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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the truth, making the longitude about 131°. 中文
Gaillot and Lau also made predictions; like the other computers they noted that there were two positions, about 180° apart, that would satisfy the residuals almost equally well. Taking the position nearest to the discovered body, Lau gave longitude 153°, distance 75, epoch... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The question has been asked, “Does the new planet conform to Bode’s law?” It is difficult to assign a definite meaning to this question, since Bode’s law broke down badly in the case of Neptune; Neptune’s predicted distance was 38.8, its actual distance 30.1. For Bode’s law, each new distance ought to be almost double ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 24-inch refractor by various members of the staff. The observers estimate the distance of the planet from the sun as 45 units, which would give a period of 302 years, and mean annual motion of 1.2 degrees. 中文
At discovery, the planet was about a week past opposition, and retrograding at the rate of about 1′ per day; th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | much brighter body. Failing the detection of a satellite, the mass can only be deduced from a rediscussion of the residuals of Uranus and Neptune; new tables of these planets will ultimately be called for, but that task must wait until the orbit of the new body is known fairly exactly. 中文
The perturbations of Halley’s ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 当前时刻该行星的位置应在双子座的中间,而在3月12日世界时3点观测到该星位于双子座δ星西部7s赤经的位置,因而观测与预言相吻合。该星的赤经是7h 15m 57.33s,赤纬是+22°6′ 52.2′′,黄经是107.5°。该星位于黄道南部11′的位置,很可能是一颗有很小倾角的行星。消息中写到,该行星的大小介于地球和天王星之间,直径约为16,000英里。该星的反照率低于海王星,因而星体本身极为暗弱。从来自纽约的电报看,目前已经至少获得过一次关于该星的目视观测,从而可能已经推测出了该星的大小。 英文
这里需要提及的是皮克林教授的预言;他在1919年的一个预言(《哈佛年鉴》,第61卷)中给出的根素如下:历元1920年;黄经97.8°;距离... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 有很多底片可能包含这个行星的图像,如已故的富兰克林·亚当斯先生的天空星图,12年前拍摄木星周围卫星的底片,以及那些在柯尼希斯施图尔山和其他地方拍摄的搜寻小行星的底片;这些底片都能够显示暗到15等的天体。如果可以找到更早期的图像将可以加速新行星轨道根素的确定;对于天王星,观测资料可以上溯到天王星发现前近一个世纪,而对于海王星则可以追溯到51年前。对于目前这颗行星至多追溯到40年前,本世纪之前可能很少有能够记录到15等星的照相底片。 英文
最困难的一个问题是确定新发现天体的质量,对于海王星,在发现该行星几个月后拉塞尔就发现了它的卫星,从而确定了海王星的质量。然而,这颗新的行星的任何一个卫星的星等可能都将暗于21等。在威尔逊山用100英寸... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THE reported discovery of a planet exterior to Neptune naturally arouses the interest of the general public. It will be of importance in theories concerning the genesis of the solar system as to how far it falls into line with the other planets as regards distance, mass, eccentricity and inclination of orbit, and prese... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | it means that for most of the time covered by the prediscovery observations the perturbations were very small, while from the fact that the difference between the heliocentric distances is much smaller than expected from Bode’s law, the perturbations at the time of conjunction were relatively large. Consequently the pr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | procedure was to adopt a value of the semimajor axis of the unknown body, and a complete series of values for its longitude, and then select the value of the longitude for which the sum of the squares of the residuals was a minimum. The process was repeated with various values of the mean distance until values of the v... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The smallness of the residuals indicated that the forces were small. The mass given above is only 0.4 of the mass of Neptune. At mean conjunction, the attraction of the predicted planet on Uranus would be only one-fifteenth of the attraction of Neptune in a similar position, and in addition it would last for a shorter ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 简而言之,如果这次发现的新行星的确是洛威尔预言的行星,那么这一发现是极其困难的,而海王星的发现其实是非常容易的。下面让我们看看实际的数据资料。 英文
天王星是赫歇尔在1781年发现的。详细审查原始记录会发现,早在1690年就已经观测到了这颗星。勒莫尼耶一个月内8次观测天王星并且有4天是连续观测,但并未探测到它的特征,每个进行观测但未进行详细检测的观测者都应该引以为戒。1820年布瓦尔发现新旧观测数据并不一致,他在建数据表的时候大胆舍弃了早期的观测资料,但是数据表的结果更糟了;1830年残差达20′′,1840年达90′′,到1844年则达到120′′。而亚当斯直到1840年使用的还是他的第一个近似数据,勒威耶则直到1845年还在用。... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(王宏彬 翻译;蒋世仰 审稿)
Age of the Earth
A. P. Coleman
Editor’s Note
This letter from Canadian geologist Arthur Coleman at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto argued that the Earth must be much older than then commonly believed. His starting point was his reading of a popular book by Sir James Jeans, a British astronomer a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | A generation ago, when Lord Kelvin laid down the law as to geological time, this allowance would have seemed very liberal; but the discovery that the age of certain rocks can be determined by an analysis of the radioactive minerals they contain has completely changed our point of view. 2,000,000,000 years is decidedly ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But we are still far from the beginning. Before the Grenville sediments could be laid down the earth’s crust must have been firm and solid to form shores and sea bottoms of a permanent kind, and must have been cool enough to allow rain to fall and rivers to bring down mud and sand into the sea. If the earth ever passed... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | There were, then, solid land surfaces not too warm for lakes or seas to exist in all the continents in the earliest times known to the geologist; and there is, in fact, no geological evidence that the world ever was molten. If our globe passed through intensely hot gaseous, liquid, and plastic stages, the cooling had r... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 1. Ages of Some Canadian Pegmatites, Contribs. to Can. Mineralogy, Univ., Toronto, 1924.
2. Radioactive Minerals as Geological Age Indicators, American Journal of Science, No. 50, p. 127, etc.
地球的年龄
科尔曼
编者按
这是一篇来自多伦多皇家安大略博物馆的加拿大地质学家科尔曼的快报文章,文中他认为地球的年龄远比大家公认的古老得多。他的出发点得益于英国天文学家、物理学家詹姆斯·金斯爵士的名著。目前估计的地球年龄为46亿年,而地球上首次出现生命... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 而且,事实上没有地质上的证据可以证明地球曾经处于熔融状态。如果我们的星球曾经经历过炽热气体、液体和塑性阶段,那么冷却过程的彻底完成要比伟晶岩脉侵入格伦维尔沉积岩早至少几百万年,而且冷却后的大陆至少要在1,230,000,000年前经历一次较大的造山运动。 英文
从那以后,地球没有继续变冷,相反它的表面温度均衡得令人惊讶,尽管有包括几个冰川期在内的一些小的起伏。最早期的岩石中含有碳和石灰石说明生活在水中的低等植物出现于普遍认可的地质历史的开始阶段。同时,对于前寒武纪,地质学家倾向于均变论,他们会问天文学家:如果地球历史的前1/4真的如他们描述的那样荒凉和动荡,那为什么后3/4的历史如此平静和均匀? 英文
难道地球不可以由与如今从宇宙大... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Consider a nucleus with a potential field of the type shown in Fig. 1, where the potential barrier for the α-particle is given by the full line and that for the proton by the dotted line. Let the stable level on which the proton exists in the nucleus be and the level on which the α-particle remains after capture be . 中... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is clear that, if our hypothesis is correct, accurate measurement of the upper limit of the continuous spectrum and of the line will allow us to estimate the values of the energy levels of the proton and α-particle in the nucleus. In the case of aluminium bombarded by the α-particles of polonium the protons in the c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | where v'α is the velocity of the α-particle after the collision, and B is a function of the angle of ejection of the proton. The protons of the continuous spectrum will not be emitted uniformly in all directions. According to the expression (3) the distribution with energy of the protons in the continuous spectrum will... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 因为在这类衰变中,只有一次谐波起主要作用,所以可以认为质子在所有方向上都是均匀分布的。 英文
当α粒子未被俘获时,衰变将主要通过α粒子并不穿透到核内的碰撞产生。在由这种方式产生的衰变过程中,高次谐波开始起主要作用。衰变几率可以通过下述公式近似地表示
式中v'α是碰撞后α粒子的速度,B是质子发射角度的函数。连续谱中的质子在各个方向上的发射并不均匀。根据表达式(3),连续谱中质子的能量分布,在约为上限的0.3处其发射能量达到最大值,而在上限处突然变为零。 英文
不久之后,我们将给出关于实验结果和理论计算的更详细的解释。 英文
(沈乃澂 翻译;江丕栋 审稿)
A New Theory of Magnetic Storms
S. Cha... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | No indication as to how such a stream could produce magnetic storms and aurorae was obtained. It would seem that this failure was due to the assumption there made that the stream had enveloped the earth for a time long enough to enable a steady state to be set up, whereas it now appears that magnetic storms are essenti... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The magnetic energy of the field is increased during this phase at the expense of the kinetic energy of the stream; the retardation of the particles occurs in the current layer, which is continually increased in mass-density by the oncoming of particles from behind. The retardation is greatest at that part of the front... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | persist in mechanical and electromagnetic equilibrium for some days after the cessation of the onward flow of particles from behind. The gradual dissipation of this ring current corresponds to the final phase of the storm. 中文
One of the distinctive features of the theory here outlined is the distance from the earth wit... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
图1
英文
现在尚无法说明这样的流是如何形成磁暴和极光的。之所以无法说明,似乎是因为一项假设,即,认为粒子流包围地球的时间足够长,以至于建立起了一个平衡态。然而,在现在看来,磁暴在本质上与粒子流向地球传输的过程有关。在距离地心O几个地球半径的范围内,粒子流发生了重大变化。而在这个范围以外,前面的结论仍旧有效,即粒子流在运动过程中几乎没有发生偏转。 英文
实际上,这种粒子流是一个良导体,当它进入地球磁场时,在其表面层会感应出平行于表面流动的电流,以至于粒子流内部几乎被地球磁场屏敝。在粒子流外部,电流的磁效应则与粒子流内部某点的“镜像”磁偶极子的磁场大致相等;所以在赤道面上,地球与粒子流之间的磁场强度变大。当电流层向地球方向前进... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | one of the first: a descent to 1,426 ft off Bermuda. Reaching such depths was unprecedented at the time, but Beebe had doubled that figure by 1934. 中文
ON June 11, 1930, in lat. 32°16′ N., long. 64°39′ W., in the Atlantic Ocean off Bermuda, Dr. William Beebe, accompanied by Mr. Otis Barton, descended to a depth of 1,426... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | while green still persisted, but greatly diluted. All that remained to our straining eyes were violet and blue, but blue such as no living man had ever seen.” 中文
It proved quite possible to observe pelagic animals drifting and swimming past the window, such as medusae, shrimps, and fish, and about a dozen true bathypel... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 目前他们已完成了多次下潜任务,其中3次潜到了800英尺,1次潜到1,426英尺。该观测室是一个钢球,外径57.3英寸,厚1.5英寸。观察者可以通过一个直径为6英寸的石英窗进行观察。在窗外悬挂着一袋烂鱼和一些装有鱼饵的鱼钩,以及一个大功率的探照灯,可用于照亮周围的海水。水面上方的船只与观测室之间保持电话通信,并向观测室提供氧气。 英文
最令人吃惊的现象之一是,“在所有的颜色都从光谱中消失很久以后,裸眼看到的是海水发出的蓝色光芒。”他们利用一个强度计来观测光谱中各种光的衰减。用毕比博士自己的话说就是[2],“几英尺以下红光就完全消失了......;橙光在水面下60英尺处被吸收,而黄光在不到400英尺处被吸收。在我们所在的深度(800英尺... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THE generally accepted theory of the internal conditions in stars, due to Sir A. S. Eddington, depends largely on a special solution of the fundamental equations, and according to this a definite calculable luminosity is associated with a given mass. If this were the only solution of the equations it would conflict, as... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | higher than current estimates. For example, it seems probable (though the following estimates are subject to revision) that the central temperature exceeds 1011 degrees, in comparison with the current estimates of the order of 107 degrees; and the density may run up to the maximum density of which ionised matter is cap... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the supposed proof of the observed mass-luminosity correlation—all these require serious modification. 中文
The new results are not a speculation. They are derived by taking the observed mass and luminosity of a star, and finding the restrictions these impose on the possible density distributions compatible with this mas... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 面对这样的核心,我们必须寻找恒星能量的来源,而核的存在以前并不为人所知。以前人们在考虑恒星内部必须存在极端条件才能完成能量演化时遇到的困难现在已经基本解决。然而,我们不得不放弃目前流行的许多关于恒星内部的珍贵研究结果:目前对于恒星中心温度、中心密度的估计,目前关于脉动星的理论,目前关于高质量必然导致高辐射压的观点,通过观测恒星的质量和光度得出恒星物质不透明度的方法,以及对观测到的质–光关系的证明——所有这些成果,都需要进行认真的修正。 英文
这些新得到的结果不是猜测,而是通过测量恒星的质量和光度并给定一些限制条件后推导出来的,这些限制条件要求密度分布必须同恒星的质量和光度相容。通过对基本方程从边界向内积分,我们必然会得到较高的中心温... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Moralists, it is easy to see, may use these lines to assist them in focusing attention upon that enemy in their midst distinguished as the beam, while the nationalist may recognise more immediately its particular referability to the communistic mote. 中文
We are assured, however, that the resiliency of this credo unites ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | future, he may not be sterilised. By a curious legal inversion, the “willing mind” of the individual cannot take away the offence against the public even should he be prepared to save it from all possibility of contamination by his own progeny. The offence consists in a “maim” which deprives the individual, or so it ma... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | defectiveness, to reduce the incidence of mental defect by as much as 17 percent in one generation”. 中文
Obviously a 17 percent reduction in the incidence of mental deficiency is more desirable than a 17 percent increase. But do the committee’s proposals ensure this reduction? Clearly, no. The words quoted promise at le... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of confining them, and so they go on propagating large families as stupid as themselves.” His idea of penal sterilisation, a punishment “for the economic sin of producing more children than the parents can support”, is one which becomes more and more difficult to apply as more and more ways are devised by the State for... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
优生学会的一个委员会最近提出,希望一项提案能获得立法通过*。他们认为提案的措施将会使下一代中心智缺陷的发生率下降,这种降低不是减少100个、50个或者25个缺陷个体,而是使缺陷的发生率整体上降低17%。对他们的此项要求,还有什么别的可能的解释吗?在这一微薄利益的实现和我们的民众意识之间,还存在着“法律上的模糊地带”,这正是该学会主张消除的。为了自身健康,一个人可能会同意做绝育手术。但如果是为了公众健康,那么无论是现在还是将来,他可能都不会去做绝育手术的。通过一种奇妙的立法转换,个人的“意愿”就不能再对公众利益有所冒犯,甚至他必须做好准备以免因为自己后代可能的缺陷而使公众利益受到损害。这里所说的冒犯包含在一种“伤害”中,这种伤害... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Fine Structure of α-Rays
G. Gamow
Editor’s Note
George Gamow was a Russian scientist who left the Soviet Union in 1932 and worked at several Western European universities until moving to the United States before the Second World War. He made a powerful impression by his versatility as a scientist, his capacity to write... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | group the value θ/p, giving a lower limit for the probability of γ-emission. For example, for thorium-C' possessing besides the ordinary α-particles also two groups of long range α-particles, we have for transition probabilities from two excited states to the normal state θ1< 0.4 × 1012 sec–1 and θ2< 2 × 1012 sec–1, wh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | We can, however, obtain the explanation of these groups by assuming that we have here a process quite different from the emission of long range α-particles. Suppose that two (or more) α-particles stay on the normal level of the thorium-C nucleus. It can happen that after one of the α-particles has escaped the nucleus w... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Thus we see that the fine structure group of highest energy corresponds to the normal level of the nucleus, while the other groups are due to the ordinary α-particles which have lost part of their energy, leaving the nucleus in an excited state. 中文
I am glad to express my thanks to Dr. R. Peierls and Dr. L. Rosenfeld f... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
图1
英文
在实测的钍C和钍C"的γ射线能谱中(布莱克,《皇家学会学报》,1925年,第109~166页),我们可以找到对应于以下能量的谱线:40.8,163.3,279.4,345.8,439.0,478.8,144.6千电子伏,这与图1中的能级差吻合得很好。 英文
我们可以看到,能量最高的精细结构组分对应于原子核的正常态,而其他组分则是由损失掉部分能量的普通α粒子离开处于激发态的原子核造成的。 英文
我非常感谢佩尔斯博士和罗森菲尔德博士给我提供在这里工作的机会。 英文
(王静 翻译;江丕栋 审稿)
Eugenic Sterilisation
J. S. Huxley
Editor’s Note
Eugenics—th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | With the last sentence I entirely agree; but I fail to perceive how a step in the right direction can be regarded as the hall-mark of failure—unless, indeed, the Committee should be so stupid as to believe that the taking of this one step had brought us to our final goal, which is certainly not the case. The article op... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | carefully into the matter, and has shown that, even when the most unfavourable assumptions are made, prevention of reproduction by all defectives would result in a reduction of some 17 percent—which to me at least seems considerable, as it would mean that there would be above 50,000 less defectives in Great Britain aft... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
The Proton*
P. A. M. Dirac
Editor’s Note
Here English physicist Paul Dirac describes his prediction, reported earlier in another journal, that electrons may have “negative energy” and consequently positive charge. This prediction followed from Dirac’s “relativistic” quantum theory, which made quantu... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It has always been the dream of philosophers to have all matter built up from one fundamental kind of particle, so that it is not altogether satisfactory to have two in our theory, the electron and the proton. There are, however, reasons for believing that the electron and proton are really not independent, but are jus... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The usual way of getting over this difficulty is to say that the tracks for which W is negative do not correspond to anything real in Nature and are to be simply ignored. This is permissible only provided that for every track W is either always positive or always negative, so that one can tell definitely which tracks a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | only a finite number of electrons in the given volume. We thus get the idea of a saturated distribution of electrons. 中文
Let us now make the assumption that almost all the states of negative energy for an electron are occupied, and thus the whole negative-energy domain is almost saturated with electrons. There will be ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | which all the states of negative energy and none of those of positive energy are occupied. The electron distribution in such a region must be assumed to produce no field, and only the departures from this vacuum distribution can produce a field according to Maxwell’s equations. Thus, in the equation for the electric fi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | much too large to be true. In fact, the order of magnitude is altogether wrong. The explanation of this discrepancy is not yet known. Possibly the neglect of the interaction is not justifiable, but it is difficult to see how it could cause such a very big error. 中文
Another unsolved difficulty, perhaps connected with th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | see whether it will settle the difficulties, or whether, perhaps, a new idea can be introduced which will answer this purpose. 中文
(126, 605-606; 1930)
* Based on a paper read before Section A (Mathematical and Physical Science) of the British Association at Bristol on Sept. 8.
质子*
狄拉克
编者按
这篇文章报道了英国物理学家保罗·狄拉克就电子可能具有“负... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
现在我们假设电子的负能态几乎都被占据了,因此整个负能区域电子几乎是饱和的。有一些没被占据的负能态,它们就像饱和分布的负能态电子海中的一些空穴。在我们看来这些空穴是什么样的呢?首先,为了使这些空穴消失,我们需要填充一个负能量的电子,即放入一个负能量。这样空穴本身必须具有正能量。其次,空穴在电磁场中的运动方式和填充空穴的电子的运动方式一样,就像我们之前看到的那样,就是一个带+e电荷的普通粒子的运动。这两个事实使我们有理由断言——空穴就是质子。 英文
这样我们就看到了负能态起到的作用。整个空间中负能电子几乎处于饱和分布,但由于它们表现出来的均匀性和规律性,因而不能直接被我们觉察到。只有在完美的均匀性上出现一些小的偏离,即有一些负能态... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The Problem of Epigenesis
E. W. MacBride
Editor’s Note
Ernest William MacBride is perhaps in retrospect not the ideal author for this discourse on embryogenesis, being a late supporter of the Lamarckian view of inheritance. Yet he was considered an expert on embryology, and here he anticipates some of the key themes in... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THE question of epigenesis may be justly said to constitute one of the two root problems of zoology. For if we think it out there are two main things to be discovered about an animal, namely: (1) How does it fulfil its functions?—in a word, considered as a machine, how does it work? and (2) How does it come into being?... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | As an introduction to the subject Dürken’s manual is to be preferred, because it is concise, well illustrated, and includes only typical cases which serve to exemplify the main principles of the subject, so that a beginner can get a good grasp of these principles without being overwhelmed by too much detail. Schleip’s ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | cannot produce life at will—he must wait until he finds it, and he is therefore in the same position as a physicist would be if he could only study fire when he found it in the crater of a volcano. 中文
When we approach the analysis of the development of the egg, the first question we encounter is whether the organs of t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | there must be in every egg a non-material force or “entelechy” which was capable of controlling the physical and chemical changes taking place in the germ, so as to direct them towards a definite end. This power of direction was named by Driesch “regulation”. This revolutionary idea of Driesch, transcending the bounds ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | as an “organiser” of development. 中文
Driesch attributed specialisation in eggs to a “premature stiffening of the cytoplasm” which prevented the “entelechy” from moulding the fragment of the egg into a reduced whole. Przibram in other language comes to exactly the same conclusion. He says that the formation of definite ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | amputation the molecules are miniatures of the part distal to them? If we are able to swallow these fantastic assumptions, what are we to say of the experiment recorded by Dürken in which the tail bud of one newt embryo was grafted into the body of another near its forelimb and developed into a new limb? Presumably the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | larvae with two water-vascular systems and also of larvae devoid of a water-vascular system” (Proc. Roy. Soc., B, vol. 90). In this paper he showed that when under the stimulus to hypertonic sea-water a second hydrocoele bud was produced in the pluteus, it completely altered the fate of all the tissues near it. It unfo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | shown that if it is subjected to centrifugal force when young, large portions of the cytoplasm can be shorn away and yet the reduced egg will give rise to a typical embryo. To this conclusion Schleip and Przibram also consent. But it seems to us that a further conclusion follows which they have not clearly envisaged. W... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | racial memories, and the entelechy might be defined as a “bundle” of such memories. 中文
The so-called Mendelian “genes”, however, constitute a problem for the embryologist; for the conception of the hereditary make-up which they induce in the minds of geneticists is totally at variance with that which the embryologist d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 第6卷:动物学;有关实验动物的法律的总结概述(理论和文学概述,以及试验,1928年)。汉斯·普西布兰博士,教授,xiii + 431页+16表格。(莱比锡和维也纳:弗朗茨·多伊蒂克,1929年)。40金马克。 英文
公正地说,渐成论的问题可能是动物学的两大根本问题之一。因为我们在研究一个动物时会思考两个主要问题:(1)它是怎样实现它的功能的?简言之,如果把动物看作一台机器的话,它是如何工作的?(2)它是怎样产生的?即,它是如何发育和生长的?伴随第二个问题又会出现另一个问题:如果真的存在进化的话,那么生长的动力是如何一代代发生变化的,以及为什么会发生变化呢?正如已故的贝特森博士早在1894年就提醒我们的,把进化看成是对成体动物结构的重... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 他推断每个卵中一定都存在一种非物质的驱动力或者“生机”,它具有控制生殖细胞中发生的物理和化学变化的能力,因而可以指导这些变化朝着特定的方向发展。德里施将这种指导能力称为“调控”。德里施这一革命性的想法超越了唯物论解释的范畴,激起了那些认为生命仅仅是一些复杂化学变化的生物学家们最强烈的反对。然而没有任何人在与德里施的观点的交战中取胜。这些极力反对的观点中,分量最重的也只不过是如下的论断:尽管我们现在不能用物理化学变化来解释生命,但是在遥远未来的某一天,当我们取得了进一步发现的时候,我们可能就有能力对其进行解释了。 英文
在本文所评论的这些作者中,迪肯倾向于支持德里施的观点,而施莱普和普西布兰则反对德里施的观点,但是经过仔细推敲后可以看... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我在该论文中提到,当受到高渗海水的刺激时,长腕幼虫就可以长出第二个水系腔芽体,它的出现会完全改变附近所有组织的命运。但是很遗憾,并不是我发明了“组织原”这个词。 英文
那么“组织原”产生的影响的本质是什么呢?对于这个问题的解释,物理的和化学的推理再一次无能为力。如果这一影响仅仅是一种物理的或化学的力量,那么它就会与有序组织的生长力结合起来,我们观察到的就应该是这两种力量作用的合成。一部分相对于另一部分来说成为完全主导,这不属于物理现象而是生命现象,这是德里施的“调控”的一个实例。 英文
根据胚胎学领域现已观察到的所有现象,可以很客观地得到如下结论,概括地说,发育可以分为3个阶段,即:(1)卵分裂为细胞——即卵裂;(2)这些细胞分化形... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
Natural Selection Intensity as a Function of Mortality Rate
J. B. S. Haldane
Editor’s Note
J. B. S. Haldane was a prime mover behind the “modern synthesis” in evolutionary biology. This fused Darwin’s ideas about selection and Mendel’s insights into how traits pass from parents to offspring into a m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | selection. 中文
Then when x is small y is roughly proportional to it. Thus when x increases from 10–4 to 10–1, y increases 200 times. But when x is large y becomes proportional to . In consequence y only increases 9 times when x increases from 1 to 1012, and is only doubled when x increases from 1 to 1,800. In other word... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
看起来,细致的数学分析才能够解析自然选择原理的精细之处,而文字说明中很可能隐藏着严重的谬误。 英文
(刘晓辉 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
The Ether and Relativity
J. H. Jeans
Editor’s Note
Here the English physicist James Hopwood Jeans responds to a letter from Oliver Lodge criticizing Jeans’ recent claim that the laws of the universe would only be penetrated by the use of mathematics.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I took these last words to mean, not merely that the ether by any other name would smell as sweet to Sir Oliver, but also that he thought that “space” was really a very suitable name for the new ether. He now explains he was willing to call the ether “space”, “for the sake of peace and agreement”. If I had thought it w... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | fundamental nature of the objective universe) would be very different from what it actually is; it would be a milieu for artistic emotion and not for mathematical symbols. Of course, we may come to this yet, but if so, modern physics would seem rather to have lost the scent. 中文
However, I am glad to be able to agree wi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 同样地,如果物质性宇宙的创造和设计是按美学原则进行的——除了奥利弗·洛奇爵士之外还有其他人也曾考虑过这种可能性,那么艺术家应该特别容易理解这些基础的科学分支。迄今为止,在我的艺术家朋友中我并没有发现这种特别的倾向。顺便提一句,我认为这解答了11月8日《自然》的“新闻与视点”栏目中提出的问题,简单地说就是:如果宇宙基本上是美学的,那么物理学方法又怎么能给出一个关于宇宙的美学描述呢?答案只能是这样的,如果客观的宇宙基本上是依美学观点设计的,那么物理学(定义为研究客观宇宙基本性质的科学)将会与它实际的样子大为不同;这种依美学观点设计的宇宙环境将适合于艺术情感而非数学符号。当然,我们可以这样做,但是果真如此的话,现代物理学似乎会迷失方向。 ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | average length along the fibre axis is much larger than the average thickness, and which are almost certainly built up in a rather imperfect manner of molecular chains—what Meyer and Mark2 have called Hauptvalenzketten—running roughly parallel to the fibre axis. 中文
Hair photographs are much poorer in reflections than a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | (1) Hair in cold water may be stretched about twice as far, and hair in steam about three times as far, as hair which is perfectly dry. (2) On the average, hair may be stretched (in steam) to about twice its original length without rupture. (3) By suitable treatment with steam the discontinuities in the load/extension ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | most part already in the extended state,3 with a chief periodicity of 3.5 Å. We may now hope to understand why it is that the photographs of β-hair and silk are so much alike. (4) It gives a first picture of the “lubricating action” of water and steam on the chain, since X-rays show that the direction of attack is perp... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 中文
A detailed account of the above work will be published shortly. 中文
(126, 913-914; 1930)
W. T. Astbury, H. J. Woods: Textile Physics Laboratory, The University, Leeds, Nov. 15.
References:
1. W. T. Astbury, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 49, 441; 1930.
2. Meyer and Mark, “Der Aufbau der hochpolymeren organischen Naturstoffe”.
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 该模型最重要的特征可以总结如下:(1)它解释了为什么非拉伸状态下毛发中的主要周期(5.15 Å)与在纤维素、几丁质等物质中观察到的周期十分相近,这是因为在这些物质中六边形的葡萄糖残基可以通过氧原子相互连接起来。(2)当侧向的连接解开后,模型中长为5.15 Å的主链单元就会伸展成3×3.4 Å的简单“之”字形长链,也就是伸展了98%,同样也可能会因为收缩而使长链短于初始长度,但不论伸展还是收缩,原子间距和键–键之间的角度都不会发生改变。(3)它解释了为什么自然丝的伸缩性没有毛发那么大,因为大多数情况下自然状态的丝已经处于主周期为3.5 Å的伸展状态。[3]这样我们就能够理解为什么β型毛发的衍射图与丝蛋白的衍射图十分相似。(4)这一模型... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I have read with much interest Prof. MacBride’s review entitled “The Problem of Epigenesis”, and I should like to make a few remarks upon what he says at the end. First of all, I wonder if the following analogy will help him, as it has helped me, to reconcile the conceptions of the geneticist with those of the embryolo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | etc., are full developed, whereas in the Amniota, with the radical change in the environment of the early stages, such structures are only partially developed and the stages, to quote Prof. MacBride, are smudged. 中文
Looked at from this point of view, two other conclusions of great importance are unavoidable. The first ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | but, in actual experience, we do not find features in a partially developed condition which have never been functional at any period in the history of the race. So the genes must, in actual fact, only arise after the suitable environment is present; and the only conclusion to be drawn from that is that there is a causa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
我怀着极大的兴趣读完了麦克布赖德教授那篇名为《关于渐成论的问题》的书评,看完后我想对他的书评结尾处的内容发表一下我的看法。首先,我想知道如下的类比是否会像其帮助过我一样,也能够帮助他化解遗传学家的观念与胚胎学家的观念之间的分歧。我是这样理解的,现代汽车工业中,小汽车是沿着一条由一系列工人组成的生产线移动的,生产线上的每个人都有自己特定的工作要做,每个人的工作都与已经完成的工作以及之后将要进行的工作有关。这时如果我们想象组成成品车辆的所有零件和材料代表正在发育的胚胎里的物质,工人代表基因,那么我们就有了一个蕴含着深远意义的类比。这一类比不仅可以给我们描绘出一幅正常发育的图像,而且从中我们可以看到:变异是如何通过改变众多零件中的一... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
麦克布赖德 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
Unit of Atomic Weight
F. W. Aston
Editor’s Note
Francis Aston, working at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, had devised an instrument for measuring the atomic masses of individual atoms, now called the mass spectrometer. This led him earlier to postulate the notion of... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The proton, the neutral hydrogen atom, one-quarter of the neutral helium atom, one-sixteenth of the neutral oxygen atom 16, and several other possible units have been suggested. None of these is quite free from objection. It is desirable that this matter should be given attention, so that when a suitable opportunity oc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | could result in the sort of gradual natural selection that Charles Darwin envisaged. 中文
FOUR of Prof. MacBride’s statements, in Nature of Dec. 6, call for comment. “...no one has ever seen ‘genes’ in a chromosome.” Genes cannot generally be seen, because in most organisms they are too small. In Drosophila more than 100... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “All known chemical actions are inhibited by the accumulation of the products of the reaction. An ‘autocatalytic’ reaction, in which the products of the reaction accelerated it, must surely be a vitalistic one!” Autocatalytic reactions are common both in ordinary physical chemistry and in that of enzymes. Thus the acid... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 2. Biochem. Jour., 23, p. 766.
胚胎学与进化
霍尔丹
编者按
在以孟德尔遗传学说为基础的群体遗传学的发展中,著名生物学家霍尔丹算是一个重要的人物。在这篇文章中,霍尔丹没有理会支持新拉马克主义的动物学家欧内斯特·威廉·麦克布赖德(他仍然拒绝接受基因的概念,持这种观点的科学家已经越来越少了。)的观点,而是以他特有的文字才能嘲弄了麦克布赖德的过时思想。在公开场合进行这样的争论,对于学术界最终转向现代进化综合论起到了重要的作用。在现代进化综合论中,可以由孟德尔的遗传机制推出查尔斯·达尔文设想的自然选择学说。 英文
我要对麦克布赖德教授发表于12月6日的《自然》上的4项陈述稍作评论。他说,“......没有人看... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | New Experiments on the Kathode Rays
关于阴极射线的新实验
The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance
磁化对物质发射的光的性质的影响
Intra-Atomic Charge
原子内的电荷
The Structure of the Atom
原子结构
The Reflection of X-Rays
X射线的反射
Einstein’s Relativity Theory of Gravitation
爱因斯坦关于万有引力的相对论
A Brief Outline of the Devel... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | A New View of Darwinism
对达尔文学说的新看法
Australopithecus africanus: the Man-Ape of South Africa
南方古猿非洲种:南非的人猿
The Fossil Anthropoid Ape from Taungs
汤恩发现的类人猿化石
Some Notes on the Taungs Skull
汤恩头骨的几点说明
The Taungs Skull
汤恩头骨
The Taungs Skull
汤恩头骨
Tertiary Man in Asia: the Chou Kou Tien Discovery
亚洲的第三纪人:周口店的发现
Sterilisa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 基于水下观测室的深海调查
Engineering & Technology
工程技术
The Suez Canal
苏伊士运河
The Suez Canal
苏伊士运河
The Isthmian Way to India
通向印度的运河之路
On the Telephone, an Instrument for Transmitting Musical Notes by Means of Electricity
电话:一种利用电流传送音符的仪器
Distant Electric Vision
远程电视系统
Others
其他
Nature’s Aims
《自然》的宗旨
The Unit of Length
长度单位... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Original English Text © Nature Publishing Group
Chinese Translation © Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
This edition is published under arrangement with Macmillan Publishers (China) Limited. It is for sale in the People’s Republic of China only, excluding Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan Province, and may... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Descent of Lithosphere beneath New Hebrides, Tonga-Fiji and New Zealand: Evidence for Detached Slabs
新赫布里底群岛、汤加-斐济及新西兰地区岩石圈的下降:拆沉板片的证据
Fusion of Rat and Mouse Morulae and Formation of Chimaeric Blastocysts
大鼠与小鼠桑葚胚的融合以及嵌合囊胚的形成
Linkage Analysis in Man by Somatic Cell Genetics
人类体细胞遗传学连锁分析
Non-equilibrium Isotopic ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Muscular Contraction and Cell Motility
肌肉收缩与细胞运动
Effect of Low-level Radioactive Silver on Photographic Emulsions
低放射水平的银对感光乳剂的影响
Effect of Lithium on Brain Dopamine
锂对于大脑中多巴胺的作用
L-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in Parkinson’s Disease: Effect of L-Dopa Therapy
帕金森氏症中的L–谷氨酸脱羧酶:L–多巴的治疗效果
Neutral Mutations
中性突变
Rel... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Establishment in Culture of Pluripotential Cells from Mouse Embryos
小鼠胚胎多能细胞培养体系的建立
Test-tube Babies, 1981
试管婴儿,1981
Enzymatic Replication of E.coli Chromosomal Origin is Bidirectional
大肠杆菌染色体起始位点的酶促复制是双向进行的
Temperature Control of Oxygen-Isotope Fractionation of Cultured Planktonic Foraminifera
培养条件下温度对浮游有孔虫中氧同位... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 第文龙 葛 越 焦晓林 曾芃斐 谢周丽 蔡军茹 熊华晖
潮兴娟 潘卫东
Eric Leher(澳) Joanna Pierce(爱尔兰)
Monitoring Underground Explosions
D. Davies
Editor’s Note
During the Cold War, the testing of nuclear weapons proceeded in parallel with international discussions about whether they might be banned. One of the obstacles to a ban was the problem of ve... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | of the prospect of a total test ban. Many ingredients go into the making of a treaty, and ability to police it is only one of them. Seismological capability is thus not sufficient, but it may be necessary, at least down to some level of explosive yield. What would constitute an adequate level is a matter of some discus... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | indicate their earthquake nature by their location and depth, their radiation pattern and the shape of their signal, but there would be a residue which would need further investigation. In the early days of international negotiations, inspections of the sites of a fraction of these suspicious events were discussed in d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | It was clear from very early in the Geneva discussions (which lasted until 1962) that whatever international arrangement might finally develop, national interests required an improved seismic capability. The United States, Britain and Sweden, in particular, started to modernize their seismological capability for the ex... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | techniques for noise rejection, a network would usually detect a 5 kton explosion in hard rock (an event cannot be said to have been detected until recorded with a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 1.5 at four widely spaced stations). The capability declines drastically below this yield. Further, explosions in softer r... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | As a result, film records, in which the magnification is controlled by the ease of viewing, are often dominated by 6 s microseisms and are thus not running at the best magnification for 1 or 20 s signals. The data processing possibilities of tape recording remove this obstacle. 中文
The first arrays built in the United S... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | The first large aperture seismic array (LASA in Montana) was completed by the United States in 1965, and a second array (NORSAR in Norway) has been in operation about two years. LASA has an aperture of 200 km and 350 short period seismometers; NORSAR is somewhat smaller. LASA is steered (by a computer) to be face-on to... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | stations have a background noise level at 20 s period of 50 to 100 nm; there is a great variability in noise level both from place to place and in time. For the reasons already given, tape recording is most desirable. 中文
Rayleigh waves spread cylindrically, but also undergo other attenuation in the ground. The signal d... | 400套付费套装书 |
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