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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 根据量子理论,原子体系中存在若干种不同的状态,即所谓的“定态”,电子在定态中的运动不能用一般理论来解释,在某一段时间内,原子可以以任意速率运动,但不会以辐射方式释放能量。只有在两个定态之间发生跃迁时原子才会发射特征辐射,而这种跃迁过程不能用一般理论来描述,更不用说利用普通的电磁理论根据运动规律计算发射的特征辐射了。与普通电磁理论形成鲜明的对照,量子理论假设跃迁通常伴随着发出单色辐射的过程,频率只取决于两个状态之间的能量差。最初应用量子理论解决原子中的问题是从解释简单的氢原子光谱开始的,因为氢原子不需要先验地确定定态,现在人们根据特定力学运动的类别已经得到了确定定态的系统化方法,因而量子力学理论已经被广泛地用于解决原子中的问题。虽然通... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 另外,整个原子结构具有保持稳定的特点——如果原子中的任何一个电子由于外界因素被移走,不仅被原子束缚的电子会在以前原子构型的基础上通过连续位移而进行重新组合,而且那些受束缚较弱的壳层或子壳层中的电子可以通过两个定态之间的直接跃迁而占据被移走的电子的位置,同时发出单色辐射。这个能为详细解释元素高频光谱特征结构提供依据的现象与以下的事实密切相关:尽管我们认为不同子壳层中的电子在原子内的简谐运动中起着同样的作用,但它们并非每时每刻都在外形上保持索末菲和朗代的著作中所说的简单轴对称或者多面体对称,相反,这些电子的行为是通过这样的方式相互联系的——当外力从壳层中移走任何一个电子后,其余电子的轨道将发生连续的变化。 英文
这些观点可用于解释原子中... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我写这封信的目的只是让大家注意,应用量子理论解释光谱的那些基本原理的详细阐述,看起来也有可能同时解释了元素的其他性质。就此而言,我还想提醒大家,通过研究磁场中元素光谱的变化,也许可以提出一种有望解决迄今为止人们在解释元素磁特性时遇到的困难的观点,《自然》近期的几篇快报已经对此问题进行了讨论。 英文
(王锋 翻译;李淼 审稿)
The Dimensions of Atoms and Molecules
W. L. Bragg and H. Bell
Editor’s Note
In the early 1920s, physicists were struggling to understand the physical struc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In the third column are given Rankine’s values (A. O. Rankine, Proc. Roy. Soc., A, vol. XCVIII, 693, pp. 360–374, February, 1921) for the diameters of the inert gases calculated from their viscosities by Chapman’s formula (S. Chapman, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., A, vol. CCXVI, pp. 279–348, December, 1915). These are consid... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | where h is Planck’s constant and c the velocity of light. 中文
It is therefore possible to calculate the distances between the centres of the nuclei in each molecule, for
where m and m' are the atomic weights relative to hydrogen and mH the mass of the hydrogen atom. The following table gives these distances (E. S. Imes... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 例如,氖的外壳直径就是根据碳、氮、氧和氟原子的表观直径估计得到的——估算逐渐逼近于一个最小值1.30×10–8cm。下表中的第二列给出了以上述方式得到的惰性气体的直径: 英文
英文
第三列中给出了兰金的值(兰金,《皇家学会学报》,A辑,第98卷,第693期,第360 ~ 374页,1921年2月),这是根据查普曼公式由粘度计算出来的惰性气体的直径(查普曼,《皇家学会自然科学会报》,A辑,第216卷,第279~348页,1915年12月),它们明显大于利用晶体数据计算出的直径。但是,考虑到我们忽略了外部电子层周围的力场以及将原子连接在一起的共用电子的性质,这就不足为奇了,因为很有可能它们的结构会有一定程度的重叠。第四列显示了两种估计... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THE quantum relation, energy = h × frequency, leads one to associate a periodical phenomenon with any isolated portion of matter or energy. An observer bound to the portion of matter will associate with it a frequency determined by its internal energy, namely, by its “mass at rest.” An observer for whom a portion of ma... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | interferences and diffraction fringes. By means of these new ideas, it will probably be possible to reconcile also diffusion and dispersion with the discontinuity of light, and to solve almost all the problems brought up by quanta. 中文
(112, 540; 1923)
Louis de Broglie: Paris, September 12.
波与量子
德布罗意
编者按
物理学家们在1923年的主要... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | hoax. 中文
TOWARDS the close of 1924, Miss Josephine Salmons, student demonstrator of anatomy in the University of the Witwatersrand, brought to me the fossilised skull of a cercopithecid monkey which, through her instrumentality, was very generously loaned to the Department for description by its owner, Mr. E. G. Izod, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Fig. 1. Norma facialis of Australopithecus africanus aligned on the Frankfort horizontal
中文
The cercopithecid remains placed at our disposal certainly represent more than one species of catarrhine ape. The discovery of Cercopithecidae in this area is not novel, for I have been informed that Mr. S. Haughton has in the ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | All fossil anthropoids found hitherto have been known only from mandibular or maxillary fragments, so far as crania are concerned, and so the general appearance of the types they represented has been unknown; consequently, a condition of affairs where virtually the whole face and lower jaw, replete with teeth, together... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Fig. 2. Cranial form in living anthropoids of similar age (after Duckworth) and in the new fossil. For this comparison, the fossil is regarded as having the same calvarial length as the gorilla.
中文
The glabella is tolerably pronounced, but any traces of the salient supra-orbital ridges, which are present even in immat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | upper half of each bone is arched forwards (Fig. 1). The nasal aperture is small and is just wider than it is high (17 mm × 16 mm). There is no nasal spine, the floor of the nasal cavity being continuous with the anterior aspect of the alveolar portions of the maxillae, after the fashion of the chimpanzee and of certai... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | diastemata which occur in the upper jaw are small. The lower canines, nevertheless, show wearing facets both for the upper canines and for the upper lateral incisors. 中文
Fig. 3. Norma lateralis of Australopithecus africanus aligned on the Frankfort horizontal.
中文
The incisors as a group are irregular in size, tend to... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | forms the well-known simian shelf and above it a deep genial impression for the attachment of the tongue musculature. In this character, Eoanthropus dawsoni scarcely differs from the anthropoids, especially the chimpanzee; but this new fossil betrays no evidence of such a shelf, the lower border of the mandible having ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | were adding copiously to the animal’s knowledge of its physical environment, but also as instruments of the growing intelligence in carrying out more elaborate, purposeful, and skilled movements, and as organs of offence and defence. The latter is rendered the more probable, in view, first, of their failure to develop ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | and thirty years of age.” R. Boyd (1860) discovered an increase in weight of nearly 250 grams in the brains of male human beings after they had reached the age of seven years. It is therefore reasonable to believe that the adult forms typified by our present specimen possessed brains which were larger than that of this... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | auditory fields on the other) in the former and its surgent vertical and dorso-lateral expansion in the latter. The expansion in this area of the brain is the more significant in that it explains the posterior humanoid situation of the sulcus lunatus. It indicates (together with the narrow interorbital interval and hum... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | manifest that we are in the presence here of a pre-human stock, neither chimpanzee nor gorilla, which possesses a series of differential characters not encountered hitherto in any anthropoid stock. This complex of characters exhibited is such that it cannot be interpreted as belonging to a form ancestral to any living ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | family of Homo-simiadae be created for the reception of the group of individuals which it represents, and that the first known species of the group be designated Australopithecus africanus, in commemoration, first, of the extreme southern and unexpected horizon of its discovery, and secondly, of the continent in which ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | preponderating role in the preservation of the species. Darwin has said, “no country in the world abounds in a greater degree with dangerous beasts than Southern Africa”, and, in my opinion, Southern Africa, by providing a vast open country with occasional wooded belts and a relative scarcity of water, together with a ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 非常巧合的是,几乎同时,他被派遣到汤恩附近的一个农场去调查石灰岩沉积层的地质情况。在汤恩,经北方石灰公司总经理坎贝尔先生的首肯,扬教授获准探查化石发现地,并从同一形成层中给我挑选了更多的化石标本。这些标本包括一个天然的猴颅内模,另一个更大的颅内模,和一些漏出部分骨头的岩石碎块。后来,一位年长的解剖学教师科登·莱恩博士通过他的朋友里德利·亨德里先生获知,同一悬崖中又发现了一件灵长类头骨。这块头骨来自兰拉格特深矿,已经由他的拥有者德威特先生委托给学院作科研之用。 英文
图1. 南方古猿非洲种的前面观(已在眼耳平面上对齐)
英文
我们手里有的这些猴化石绝不仅仅只代表狭鼻猴的一个种。在这一地区发现猴类物种并不是什么新闻,就我所知,霍顿先... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 没有鼻棘,鼻腔底面与上颌齿槽部的前面相连,这与黑猩猩和一些新苏格兰人及黑人的样式相仿(如前面托皮纳尔所述)。 英文
其次,其齿系是人类的而非类人猿的。从两侧第一恒臼齿刚刚萌出可以判断这一标本还是幼年,从解剖学上说大约相当于人类的6岁儿童。对现存灵长类乳齿系的研究还很少,而化石类人猿中也只有一个乳臼齿的记录(格雷戈里,《人类齿系的起源与进化》,1920年)。因此对乳齿作必要比较的数据太少,但是这个物种乳齿系显著的特征还是值得一提的。在两颌中,犬齿尖端略微超出整个齿列(0.5~0.75毫米),例如,只比人类的犬齿突出一点点。下颌两侧的前臼齿和犬齿之间没有齿隙,现存类人猿的乳齿也是如此;然而其犬齿与门齿排列在一起,这点与人类一样(格雷戈里... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 目前,在长出第一恒臼齿到成为成体这段时间,有关现存类人猿脑量扩张的数据还基本没有。就人类而言,欧文(《脊椎动物解剖学》,第3卷)指出,“在大约10岁时脑能够发育到接近成年的体积大小,而通常要到20~30岁才能发育完全。”博伊德(1860年)发现7岁以后人类男性个体的脑重量将增长近250克。因此有理由相信,目前我们手头的这个化石标本代表的成年脑量,应该比这个幼年标本的大,如果不超过的话,也应该等于一个发育完全的成年大猩猩的脑量。 英文
无论成体脑的大小如何,我们都不难发现形成这种化石的种群的脑的类型,与现存类人猿相比不仅是明显不同的,而且是更加高级的。不幸的是颅腔标本表面有多处破损(图5,用交叉平行线画出的阴影部分)。显然,这个颅腔中... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 因此我们必然能推出,只有这个大脑能力已经提高的类群才能在这种不利的环境下存在。 英文
在预期位于热带地区的国家将会发现连接猿类与人类真正的“接环”时,存在一种忽略如下事实的倾向,那就是在热带繁茂的森林中,大自然用其多产而慷慨的手,通过适应性的特化,为具有类人猿智力程度的生物们的生存问题提供了一个简单但却迟缓的解决方案。为了人类的产生,需要一个不同的学徒期以磨砺它们的智力,提高它们的理解力。然而正是一片更为广阔的草原地带为之提供了必要的条件,在这里迅捷与隐秘之间的竞争更加尖锐,在这里敏捷的思维和运动在物种生存中扮演了极为重要的角色。达尔文说过,“世界上没有任何国家比南非拥有更多的危险野兽”,以我的观点,南非,由于拥有广阔的空旷地带和稀... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | done, the peculiarities of Australopithecus become very manifest. 中文
Prof. Dart regrets he has not access to literature which gives the data for gauging the age of young anthropoids. In the specimen he has discovered and described, the first permanent molar teeth are coming into use. Data which I collected 25 years ago... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | occasional individuals run up to 620 c.c. One may safely infer that the volume of the brain in the juvenile Australopithecus described by Prof. Dart must be less than 450 c.c., and if we allow a 15 percent increase for the remaining stages of growth, the size of the adult brain will not exceed 520 c.c. At the utmost th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | When Prof. Dart produces his evidence in full he may convert those who, like myself, doubt the advisability of creating a new family for the reception of this new form. It may be that Australopithecus does turn out to be “intermediate between living anthropoids and man”, but on the evidence now produced one is inclined... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The simian infant discovered by him is an unmistakable anthropoid ape that seems to be much on the same grade of development as the gorilla and the chimpanzee without being identical with either. So far Prof. Dart does not seem to have “developed” the specimen far enough to expose the crowns of the teeth and so obtain ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The size of the brain affords very definite evidence that the fossil is an anthropoid on much the same plane as the gorilla and the chimpanzee. But while its brain is not so large as the big gorilla-cast used for comparison by Prof. Dart, it is obvious that it is bigger than a chimpanzee’s brain and probably well above... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The new fossil from Taungs is of special interest as being the first-discovered skull of an extinct anthropoid ape, and Prof. Dart is to be congratulated on his lucid and suggestive preliminary description of the specimen. As usual, however, there are serious defects in the material for discussion, and before the publi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In the absence of knowledge of the skulls of the fossil anthropoid apes represented by teeth and fragmentary jaws in the Tertiary formations of India, it is premature to express any opinion as to whether the direct ancestors of man are to be sought in Asia or in Africa. The new fossil from South Africa certainly has li... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In dealing with the first problem, Prof. Dart has surveyed a considerable number of structural details, and he concludes that the specimen represents an extinct race of apes intermediate between living anthropoid apes and mankind. The specimen comprises the greater part of a skull with the lower jaw still in place (or ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | gorilla-skull shown in Fig. 6 rather surprisingly flattened, and almost suggestive of the influence of age. 中文
Among the anatomical characters enumerated in the article, some appear to me to possess a higher value in evidence than others. As good points in favour of the claims, there may be cited, in addition to the ce... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | disturbing factor. Disturbance, and the recasting of disturbed views, might nevertheless be caused in two other directions. Thus, the determination of the geological antiquity of the embedding of the fossil remains might have such an effect, were the estimate such as to carry that event very far back in time. Again, a ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我们可以有把握地推测达特教授描述的幼年南方古猿的脑量肯定不足450毫升,如果我们容许其在剩余的生长阶段还有15%的增长空间的话,那么成年脑将不会超过520毫升。这种新型类人猿的最大脑量比大猩猩的最大脑量小。然而,即使承认南方古猿是一种类人猿,它们也是一种非常特别的类型。它们是一种真正的长头型或长颅型的类人猿——这是目前为止知道的第一种。现存的所有类人猿的脑宽度都是其长度的82%以上;它们的脑都是圆形的或短颅型的;而南方古猿的脑宽度只有其长度的71%。因此我们发现在类人猿中,就像各人种之间那样,有些具有圆头型趋势,而另一些则具有长头型趋势。达特教授突出强调了南方古猿的这一显著特征。 英文
这种与颌骨较小有关的对头颅两侧的挤压从侧面为阐... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
当将来出现更全面的关于脑的信息时——没有人会比达特教授更应该在这个化石上观察证据并且给出解释——就我个人而言,将充分做好准备:承认已经发现一种猿类,它的脑指向人类特有的脑和智能出现的道路。那时非洲将提供又一个惊喜——但是只是对于那些不知道他们的查尔斯·达尔文为何许人的人来说,才是一个真正的惊喜。但是我们最希望达特教授告诉我们的是关于年代的地质学证据、发现化石的地点的准确状况以及牙齿的精确形式。 英文
埃利奥特·史密斯 英文
* * *
在汤恩发现的新化石特别有意思,因为这是第一次发现的一种已灭绝类人猿的头骨,在此祝贺达特教授对标本进行了清晰而具有提示性的初步描述。然而,与通常一样,在讨论部分还是存在严重的缺陷,所以在发表的第一... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
在文章中列举的解剖学特征中,对于我来说,就证据价值而言,有些特征的价值比其他特征的更高。除了刚刚已经提到的大脑特征以外,可能被引用的作为支持这些说法的很好的证据还有与眼眶下缘相关的鼻骨下缘位置的水平、鼻骨的长度(短)、缺乏眉脊(尽管第一恒牙已经完全出现)、陡峭上升的前额以及相对短小的犬牙。 英文
另一方面,我非常肯定地认为,提到的其他特征中有些肯定也是与标本的年轻性有关。为了充分理解后者,不仅需要对标本进行处理,还需要对收藏的未成年(类人猿)头盖骨进行彻底的调查。几乎可以肯定的是,下颌联合部位背面的“猿板”的发育在某些个体(大猩猩)中被延迟了。甚至鼻骨下缘的位置水平趋向于发生一定的变化,幼年大猩猩在第一颗恒牙完全出现之前,其位... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | given. As the skull is one of extreme importance, a full account with measurements and very detailed figures will in due course be published by Prof. Dart, but the world already realises the unique character of the discovery and is anxious for more immediate information. 中文
From the cablegrams received in South Africa,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | These, of course, must have been formed after the dolomite cliffs had been denuded of their covering Dwyka shales, and may in some cases be of considerable age—perhaps even dating from moderately early Tertiary times. Other masses of this secondary limestone may be of comparatively recent date. In places the great mass... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Prof. Dart in his photographs has given the general features of the skull and the brain, but there are a number of important characters in the skull and dentition to which I should like to direct attention. 中文
Though the parietals and occipital are almost completely lost from the brain cast, most of the sutures can be ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | On the face there are one or two striking characters, and of these perhaps the most important is the fusion of the premaxilla with the maxilla. On the palate the suture between these bones is seen almost as in the human child, the suture running out about two-thirds of the way towards the diastema between the second in... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The whole deciduous denture is present in practically perfect condition. The incisors, which are small, have been much worn down by use, and most of the crowns of the median ones have been worn off. Prof. Dart has directed attention to the vertical position of the teeth, which is a human character and differs considera... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The arrangement of the furrows on the crown of the molar of Australopithecus is almost exactly similar to that in both the orang and the Bushman. In the chimpanzee and gorilla, there is usually a well-marked ridge passing from the protocone to the metacone, of which there is an indication in the Bushman tooth.
中文
It wi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | There seems considerable probability that adult specimens will yet be secured, and if the skeleton as well as the skull is preserved, the light thrown on human evolution will be very great. 中文
(115, 569-571; 1925)
R. Broom: Douglas, South Africa.
汤恩头骨的几点说明
布鲁姆
编者按
当伦敦的人类学家们正在为雷蒙德·达特在南非发现的新“人猿”(即南方古猿非洲种)的意义争论不休的时候,身在南非... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
图1. 南方古猿非洲种头骨的侧面观,达特。约相当于真实尺寸的。
英文
颞区骨缝的分布也非常有意思。蝶骨的上部与顶骨和额骨都连接着。在我能找到的所有大猩猩和黑猩猩的图画中,颞骨都与额骨连接,而且颞骨阻止了蝶骨和顶骨相遇。猩猩则不是这种情况,我拥有的一个头骨的右侧有一条蝶顶缝,左侧有一条额颞缝。狒狒有一条大型的额颞缝,长尾猴有一条蝶顶缝。长臂猿也有一条蝶顶缝。尽管这一区域的骨缝的分布不具有重大的关键意义,但有趣的是,我们注意到南方古猿与人类、长臂猿和长尾猴都是一致的,而与大猩猩、黑猩猩和狒狒则是不同的。 英文
颧弓的有趣之处在于,颧骨和颞鳞之间有一条长的关节。在这点上南方古猿与类人猿的一致性要多过与人类的一致性。 英文
面部有... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;吴新智 审稿)
The Taungs Skull
A. Keith
Editor’s Note
Months after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus, London anthropologists remained frustrated that they could not see the specimen—not even a cast. This may explain the rage of this letter from the eminent Scottish anatomist and anthropologist Arthur Ke... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | An examination of the casts exhibited at Wembley will satisfy zoologists that this claim is preposterous. The skull is that of a young anthropoid ape—one which was in the fourth year of growth—a child—and showing so many points of affinity with the two living African anthropoids—the gorilla and chimpanzee—that there ca... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The other point on which we awaited information related to the geological age of the Taungs skull. Fortunately, Dr. Robert Broom (Nature, April 18, p. 569) has thrown a welcome light on this matter. The skull was blasted out of a cave which had become filled up by sand washed in from the Kalahari. The fossil baboons fo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | a man at fifty-five or sixty; the neck is fat, thick, and full—extending from chin to occiput. In modelling the nose, gorilla lines have been followed, whereas the nasal part of the skull imitates closely chimpanzee characters. The mouth is wide, with a smile at each corner. 中文
Prof. Dart has made a discovery of great ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 只在较欠发育的牙齿、颌骨和与咀嚼相关的骨质结构方面,可以将它称为一种比大猩猩更高等的似人动物。其刚刚萌出的第一恒臼齿只比大猩猩的略小,而面部针对上恒犬齿所作的准备则表明这些牙齿是属于大型类人猿那一类的。 英文
我们等待的另外一个方面的资料与汤恩头骨的地质学年代有关。幸运的是,罗伯特·布鲁姆博士(《自然》,4月18日,第569页)已经对这个问题进行了阐述,并且他的说法被很多人接受。这个头骨是从一个填满了来自卡拉哈里沙漠的沙子的山洞里炸出来的。在旁边山洞发现的狒狒化石与南非现存的狒狒只在微小的结构细节上存在差异。布鲁姆博士认为,汤恩头骨的地质学年代较近;应该不早于更新世;他认为一种可能的情况是,这具头骨的年代并不比在罗德西亚布罗肯希尔山... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | As a matter of fact, although I undoubtedly regard the description as an adequate one, I have not used the term “missing link.” On the other hand, Sir Arthur Keith in an article entitled “The New Missing Link” in the British Medical Journal (February 14, 1925) pointed out that “it is not only a missing link but a very ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | is well known that the elephant and the whale have brains much larger than those of human beings, but no one has inferred from that that their intelligence is greater. It is fairly certain that size of brain has some relation to size of body, as Dubois has shown. It is highly probable that the australopithecid man-apes... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Sir Arthur need have no qualms lest his remarks detract from the importance of the Taungs discovery—criticism generally enhances rather than detracts. Three decades ago Huxley refused to accept Pithecanthropus as a link. Today Sir Arthur Keith regards Pithecanthropus as the only known link. There is no record that Huxl... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | therefore, “preposterous” that Prof. Dart should propose to create “a new family of Homo-simiadae for the reception of the group of individuals which it (Australopithecus) represents”. It is preposterous because the group to which this fossil ape belongs has been known and named since the time of Sir Richard Owen. 中文
T... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 中文
Arthur Keith 中文
(116, 462-463; 1925)
Raymond A. Dart: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Arthur Keith: Royal College of Surgeons of England, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, W.C., September 5.
汤恩头骨
编者按
雷蒙德·达特此前声称发现并鉴定了一种介于人与古猿之间,被命名为南方古猿非洲种的中间类型,阿瑟·基思对此提出了批评。在这里,雷蒙德·达特对阿瑟·基思的批评作出了回应。除了是否应该将这具头骨的模型对其他人类学家开... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 在同期的《自然》中,埃利奥特·史密斯教授表达了相似的观点,将南方古猿描述为“肯定是一只类人猿,该类人猿似乎处于与大猩猩和黑猩猩同样的发育阶段,但是与两者又都不相同。” 英文
自从达特教授在《自然》上最初公布结果之后,这里的所有信息都趋向于支持汤恩猿与大猩猩和黑猩猩存在亲密的亲缘关系——认为它是那一群体的成员之一。阿姆斯特丹的博尔克教授和俄亥俄州克利夫兰的温盖特·托德教授都注意到了一个事实,即个别的大猩猩头骨显示出与在汤恩猿中观察到的同样形式的变窄、拉长的现象。阿瑟·鲁滨逊教授也表明大约同样年龄的幼年黑猩猩的颌骨大小存在很广泛的变异范围,其中稍小的颌骨就与汤恩猿中见到的大小和形状的发育程度接近。汤恩猿正在萌出的第一颗恒臼齿的尺寸和其牙... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | A rich fossiliferous deposit at Chou Kou Tien, 70 li [about 40 kilometres] to the southwest of Peking, was first discovered in the summer of 1921 by Dr. J. G. Andersson and later surveyed and partially excavated by Dr. O. Zdansky. A preliminary report on the site was published by Dr. Andersson in March 1923 (Mem. Geol.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | While a complete description of these very important specimens may shortly be expected in Palaeontologia Sinica, the following brief notes may be of interest here. One of the teeth recovered is a right upper molar, probably the third, the relatively unworn crown of which presents characters appearing from the photograp... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | equally far removed respectively to the east, to the south-east, and to the west from the central Asiatic plateau which, it has been shown elsewhere, most probably coincides with their common dispersal centre. The Chou Kou Tien discovery therefore furnishes one more link in the already strong chain of evidence supporti... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 它被临时归属于人属?或者猿属?回想起来,非常有趣的是,当施洛瑟总结他对那颗牙齿所作的描述时曾指出,将来的调查者将有希望在中国发现一种新的类似人的化石第三纪人或古老更新世人。周口店的发现是对那个预测的一个惹人注目的确认。 英文
现在很明显了,在第三纪结束或第四纪开始之际,在东亚的确存在人类或者说一种与人类关系密切的类人猿。这在史前人类学领域是一个重要的基本发现。在大约同一个时期,爪哇存在爪哇直立猿人,皮尔当存在曙人,之后不久在毛尔地区出现海德堡人。所有这些生物类型都是属于同一时期的,并且分别在东部、东南部和西部各自占据了距中亚平原相同距离的区域,而其他的证据表明,中亚平原极有可能是它们共同的扩散中心。周口店的发现,在已有的有关人类中亚... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | shape of the conductor, being the same for resistances of metal wire, graphite, thin metallic films, films of drawing ink, and strong or weak electrolytes. It does, however, depend on temperature and is proportional to the absolute temperature of the resistance. This dependence on temperature demonstrates that the comp... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | J. B. Johnson: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y., Nov. 17.
导体中电的热扰动
约翰逊
编者按
在电子通讯和电话通信的早期,工程师们的目标是将电路中的噪声降至最小。但贝尔电话实验室的物理学家、工程师约翰·约翰逊认为,噪声的减少是有基本极限的。约翰逊指出:即使在没有加载外部电流的情况下,导电体也会表现出由自发热扰动导致的电压波动。这种电压噪声与样品的温度直接相关,这使约翰逊联想到它应该是由随机热能的连续激励和扰动造成的。因此他得出以下结论:在电路中能够被有效放大的最小电压受到组成电路的材料的限制。 英文
普通的导电体是电压自发涨落的来源,而这种... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | IN a series of experiments now in progress, we are directing a narrow beam of electrons normally against a target cut from a single crystal of nickel, and are measuring the intensity of scattering (number of electrons per unit solid angle with speeds near that of the bombarding electrons) in various directions in front... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In general, if bombarding potential and azimuth are fixed and exploration is made in latitude, nothing very striking is observed. The intensity of scattering increases continuously and regularly from zero in the plane of the target to highest value in co-latitude 20°, the limit of observations. If bombarding potential ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Fig. 2. Intensity of electron scattering vs. azimuth angle—54 volts, co-latitude 50°
中文
Thirteen sets of beams similar to the one just described have been discovered in an exploration in the principal azimuths covering a voltage range from 15 volts to 200 volts. The data for these are set down on the left in Table I (... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | unaccounted for. 中文
These results are highly suggestive, of course, of the ideas underlying the theory of wave mechanics, and we naturally inquire if the wave-length of the X-ray beam which we thus associate with a beam of electrons is in fact the h/mv of L. de Broglie. The comparison may be made, as it happens, withou... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | trustworthy. 中文
(119, 558-560; 1927)
C. Davission, L. H. Germer: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York, N.Y., Mar. 3.
镍单晶对电子的散射
戴维森,革末
编者按
1924年,路易斯·德布罗意在他的博士论文中猜测,电子以及其他一些有质量的粒子的运动方式可能与波类似,就像光子除了具有电磁辐射的波动行为以外,还显示出与此不同的粒子行为。这一假说意味着,物质粒子会表现出干涉或者衍射这样的波动特征。在这篇文章中,贝尔电话实验室的克林顿·戴维森和莱斯特·革末通过对从镍晶中发出的电子束的衍射效应进行测量证实了这一假说。... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 表I右侧(第5、6、7列)列出了在我们能观测到的角度范围内由波长最长的10组X射线束得到的数据。前10组中每组数据都来自我们先前设定的3个主方位角中的一个。 英文
在以上表中关于电子束和X射线束的两部分数据中有几点关系值得我们注意。同时还要注意两个区别:电子束的余纬角不是X射线束的余纬角;对于表格底部列出的3行电子束数据,没有X射线束数据与之对应。 英文
第一个区别是系统上的,可以用一种简单的方式定量地总结出来。如果晶体沿着入射束方向被压缩至70%,即压缩因子为0.7,那么X射线束将移至更小的余纬角θ'(第8列),这样它的位置将与观测到的电子束的情况精确地吻合——平均差异为1.7°。同理,对于我们能观察到的前10组X射线束中的每一个... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THE continuous spectrum of the β-rays arising from radio-active bodies is a matter of great importance in the study of their disintegration. Two opposite views have been held about the origin of this continuous spectrum. It has been suggested that, as in the α-ray case, the nucleus, at each disintegration, emits an ele... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | effect should correspond simply to the average kinetic energy of the particles forming the continuous spectrum. 中文
To avoid complications due to α-rays or to γ-rays from parent or successive atoms, we measured the heating effect in a thick-walled calorimeter of a known quantity of radium E. This measurement proved diff... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果我们测量一定量的物质发射出的电子的总能量,例如将这些物质放在一个厚壁量热计中,那么按照第一种观点,由热效应就能得出每次衰变的平均能量,这个值应该是等于或大于发射出的最快的电子的能量,不管这个能量随后以什么方式被二次效应分解。而在第二种观点中,由于不存在二次效应,所以热效应应该简单地对应于形成连续谱的电子的平均动能。 英文
为了避免衰变中母原子或后续原子产生的α射线或者γ射线的干扰,我们在厚壁量热计中测量了一定量的镭E的热效应。由于放热速度很慢,这个测量很难进行,但是通过采用特别的措施,我们得到镭E每次衰变辐射出的平均能量是340,000±30,000电子伏。这个结果对于连续谱来源于原子核中的发射这一假设是个有力的确证。因为通过电... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | confirmed this anticipation, and shown that in every case in which light is scattered by the molecules in dust-free liquids or gases, the diffuse radiation of the ordinary kind, having the same wave-length as the incident beam, is accompanied by a modified scattered radiation of degraded frequency. 中文
The new type of l... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | C. V. Raman, K. S. Krishnan: 210 Bowbazar Street, Calcutta, India, Feb. 16.
一种新型的二次辐射
拉曼,克里希南
编者按
20世纪早期的物理学主要是由欧美科学家主导的,然而,一项在量子物理方面具有里程碑意义的发现却是由两名印度物理学家在加尔各答作出的。就当时人们所知,从一个静止实物散射出来的光线应该保持频率不变,这一点大家都可以理解,但钱德拉塞卡拉·文卡塔·拉曼和卡瑞马尼卡姆·斯里尼瓦桑·克里希南却用实验证实,有一小部分散射光频率变化很大。“拉曼效应”包含散射光子与原子或分子的内自由度之间能量的交换过程。现在利用这个效应可以检测分子结构和分子运动以及材料的化... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | IN a paper which will shortly appear in the Rend. Accad. Lincei, I have calculated the distribution of the electrons in a heavy atom. The electrons were considered as forming an atmosphere of completely degenerated gas held in proximity to the nucleus by the attraction of the nuclear charge screened by the electrons. F... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 根据电子密度和它们的速率分布,可以很容易地计算出相对于核的运动角动量为某一指定值的电子的数目,也就是说,角量子数k为某一指定值的电子的数目。 英文
例如,已经知道稀土族的形成对应于电子被束缚在44轨道上,也就是说,对应于原子内存在k = 4的电子。而根据理论可以得出,只有在那些原子序数z ≥ 55的原子中k = 4的电子才能以正常状态存在。这与稀土元素族从z = 58(铈)开始这一经验结果吻合得很好。 英文
类似的,k = 3的电子被束缚在33轨道上,对应于从z = 21(钪)开始的第一个长周期的反常。而根据理论,k = 3的电子刚好应该出现在z = 21的原子之中。 英文
进一步的细节将随后发表。 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;李芝芬 审... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is well known that the failure of classical mechanics in molecular events is due to the fact that the wave-length associated with the particles is not small compared with molecular dimensions. The wave-length associated with α-particles is some 105 smaller, but since the nuclear dimensions are smaller than atomic in... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | by chance. 中文
Fig. 1
中文
The rate of disintegration, that is, the probability of escape, depends on the amount of overlapping of the wave-functions in the regions DB and FH, and this is extremely sensitive to the height to which the potential curve at C rises above BDF. By varying this height through a small range we ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | are describing orbits within the region GEC). 中文
The peculiar property of the wave mechanical equations which finds application here has also been applied to the theory of the emission of electrons from cold metals under the action of intense fields (Oppenheimer, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 14, 363; 1928; and Fowler and Nor... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这两个波函数在BD区域交叠的事实意味着,存在一个很小但不为零的几率,使得在DF轨道上的粒子能够沿着BM逃逸出原子核,同时获得OX到DFBM的高度所表示的动能,比如说400万电子伏。这一事件是自发的并且只受几率的控制。 英文
图1
英文
衰变速率,即逃逸几率,依赖于DB和FH区域中波函数的交叠量,并且对势能曲线中C点到BDF的高度十分敏感。通过在小范围内改变这个高度,我们可以获得所有放射性衰变元素的衰变周期,从几分之一秒、109年(铀)到实质上是稳定的,各种情况都存在。(在考察分子的异构体之间的转化时,洪德发现了一个与此类似的转变周期的巨大范围,见《物理学杂志》,第43卷,第810页,1927年)如果α粒子与各种放射性核相互作用的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Sterilisation for Human Betterment: a Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909–1929.
By E. S. Gosney and Dr. Paul Popenoe (A Publication of the Human Betterment Foundation.)
pp. xviii+202. (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1929.) 8s. 6d. net. 中文
THIS little book is a storehouse of information on the eff... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the country. The help given by hospitals, and later by the State, to indigent mothers has all grown up in the last century, so that the argument that because we have maintained a vigorous, enterprising, fighting race in these islands for eight hundred years since the Norman Conquest, we shall continue to do so, is not ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But are insanity and mental defect hereditary? Some British authorities hold that in many cases they are not. So far as insanity is concerned, however, there is general agreement, as our authors point out, that the condition known as “dementia praecox” is the result of an inborn weakened constitution, and that it is a ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | London has been recruited. 中文
It seems to us that in the last resort compulsory sterilisation will have to be inflicted as a penalty for the economic sin of producing more children than the parents can support. Whether a man has a large or a small family is—given a healthy wife—a matter of taste, so long as he provides... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | )8先令6便士 英文
这本小册子是一座知识宝库,蕴藏着美国通过使低能者和精神病患者绝育的方式来提高人口质量的过程中取得的成就。尽管美国联邦约20个州已经通过了越来越多的美式法律,为性异常者、智能低下者及精神病患者在公共机构进行绝育手术提供合法依据,但是看起来只有加利福尼亚州真正实施了这些法律,因此本书中主要是关于加利福尼亚州取得的成果的讨论。 英文
为了帮助造物主减少不适于生存者而采取这些绝育措施的合理性,在本书的引言里已经有所陈述。我们那些无情的祖先,没有为使虚弱和得病的孩子能够活下来而进行过任何努力,因此种系都是从其最强壮的成员中繁衍而来的;但是如今,在这个浅薄的人道主义情感泛滥的时代,医学在其力所能及的范围内力求使所有婴儿都能... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 人们常常说,生育控制的最大问题在于是错误的人在实施政策,这么说也是公平的。但是,这些知识一旦为人们获得就不可能再拿走;中产阶级们知悉了这些,就不可避免会将其付诸实践。然而,假如节育的知识和实践在工人阶级中广泛传播,那么可能会出现一种对不计后果进行生育的怨恨,到那时对不适于生存者实施强制性绝育术的行动可能就无法遏止了。 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
* 《贫困与遗传》,作者李德贝特,《优生学评论》,第14卷,第152页,1923年。
The “Wave Band” Theory of Wireless Transmission
A. Fleming
Editor’s Note
Ambrose Fleming here ta... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | band”. But although this view has been very much adopted there is good reason to think that it is merely a kind of mathematical fiction and does not correspond to any reality in Nature. 中文
Let us consider how it has arisen. We send out from all wireless telephone transmitters an electromagnetic radiation of a certain d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | If the imposed note or acoustic vibration is very complex in form, then in virtue of Fourier’s theorem it may be resolved into the sum of a number of simple harmonic terms of form cos qt, and each of these may be considered to be equivalent to a pair of co-existent carrier waves. Hence the complex modulation of a singl... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | frequency suffers a variation in amplitude according to a certain regular or irregular law. There are no multiple wave-lengths or wave bands at all. 中文
The receiver absorbs this radiation of fluctuating amplitude and causes the direct current through the loud speaker to vary in accordance with the fluctuations of ampli... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is, however, not an easy thing to define a limit to wave amplitudes. They are measured in microvolts per metre and are difficult to measure. But a wave-length is easy to define in kilocycles or in metres, and hence the method has been adopted of limiting emission to an imaginary band of wavelengths which, however, d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 但弗莱明认为人们对频带的过分关注掩盖了振幅的作用。太大的振幅可能会导致不同传输过程之间的干扰,就像在戏院中大声讲话带来的麻烦一样。弗莱明指出,对振幅而不是频带的关注将会帮助我们避免在应用这项新技术时遇到不必要的麻烦或限制。 英文
在科学史上,我们遇到的许多科学理论或解释被广泛接受并应用的情况,并不是因为它们能够被证明是真理,而是因为它们为某些科学现象提供了简单、易于被理解并且似乎合理的解释。大多数人并不能透过复杂现象发现真理,因此也就乐于不加质疑地接受某种能够便捷地解释复杂现象的假说。 英文
然而,简单的理解并不是自然界的基本特征,也不能随即得到,即不会因为我们想象一种能够解释某些自然现象的机制,它就以那种方式来实现。在关于无线电话... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 但是如果任何人非常不礼貌地用很大的声音说话,他很快就会被要求保持安静或被逐出会场。 英文
然而,确定波幅的调制范围并不是件容易的事情。它们以每米微伏的数量级来进行计量,并且是很难被测定的。但波长很容易用千周或米来定义,因此现已采用的方法是将发射限定到虚构的波带范围内,然而,这个波带实际上并不存在。 英文
这样的定义是不完善的,或者说是难以理解的。这有点像形而上学的老式定义,如“一个在暗室里摸索一只并不存在的黑猫的盲人”。类似地,我们假设的波带并不存在。存在的只是载波中振幅逐步或突然的变化。显然,总有一天我们将不得不修改我们的无线通信的编码规则。 英文
我们没有理由将我们的广播电台的输出限制在某种确定宽度的假想波带内,比如说9千周或其... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | electrons would tend to fall into the negative energy states—with emission of radiation—were it not for the Pauli exclusion principle, which prevents more than one electron from going to any one state. If, however, it is assumed that “there are so many electrons in the world that... all the states of negative energy ar... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 然而,如果假设“世界上有非常多的电子以至于除了极少的负能态以外,几乎所有的负能态都被占据了”,那么可以推测,这些存在于负能态体系中的无数个电子将不会被探测到(若电子是均匀分布的),而仅有极少的“空穴”或遗漏的负能态可以很容易地被观察到。接下来他把这些“空穴”视为与质子相同的“具有正能量的物质”。密度无限大的负电的出现使普通电磁学理论遇到了困难。不过,当假定一般情况下必须通过“带电的正常状态”的偏离来测量体电荷时,便可以解决这个难题,所谓带电的正常状态是指“每一个具有负能量的电子态均被占据而没有一个正能态被占据的状态”。在这篇文章中,他并没有详细讨论质子质量比电子质量大这一问题,但是却提出了一种可能的解决思路。狄拉克博士的论文仅涉及少... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | weight, as Ramsay boldly and prematurely proposed long ago, and subject to the Maxwell-Boltzmann exponential energy formula for statistics of distribution, and to its consequences for the theory of dissociation of mixed gases in relation to pressure and temperature, has on the initiative mainly of Saha led to promising... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | A determined effort to shed off all such special hypotheses has been published very recently by Milne (Monthly Notices R. A. S. for November, pp. 17–53), which accordingly invites close attention and scrutiny. The procedure is the natural one, to try to make continuity between the gases of the atmosphere subject to law... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | divide out of the result and only C remains. This C is held, in the light unforeseen of comparison with facts, to be in some degree a characteristic constant for all the stars, and thus may be the new element beyond surface values, and without assuming anything about their interiors, that the law as formulated requires... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In any case, perhaps not much stress would be laid on the deduction. The formula is regarded probably by its author as essentially an empirical result. When the value of C had been adapted to two prominent stars, the sun and Capella, it turned out in his hands, as he relates, to his astonishment, that it was a universa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 内部的力学平衡条件可以表示为大气层和光球层间分界面上的压强,这个压强是中心物理量和C值的函数,其中C是由任意假定的密度分布沿半径方向积分得到的。大气压强在界面处的表达式中也包含同样的常数,在化简结果以使界面两侧的压强相等之后,其他常数都消失了,结果中只有C保留了下来。C在某种意义上可以被认为是所有恒星的一个特征常数,这是在与实际情况的对比中没有料到的。因此它可能是除表面值之外的新要素,上述原理需要这些要素而不必考虑它们的内涵。 英文
从一般意义上说上述做法已经足够完美了,如果不是因为C的表达式中包含恒星内部靠近分界面处的密度梯度,则在没有相反证据的前提下,只要所选的分界面沿半径方向有微小的位移,C的数值必然会发生很大的变化。如果把光... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | that of a planet outside Neptune, and agreed fairly closely with that of one of the hypothetical planets the elements of which had been inferred by the late Prof. Percival Lowell from a study of the small residuals between theory and observation in the positions of Uranus. That planet was better suited than Neptune for... | 400套付费套装书 |
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