以阿比西尼亚为北端界限的东非高原及其已知的一些河流的自然特征以后——关于该问题我已没必要详述,因为我的观点已被充分证明是正确的——我从如下文字着手继续阐述: 英文
“高原或阿比西尼亚山系西部反坡上的所有河流都是尼罗河的支流,其最东端的支流都发源于高原东端边缘处,而这里正是尼罗河流域的边界,也是尼罗河各支流与流向东和东南注入印度洋的诸河之间的分水岭。分水岭向海的一侧非常陡峭且范围有限,所以这里的河流只能是一些次级河流。因此,从北侧前行时,我们没有遇到一条值得一提的河流,直到我们来到了哈瓦希河;但这条河也位于豪萨附近,在流入大洋之前汇入阿拜巴德湖之中了。接下来看到的是克里斯托弗上尉所说的海因斯河,它同样没有足够的能量到达大... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(齐红艳 翻译;郭华东 审稿)
The Origin of Species Controversy
A. R. Wallace
Editor’s Note
The British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, whose theory of evolution paralleled Darwin’s, here reviews a new book of scientific essays by Joseph John Murphy. Murphy had argued that evolution by natural selection could not account for t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | literature accordingly teems with essays of more or less pretension on the development of living forms, the nature and origin of life, the unity of all force, physical and mental, and analogous subjects. 中文
The work of which I now propose to give some account, is a favourable specimen of the class of essays alluded to,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | He enumerates the primary forces of Nature as, gravity, capillary attraction, and chemical affinity, and notices as an important generalisation “that all primary forces are attractive; there is no such thing in Nature as a primary repulsive force”(p. 43). Now here there seem to be two errors. Cohesion, which is entirel... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | concluding with the following tabular statement of organic functions:— 中文
Formative or Vegetative Functions, essentially consisting in the Transformation of Matter
中文
Animal Functions, consisting essentially in the Transformation of Energy
中文
In the fifteenth chapter we first come to one of the author’s special subje... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Changes of external circumstances are beneficial to organisms if they are slight; but injurious if they are great, unless made gradually. 中文
Changes of external circumstances are agreeable when slight, but disagreeable when great. 中文
Mixture of different races is beneficial to the vigour of the offspring if the races m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Life does not suspend the action of the ordinary forces of matter, but works through them. I believe that wherever there is life there is intelligence, and the intelligence is at work in every vital process whatever, but most discernibly in the highest...Nutrition, circulation, and respiration are in a great degree to ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Nor will he allow that Natural Selection (which he admits may produce any simple organ, such as a bat’s wing) is applicable to this case; and he makes use of two arguments which have considerable weight. One is that of Mr. Herbert Spencer, who shows that in all the higher animals natural selection must be aided by self... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | vision, but only improvements which might have been added and perfected at any stage of the construction of the instrument. Thus it does not seem at all impossible for spontaneous variations to have produced all the delicate adjustments of the eye, once given the rudiments of it, in nerves exquisitely sensitive to ligh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | them, the chances are very great against any particular variation being useful. Another consideration pointing in the same direction is, that as a species only exists in virtue of its being tolerably well adapted to its environment, and as that environment only changes slowly, small rather than large changes are what a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | they could possibly maintain themselves and increase. A calculation is made by which the more rapid mode of variation is shown to be necessary. It is supposed that the greyhound has been changed from its wolf-like ancestor in 500 years; but it is argued that variation is much slower under nature than under domesticatio... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “I believe the unconscious intelligence that directs the formation of the bodily structures is the same intelligence that becomes conscious in the mind. The two are generally believed to be fundamentally distinct: conscious mental intelligence is believed to be human, and formative intelligence is believed to be Divine... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | structure, or for every new thought in the brain of man. Every Theist will admit that there is not a fresh act of creation when a new living individual is born. I go a little further, and say that I do not believe in a fresh act of creation for a new species. I believe that the Creator has not separately organised ever... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | science is one which treats of a definite group of natural laws, and these are capable of being arranged (as Comte proposed) in a regular series, each one being more or less dependent on those which precede it, while it is altogether independent of those which follow it. A secondary science, on the other hand, is one w... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Neptune, it is true, would not have been discovered except by chance; the nautical almanack would not be published four years in advance; longitude would not be determined by lunar distances, and we should not have that sense of mental power which we derive from the knowledge of Newton’s grand law;—but all the marvels ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这样,作者就有效地提高了这本书的品质,使之超过了能力稍显逊色的人可能炮制出的纯粹的合集。 英文
前言中提到了现代科学思想的特点,并力图展示“这一时期最重要也是最独具一格的思维特点是人们大多习惯于采用历史学和遗传学的研究方法,这些方法使历史科学化,也使科学历史化,由此我们可以确信:除非我们知道起源,否则我们不能够真正地认识任何事物;从这里我们也学到了带有更多赞赏眼光的批判风格,带有更深的怀疑、不赞成和担忧的创新方法,以及对精神和政治自由更理智更深刻的爱。”前6章主要致力于详细描述宇宙巨大的动力、运动的规律和能量守恒。作者在这里引入了辐射这个有用的词语,用来表示光、热辐射以及太阳的光化作用,这些实际上是同一种形式的能量的不同表现。此外,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 在书中,作者是这样阐释他的观点的: 英文
对于生物体结构和形态的起源,在人们明确给出或者暗示性地提出的原因中,只有两个是完全只与自然界有关的原因,这两个原因是:自适应和自然选择。但是我认为这两个原因只能解释部分事实。而且,对于组织起源和物种起源这些问题,这两个原因给出的解释并不比根据普通的物质法则作出的解释更充分,并且根本没有注意到组织智能......但是,在我们断言只要加入组织智能的假定就能解释所有这些事实之前,我们还必须弄清楚,自适应和自然选择这两个法则到底能够解释多少有关有机体结构和功能的问题。 英文
此外,作者还写到: 英文
生命并没有中止物质通常的力的作用,而是通过它们来发挥作用。我相信,所有的生命都是有智能的。智能在所有... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 现在,人们认为大变异与普通的自发变异相比少之又少,而通常这种变异的特征很“畸形”,于是出现任何有用的特定变异的机率非常小。另外,通常要思考的另一点是,由于物种只是因为具有良好的耐性而与环境相适应才生存下来,同时环境只是缓慢地变化,所以物种更需要小的变化而非大的变化来维持适应性。但是即使环境迅速发生了巨大的变化,比如一些新物种的侵入或者由于几英尺的下陷导致低地平原洪水泛滥,那么在成千上万种可能的大变异中,恰好适应变化之后的环境的变异能在恰当的时间发生吗?为了适应今年的一种环境变化,相应的大变异也许需要一千年才会发生。 英文
第二个论据更充分一些。墨菲先生全盘接受了赫伯特·斯宾塞先生的观点,即,认为一种变异无论多么微不足道都一定需要许多... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | ” 英文
我自己不能设想出这样的情况:非人的、无意识的智能在需要指导物质力量达到特定目标时恰好出现,而且这显然是无法论证的。另一方面,自然界中处于运作中的有意识的、个体的智能所具有的不同等级,按照它们的目的引导物质和精神的力量,就像人类为自己的目的来引导它们一样,上述理论既容易想到又必然能被证明。因此如果自然界存在如墨菲先生相信的那种物质和生命法则所不能解释的现象的话,在得到进一步的证据之前,采用简单的、更容易想到的解决方法不是更好么? 英文
在该著作其余部分中我具有发言权的只有谈论科学的分类那一章,这部分提出了一种非常简单又有价值的方案。墨菲先生好像对赫伯特·斯宾塞先生关于这一主题的文章并不熟悉,而且值得注意的是,他得到了非常相似... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | died away? 中文
THE Canal has been opened. The flotilla, with its noble, royal, imperial, and scientific freight, has progressed along the new-made way from sea to sea. From Port Saïd, that new town between the sea and the wilderness, with its ten thousand inhabitants, and acres of workshops and building-yards, and busy ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The length of the Canal is one hundred miles, and the depth, as the French engineers inform us, is to be everywhere twenty-eight feet, so as to admit of the passage of large vessels. It must not be supposed that an excavation of the depth above mentioned has been dug all across the Isthmus, for the level of the country... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The mountains of Abyssinia are every year diminished in size and height by the enormous periodical rains which wash down millions of cubic feet of mud and clay into the Nile. Vast clouds of sand are blown into the great river in its long course through the deserts; and these transported matters, caught by the strong cu... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | but though there have been great deposits of sand and mud outside the breakwater, the filling up of the gaps has not been so speedy as was anticipated, and heaps of sand which drifted through have had to be dredged out again. Of course, while money for payment is forthcoming, any number of dredging-machines may be empl... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | mud was spread, the banks were built up, and a way for the Canal was opened through such slime as was used in ancient days for the making of bricks. 中文
In the hard ground the “bondagers” dug with pick and spade, and carried away the loosened soil in baskets. But when they were supplemented by European labourers, powerf... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The hollow of the Bitter Lakes, six miles wide in the widest part, is believed to have been at one time connected with the Red Sea. The level of the water in these lakes has been brought up to that of the sea by a re-opening of the connection. In March of the present year, all preparations being complete, the water was... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But the Khédive has invested M. de Lesseps with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Osmanli, and the Emperor Napoleon has appointed him to the rank of Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. We may therefore hope for the best in all that appertains to the Suez Canal, and that foreigners will believe that Englishmen are to... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 不过,当我们回忆起尼罗河流域在过去的4,150年间由于周期性的洪水泛滥而使河床抬高了11英尺,以及埃及大陆被认为曾经是从地中海向月亮山系延伸的一个海湾,经过常年累积现在已被淤泥充塞时,只能把上述的泥沙转移看成是多种普通的自然作用中的一种而已。 英文
现在,我们对截断运河的这个地区应该有了清楚的认识。这是一个被浅海冲刷的沙质浅滩。在运河南端,为了使水深足够普通轮船的停靠,码头向海中延伸了1.25英里。在运河东岸,洛斯托夫特及其他地方的长码头本身也都恰恰说明了这一点。而在塞得港,由于水太浅,港口只好设在距离海岸2英里处,那里的水深刚刚达到26英尺,如果水深比这还小,大型轮船就不能停靠。另外,西部码头由于要承受洋流的强力冲击,因此向海中延... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我们还从那里了解到,吃水深度达15.5英尺的半岛东方戴尔塔号已从塞得港驶到伊斯梅利亚,不过在途中船底碰到河床好几次。埃及的拉提夫号试图通过运河,但因水深不够只得返航。其他一些大型船舰也遇到了同样的困难,运河的堤坝也遭受了严重的损害。 英文
不过,赫迪夫已经向德雷塞布授予了土耳其大十字勋章,皇帝拿破仑也向他颁发了法国荣誉军团勋章大十字勋位。因此,我们可以对所有与苏伊士运河有关的事情报以最乐观的期望。相信英国人也乐于赞美这项伟大的工程,而不会嫉妒达成这一壮举的精力充沛的法国人。 英文
(孙惠南 翻译;郭华东 审稿)
On the Dinosauria of the Trias, with Observations on the Cla... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Compsognathus was said to have many points of affinity with the Dinosauria, especially in the ornithic character of its hind limbs, but at the same time to differ from them in several important particulars. Hence the author proposed to regard Compsognathus as the representative of a group (Compsognatha) equivalent to t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | belonging to the Dinosauria:—Teratosaurus, Plateosaurus, and Zanclodon from the German trias; Thecodontosaurus and Palaeosaurus from the Bristol conglomerate (the second of these genera he restricted to P. cylindrodon of Riley and Stutchbury, their P. platyodon being referred to Thecodontosaurus); Cladyodon from Warwic... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这篇关于1869年11月24日地质学会举行的一次会议的通讯,记述了学会主席托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎在会上所作的报告,报告的题目是《关于三叠纪恐龙以及恐龙分类的研究》。匿名的第三方提到了哈里·西利(翼龙方面的专家)等人与赫胥黎主席在许多观点上的争论。在赫胥黎的这篇文章之后,是一篇生物地理学方面的阐述珊瑚化石的文章。从这篇文章以及其他许多详细的报道,可以看到当时伦敦日常学术活动的情况。以现在的眼光来看,他们作学术报告就像是现在的商界巨亨们发表演说一样。 英文
11月24日,在地质学会的会议上宣读了《关于三叠纪恐龙以及恐龙分类的研究》,报告人是法学博士、英国皇家学会会员、地质学会主席赫胥黎教授。作者在文章开篇首先介绍了有关恐龙的文献历史,然后... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | This paper reports some of the first detailed observations of solar flares, then called “solar protuberances”. These had been discovered just ten years before, and were associated with sunspots. American astronomer C. A. Young describes an immense cloudy mass on the Sun’s edge, which he estimates to be 22,500 miles hig... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The dark spot, marked c, was very curious, reminding one strongly of the so-called fish-mouth in the nebula of Orion. I saw no change in it for 20 minutes. On the other hand, the first series mentioned were changing rapidly, so that at five o’clock the sketch which was drawn at two was quite inapplicable, only the gene... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the wavelength, or a fraction of its whole amount, represented by the decimal 0.00030, and would indicate an advancing velocity of about 55.5 miles per second in the mass of hydrogen whose absorption produced this barbed displacement. 中文
Fig. 5
中文
The barb continued visible for about five minutes, gradually resolving... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 另一方面,前述一系列现象却变化得非常迅速,所以在2点钟画的草图到5点钟时已经不适用了,但总的特征仍然没有改变。 英文
4. –128°,高约20角秒,叉状,如图4所示。 英文
图4
英文
除了第3个外,其他日珥的结构都是“卷云”,而第3个则更像是一块积云。 英文
今天是我第一次看到当狭缝与日面相切时b1在色层球中发生反转,检测1,474线相对容易,而在2,602的新线到现在还不能被检测出来。 英文
在2点25分时,当观测靠近太阳西部边缘附近的一大片黑子的光谱时,我注意到了在F线处(在日面上,而不是在边缘)有一个奇特的双球柄结构,由图5中a上的e点表示。没过多久,一个明亮的亮点取代了球柄结构的突出物,不但打断和反转了那条暗线,而且... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The author first referred to several new facts of importance as follows: 中文
“I. The extreme rates of movement in the chromosphere observed up to the present time are— 中文
中文
“II. I have carefully observed the chromosphere when spots have been near the limb. The spots have sometimes been accompanied by prominences, at o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “VI. In the neighbourhood of spots the F bright line is sometimes observed considerably widened out in several places, as if the spectroscope were analysing injections of hydrogen at great pressure in very limited regions into the chromosphere. 中文
“VII. The brilliancy of the bright lines visible in the ordinary solar s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Other lines besides these have been seen at different times; but their positions have not been determined absolutely. 中文
The author points out that taking iron as an instance, and assuming that the iron-lines mapped by Ångstrom and Kirchhoff are due to iron only, he has only been able, up to the present time, to detect... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “Father Secchi states that the chromosphere is often separated from the photosphere, and that between the chromosphere and the photosphere there exists a stratum giving a continuous spectrum, which he considers to be the base of the solar atmosphere, and in which he thinks that the inversion of the spectrum takes place... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | adjustment, I am inclined to attribute the observation to some instrumental error. Such a phenomenon might arise from a local injection of solid or liquid particles into the chromosphere, if such injection were possible. But I have never seen such an injection. If such an occurrence could be observed, it would at once ... | 400套付费套装书 |
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