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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I exposed a plate, protected by a black paper sheath, to the X-rays so that the glass side lay next to the vacuum tube. The sensitive film was partly covered with star-shaped pieces of platinum, lead, zinc, and aluminium. On the developed negative the star-shaped impression showed dark under platinum, lead, and, more m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | (10) It is known that Lenard, in his investigations on kathode rays, has shown that they belong to the ether, and can pass through all bodies. Concerning the X-rays the same may be said. 中文
In his latest work, Lenard has investigated the absorption coefficients of various bodies for the kathode rays, including air at a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | (12) As the result of many researches, it appears that the place of most brilliant phosphorescence of the walls of the discharge-tube is the chief seat whence the X-rays originate and spread in all directions; that is, the X-rays proceed from the front where the kathode rays strike the glass. If one deviates the kathod... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Fig. 2. Photograph of a compass card and needle completely enclosed in a metal case
中文
For the rectilinear propagation of the rays, I have a pin-hole photograph of the discharge apparatus covered with black paper. It is faint but unmistakable. 中文
(15) I have sought for interference effects of the X-rays, but possibly,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the new rays be ascribed to longitudinal waves in the ether? 中文
I must confess that I have in the course of this research made myself more and more familiar with this thought, and venture to put the opinion forward, while I am quite conscious that the hypothesis advanced still requires a more solid foundation. 中文
(53, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 透明度增加的速度比该乘积减少的速度快很多。 英文
(6)X射线所产生的显著作用并不是只能使铂氰酸钡发出荧光。可以观测到,X射线也能使其他一些物质发出荧光,例如硫化钙、铀玻璃、冰洲石和岩盐等。 英文
在这方面,特别让人感兴趣的是照相干版对X射线是敏感的。这就使我们可以将实验现象记录下来以避免出现错误。利用照相的方法,我已经确认了很多最初通过肉眼在荧光屏上观测得到的实验结果。X射线穿透木块或纸板的能力很有用处。在对照相干版进行曝光时,可以不用除去遮光板或者其他保护盒,因此实验就不必在暗室中进行。当然,千万不要把装有未曝光照相干版的盒子放在真空管附近。 英文
干版上留下的影像到底是X射线的直接效应,还是由干版材料发出的荧光引起的次级效应,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
莱纳德在最近的工作中研究了各种物体对阴极射线的吸收系数,比如一个大气压下的空气的吸收系数,根据放电管抽真空程度的不同,每一厘米对应的吸收系数分别是4.10、3.40和3.10。为了根据放电的本质来作出判断,我在基本相同的压强下进行了研究,不过偶尔也会用更高一点或更低一点的压强。利用韦伯光度计,我发现荧光的强度近似与屏幕到放电管距离的平方成反比。这个结论是根据三组非常一致的观测结果得到的,其观测距离分别为100毫米和200毫米。因此,空气对X射线的吸收比对阴极射线的吸收低很多。这一结果与前述的在距真空管2米处的屏幕上仍会出现荧光的结果是完全一致的。大体上,其他物质的性质与空气类似,它们对X射线比对阴极射线更加透明。 英文
(11... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Professor Röntgen’s Discovery
A. A. C. Swinton
Editor’s Note
One of the most sobering things about this verification of Röntgen’s discovery of X-rays, less than a month after they were first reported, is that it shows how tepid the reception of great discoveries can be among scientific peers. Campbell-Swinton hints tha... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | a photographic plate, a shadow photograph can be obtained which shows all the outlines and joints of the bones most distinctly. 中文
Working upon the lines indicated in the telegrams from Vienna, recently published in the daily papers, I have, with the assistance of Mr. J. C. M. Stanton, repeated many of Prof. Röntgen’s ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | So far as our own experiments go, it appears that, at any rate without very long exposures, a sufficiently active excitation of the Crookes tube is not obtained by direct connection to an ordinary Rhumkorff induction coil, even of a large size. So-called high frequency currents, however, appear to give good results, an... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | By substituting a thin sheet of black vulcanised fibre for the aluminium plate, we have since been able to reduce the exposure required to four minutes. Indeed with the aluminium plate, the twenty minutes’ exposure appears to have been longer than was necessary. Further, having regard to the great opacity of glass, it ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
要获得无生命物体的阴影或检验不同物质对此种辐射的相对透明度,使用哪种结构的克鲁克斯管看起来并不是非常要紧,尽管我们发现某些结构的管子比另外一些好一点。但是,在获取人手的影像时,重要的是得到骨骼的清晰阴影,那么所使用的管子的特殊结构以及管子相对于人手和感光干版的位置就显得至关重要了。到目前为止,由于管子经常因其末端过热而毁坏,我们还没能弄清楚对于上述目的来说什么样的管子结构和摆放位置是最好的,不过能够确定的是,管子中的电极应该采用平板电极而不是曲面电极,并且应该用尺寸较小的电极板。 英文
本文所附的活人手掌的影像(图1)是该辐射穿过厚度为0.0075的铝片持续曝光20分钟而得到的,实验中使用的克鲁克斯管中包含某种白色磷光物质(可... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Others think, with Crookes and J. J. Thomson, that these rays are formed by matter which is negatively charged and moving with great velocity, and on this hypothesis their mechanical properties, as well as the manner in which they become curved in a magnetic field, are readily explicable. 中文
This latter hypothesis has ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The vacuum tube could be placed between the poles of an electro-magnet. When this was excited, the kathode rays, becoming deflected, no longer passed into the Faraday’s cylinder, and this cylinder was then not charged; it, however, became charged immediately the electromagnet ceased to be excited. 中文
In short, the Fara... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Thus, at the same time as negative electricity is radiated from the kathode, positive electricity travels towards that kathode. 中文
I endeavoured to determine whether this positive flux formed a second system of rays absolutely symmetrical to the first. 中文
(4) For that purpose I constructed a tube (Fig. 2) similar to th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In the neighbourhood of the kathode, the electric field is sufficiently intense to break into pieces (into ions) certain of the molecules of the residual gas. The negative ions move towards the region where the potential is increasing, acquire a considerable speed, and form the kathode rays; their electric charge, and ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 在这样的条件下,将一束阴极射线通入法拉第圆筒,这个圆筒将一直带负电。 英文
真空管可以放置在电磁铁的两极之间。当电磁铁通电时,阴极射线将发生偏转,不能再通入法拉第圆筒,这个圆筒也将不再带电,而当电磁铁断电之后,法拉第圆筒马上又带电了。 英文
简单地说就是,当且仅当有阴极射线进入时,法拉第圆筒带负电,所以阴极射线一定带负电。 英文
射线所带的电量可以被测量出来。我还没有完成这项研究,但是我可以给出一个有关所获电量的数量级的概念,对于一个压力为20微米汞柱的真空管,将初级线圈截断,法拉第圆筒接收的电量足以使600单位(厘米克秒制)的电容器的电势差提高到300伏特。 英文
(3)阴极射线带负电,根据电荷守恒定律,我们应该能在某处找到相应的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | field behaves as predicted by Lorentz, owing to the circular motion of charged particles within the atom. He estimates the charge/mass ratio for these particles as being about 107. 中文
IN consequence of my measurements of Kerr’s magneto-optical phenomena, the thought occurred to me whether the period of the light emitte... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It has been already stated what, in general, was the origin of my own research on the magnetisation of the lines in the spectrum. The possibility of an alteration of period was first suggested to me by the consideration of the accelerating and retarding forces between the atoms and Maxwell’s molecular vortices; later c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | On the contrary, if one looks at the flame in a direction at right angles to the lines of force, then the edges of the broadened sodium lines appear plane polarised, in accordance with theory. Thus there is here direct evidence of the existence of ions. 中文
This investigation was conducted in the Physical Institute of L... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | An Undiscovered Gas
W. Ramsay
Editor’s Note
Sir William Ramsay was professor of chemistry at University College London and was awarded a Nobel prize in 1904 for his discovery of four of the rare gases, helium (in concert with Lord Rayleigh), neon, argon and xenon. Ramsay’s address to the Chemistry Section of the Britis... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | there are already over seventy elements. To select a name expressible by a symbol which has not already been claimed for one of the known elements is difficult, and the difficulty is enhanced when it is at the same time required to select a name which shall be descriptive of the properties (or want of properties) of th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | complicated expression which, to some extent, exhibited regularity in the atomic weights of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; and also of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. 中文
The upshot of these efforts to discover regularity was that, in 1864, Mr. John Newlands, having arranged the elements i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | group is not unlikely, for when this table was first drawn up Prof. Mendeléeff drew attention to certain gaps, which have since been filled up by the discovery of gallium, germanium, and others. 中文
The discovery of argon at once raised the curiosity of Lord Rayleigh and myself as to its position in this table. With a d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | atomic weight in argon, and, indeed, have practically demonstrated that argon is a simple substance, and not a mixture. 中文
The discovery of helium has thrown a new light on this subject. Helium, it will be remembered, is evolved on heating certain minerals, notably those containing uranium; although it appears to be co... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | There should, therefore, be an undiscovered element between helium and argon, with an atomic weight 16 units higher than than of helium, and 20 units lower than that of argon, namely 20. And if this unknown element, like helium and argon, should prove to consist of monatomic molecules, then its density should be half i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Among the minerals examined was one to which our attention had been directed by Prof. Lockyer, named eliasite, from which he said that he had extracted a gas in which he had observed spectrum lines foreign to helium. He was kind enough to furnish us with a specimen of this mineral, which is exceedingly rare, but the sa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | supposition. Prof. Runge supposed that he had obtained evidence of the separation of these imagined elements from each other by means of diffusion; but Mr. Travers and I pointed out that the same alteration of spectrum, which was apparently produced by diffusion, could also be caused by altering the pressure of the gas... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | portion. And the retardation of the light, unlike what has usually been observed, was nearly proportional to the densities of the samples. The spectrum of these two samples did not differ in the minutest particular; therefore it did not appear quite out of the question to hazard the speculation that the process of diff... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | helium from heavy molecules. 中文
The apparatus used for diffusion had a capacity of about two litres. It was filled with helium, and the operation of diffusion was carried through thirty times. There were six reservoirs each full of gas, and each was separated into two by diffusion. To the heavier portion of one lot, th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | As re-diffusion does not alter the density or the refractivity of this gas, it is right to suppose that either one definite element has now been isolated; or that if there are more elements than one present, they possess the same, or very nearly the same, density and refractivity. There may be a group of elements, say ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | If, then, there is a new gas in what is generally termed helium, it is mixed with argon, and it must be present in extremely minute traces. As neither helium nor argon has been induced to from compounds, there does not appear to be any method, other than diffusion, for isolating such a gas, if it exists, and that metho... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | We have already paid some attention to several triads of elements. We have seen that the differences in atomic weights between the elements fluorine and manganese, oxygen and chromium, nitrogen and vanadium, carbon and titanium, is in each case approximately the same as that between helium and argon, viz. 36. If elemen... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | correct, argon should have an atomic weight smaller than 40. 中文
Let us examine this contention. Taking the first row of elements, we have:
Li = 7, Be = 9.8, B = 11, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, F = 19, ? = 20.
The differences are:
2.8, 1.2, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 1.0.
It is obvious that they are irregular. The next row shows s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | irregularity; it strives to understand why such an irregularity should exist. And, in connection with this, there are two matters which call for our consideration. These are: Does some circumstance modify these “combining proportions” which we term “atomic weights”? And is there any reason to suppose that we can modify... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | grammes of oxygen at the same temperature, and contained in a vessel of equal size. Equal masses of tin and lead have not equal capacity for heat; but 119 grammes of tin has the same capacity as 207 grammes of lead; that is, equal atomic masses have the same heat capacity. The quantity of electricity conveyed through a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The various forms of energy may therefore be classified as those which can be referred to an “atomic” factor, and those which possess a “mass” factor. The former are in the majority. And the periodic law is the bridge between them; and yet, an imperfect connection. For the atomic factors, arranged in the order of their... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
今天我要谈的主题是一种新的气体。随后我将向各位介绍它的奇妙性质;但是,为了公平起见,我要让你们马上了解到它最不同寻常的性质——它至今尚未被发现。由于尚未问世,它也还没有名字。一种新元素的命名可不是件简单的事。因为在我们的字母表中只有26个字母,而目前已有70多种元素。选择一个从未被其它已知元素用过的符号作为名字是很困难的,同时还要使所选择的名字能描述该元素性质(或者是希望它所具备的性质),那就更困难了。 英文
现在,我要将这种尚未被发现的元素存在的证据呈现给你们。 英文
早在1817年,德贝赖纳就注意到,某些元素可以按照三个一组的方式进行排列。选择元素构成这样的三元素组,是以它们具有的相似的性质,以及它们的原子量大小顺序(当时... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这些矿物包括钇铀矿、独居石、褐钇铌(钽)矿以及很多类似的复杂混合物,它们都含有诸如铌、钽、钇和铈等稀有元素。氦光谱的特征是有一条显著而明亮的黄线,弗兰克兰和洛克耶教授早在1868年就在太阳色球的光谱中观察到了这一点,并从那时起称它为“氦”。 英文
经证实,氦的密度非常接近2.0,而且,与氩一样,它的比热比表明它也是一种单原子气体。因此,它的原子量与分子量是一样的,也就是4.0,而它在周期表中的位置则介于氢和原子量为7.0的锂之间。 英文
因此,氦与氩的原子量之差为40 – 4,也就是36。这里还有几个差值与此相同的例子。例如,在以氟作为第一个成员的那组元素中,我们看到—— 英文
在氧这一组中—— 英文
在氮这一组中—— 英文
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
这两种密度不同的气体样品在其他性质上也不相同。光穿过不同透明物体的速率是不同的。因此,光在水中的传播速率比在空气中低很多,而在空气中的传播速率又比在氢气中低。瑞利勋爵发现,氦对光透过的阻碍比其他任何物质都小,而通过分离氦所得到的两个组分中,较重的部分对光透过的阻碍比较轻的部分大一些。与通常所观测到的不同,对光的阻碍几乎正比于样品的密度。两种样品的光谱在最微小的细节上也毫无区别;由此,看起来我们可以大胆地认为,扩散过程是起作用的,但不一定有助于将两种气体彼此分开,而实际上是对将同一种气体中较轻的分子从较重的分子中分离出去有帮助。这并不是一个全新的观点。最先由舒岑贝热教授(最近他的去世令所有化学家感到痛惜),还有后来的克鲁克斯先生... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 褐钇铌(钽)矿是可以产生适量氦气的矿物之一,当这种矿物的总重量为100,000时,氦只占其中的33;其他一些矿物中所含新气体的比例可能更低。然而,如果在尚未发现的来源中新气体也是与氩和氦共存的话,那么把它从这些气体中分离出来将是一项极其艰巨的任务。 英文
在上面的评述中我们假定,新气体与氩和氦类似,对于试剂反应呈惰性,不形成化合物。这一假定尚有待检验。在考虑这一问题时,与其他元素的类比是我们唯一的指导思想。 英文
我们已经关注了若干个三元素组。我们看到,氟与锰、氧与铬、氮与钒、碳与钛这些元素之间的原子量差值和氦与氩之间的差值是近似相等的,大约都是36。如果进一步检验周期表中靠后的元素,可以看到原子量越小,其差值越小。硼与钪之间的原子... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 一定质量的铱(密度最大的固体)与等质量的锂(已知最轻的固体)也能相平衡。另一方面,表面能所涉及的是分子而不是质量,体积能也是如此。放置在一个容量为1升的容器中的2克氢,与相同温度下放置在相同体积的容器中的32克氧具有相同的体积能。等质量的锡和铅的热容量并不相同;但119克锡与207克铅的热容量是相同的;也就是说,相同的原子数量对应相同的热容量。同一电势差,在电解质溶液中传输的电量正比于溶质的当量而不是其质量;也就是正比于其原子量的某个简单百分比。化学能的容量因子则是该能量所支配物质的原子量。由此我们看到,因为质量或惯性是动能与线性能的重要附属条件,所以其他各种类型的能量都直接或间接地与原子量相关联。 英文
这些考虑使我们注意到物质的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | REFERRING to Mr. Shelford Bidwell’s illuminating communication on this subject published in Nature of June 4, may I point out that though, as stated by Mr. Bidwell, it is wildly impracticable to effect even 160,000 synchronised operations per second by ordinary mechanical means, this part of the problem of obtaining di... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 他特别提到,每秒所需的160,000次同步操作也许可以通过分别位于发送端和接收端的阴极射线来完成,这样才能在显示区域内以低于1/10秒的时间进行扫描以满足视觉暂留的需要。找到一种传输高频信号的手段以满足远程视场的需要对我们来说是一个更高层次的挑战。在今天看来,坎贝尔–斯温顿是第一个明确提出电视工作原理的人。 英文
谢尔福德·比德韦尔先生在6月4日的《自然》上就远程电视系统这一主题发表了一篇颇具启发性的通讯文章,他在该文章中指出,通过普通的力学方法想要在每秒内有效执行160,000次同步操作是完全不可能实现的,但我想说的是,对于实现远程电视系统所面临的这部分问题,通过引入两束阴极射线(一束在发送站,一束在接收站)就很有可能得到解决。用... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | back to its original place in the table, though its atomic mass is reduced by four units. We have recently obtained something like a direct proof of van der Broek’s view that the intra-atomic charge of the nucleus of an atom is not a purely positive charge, as on Rutherford’s tentative theory, but is the difference bet... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | chemically non-separable from thorium salts. But they are not. 中文
There is a strong resemblance in chemical character between uranous and thorium salts, and I asked Mr. Fleck to examine whether they could be separated by chemical methods when mixed, the uranium being kept unchanged throughout in the uranous or tetraval... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | six β rays. Were the nucleus made up of α particles there must be thirty or twenty-four respectively nuclear electrons, compared with ninety-six or 102 respectively in the ring. If, as has been suggested, hydrogen is a second component of atomic structure, there must be more than this. But there can be no doubt that th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果在3次放射性变化中相继发射出1个α粒子和2个β粒子,那么不管这3次衰变的次序如何,都会使该元素的原子内电荷回到初始数值,元素也回到了它在周期表中的原始位置,但是它的原子质量却减少了4个单位。最近我们获得了一些证据,能够直接支持范德布鲁克的观点:就像卢瑟福的初步理论所指出的,原子核内的电荷并不是单纯的正电荷,而是正电荷与较小的负电荷的差值。 英文
法扬斯在他那篇关于周期律的一般法则的论文(《物理学杂志》,1913年,第14卷,第131页)中,特别指出了如下事实:由于α粒子和β粒子的发射而引起的元素化学性质的改变,与普通的会发生价态变动的由电化学变化引起的物质化学性质的改变完全属于同一类型。他由此得出的结论是,放射性变化必定与普通的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;汪长征 审稿)
The Structure of the Atom
E. Rutherford
Editor’s Note
Responding to a comment by Frederick Soddy, Ernest Rutherford here clarifies his view on the structure of the atomic nucleus. Soddy had suggested that Rutherford believed the nucleus to contain positive charges only. On the contrary, Rutherford i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | are expelled from radio-active substances arise from the external electrons. This, however, is probably a secondary effect resulting from the primary expulsion of a β particle from the nucleus. 中文
The original suggestion of van der Broek that the charge on the nucleus is equal to the atomic number and not to half the a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 看起来,核所带的基本电荷数是确定原子物理和化学性质的基本常数,尽管原子量的顺序与相应原子核电荷数的顺序基本一致,但原子量并非如人们以前所设想的那样是其核电荷数的两倍,可能是核电荷数的复杂函数,其函数关系与核的具体结构有关。 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;鲍重光 审稿)
The Reflection of X-Rays
Editor’s Note
The German physicist Max von Laue demonstrated the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction in 1912. This high-energy form of light, with wavelengths comparab... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The spectra thus obtained are exactly analogous to those obtained with a diffraction grating, and remind one strongly of the usual visual spectra containing continuous parts, bands, and lines. 中文
So far I have only identified the doublet, 11°17′ and 11°38′, described by Messrs. Moseley and Darwin. The spectra contain a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The method is a photographic one. The second reflector is mounted on a suitably adapted goniometer, and the photographic plate is mounted immediately behind the crystal. The beam is a pencil 1.5 mm in diameter. When the two reflectors are parallel the impression on the plate, due to the two reflections, is clear. But a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | detectable after the second reflection, but this seems due to the selectively reflected radiation produced at the second reflector by the unpolarised portion of the beam generally reflected at the first reflector. 中文
The application of a theory of polarisation to explain the above results is interestingly supported by ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
至今,我仅确认了莫塞莱先生和达尔文先生所描述的双线:11°17′和11°38′。这个光谱还包含比双线短大约两个倍频程的许多亮线,还有在大致相同范围内的连续谱。这些光谱线也许可用于解释伦琴的衍射图样,因为产生伦琴的衍射图样时使用的管子与产生这些谱线时使用的管子具有相同的硬度。 英文
上述装置能使我们很容易地区别不同级的谱线,因为插入吸收层可以截断软射线,但并不会太明显地减弱次级和更高级的硬射线。 英文
进行吸收实验也是很方便的。用这样的方法,一片0.2毫米厚的铂箔会显示出透射带。至于确切的测量方法以及目前我在改变晶体温度方面所做的实验得到的结果,都将在我即将发表的文章中进行介绍。 英文
莫里斯·德布罗意 英文
* * *
正如布... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | standard could then be inferred from the deflection of its path. At the beginning of what proved to be his life’s work, Aston had come to the conclusion that several familiar atoms consisted of isotopes with different masses but the same overall electric charge. In this letter, he drew attention to the fact that the me... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Mercury, the parabola of which was used as a standard of mass in the earlier experiments, now proves to be a mixture of at least three or four isotopes grouped in the region corresponding to 200. Several, if not all, of these are capable of carrying three, four, five, or even more charges. Accurate values of their atom... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
如果这一整数关系被证明是普遍存在的,它将大大有助于阐明物质的基本结构。另一方面,要对质谱中给出相同谱线的不同原子和分子进行令人满意的区分,看来还是一件相当困难的事情。 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;李芝芬 审稿)
Einstein’s Relativity Theory of Gravitation
E. Cunningham
Editor’s Note
Arthur Eddington had recently announced his measurements of the deflection of starlight during a solar eclipse, in apparent agreement with Ei... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “Principia” saw the light. The outstanding feature of Newton’s work was that it drew together so many loose threads. It unified phenomena so diverse as the planetary motions, exactly described by Kepler, the everyday facts of falling bodies, the rise and fall of the tides, the top-like motion of the earth’s axis, besid... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | One of the main difficulties encountered by the electrical theory of matter has been the obstinate refusal of gravitation to come within its scope. Quietly obeying the law of the inverse square, it heeded not the bustle and excitement of the new physics of the atom, but remained, independent and inevitable, a constant ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It was with some feeling of relief that men hailed the advent of the ether as a substitute for empty space, though we may note in passing that some philosophers—Comte, for example—have held that the concept of an ether, infinite and intangible, is as illogical as that of an absolute space. But, jumping at the notion, p... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But, still, gravitation had to be left out; and the question from which Einstein began the great advance now consummated in success was this. If energy and inertia are inseparable, may not gravitation, too, be rooted in energy? If the energy in a beam of light has momentum, may it not also have weight? 中文
The mere thou... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | This, then, was the mathematical problem presented to Einstein and solved. The pure mathematics required was already in existence. An absolute differential calculus, the theory of differential invariants, was already known. In pages of pure mathematics that the majority must always take as read, Riemann, Christoffel, R... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | One point arises immediately. The out-and-out relativist will not admit an absolute measure of acceleration any more than of velocity. The effect, however, of an accelerated motion is to produce an apparent change in gravitation; the measure of gravitation at any place must therefore be a relative quantity depending up... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The systematic working out of this idea requires, as has been remarked, considerable mathematics. All that can be attempted here is to give a faint indication of the line of attack, mainly by way of analogy. 中文
It is no new discovery to speak of time as a fourth dimension. Every human mind has the power in some degree ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The shortest path from any place on the earth’s surface to any other place is along a great circle; on all the common maps, one series of great circles, the meridians, is mapped as a series of straight lines. It might seem at first sight that our extensible map might be so strained that all great circles on the earth’s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Einstein now identifies the presence of curvatures that cannot be smoothed out with the presence of matter. This means that the vanishing of certain mathematical expressions indicates the absence of matter. Thus he writes down the laws of the gravitational field in free space. On the other hand, if the expressions do n... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is, of course, impossible to convey a precise impression of the mathematical basis of this theory in non-mathematical terms. But the main purpose of this article is to indicate its very general nature. It differs from many theories in that it is not devised to meet newly observed phenomena. It is put together to sat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | If the above expression be denoted by (ds)2, ds may conveniently be called the interval between two events (not, of course, in the sense of time interval). In the case of a field in which there is no gravitation at all, if dx4 is taken to be dt, it is supposed that ds2 reduces to the expression , where c is the velocit... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The motion of a particle differs only from that given by the Newtonian theory by the presence of an additional acceleration towards the sun equal to three times the mass of the sun (in gravitational units) multiplied by the square of the angular velocity of the planet about the sun. 中文
In the case of the planet Mercury... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | This Einstein boldly transfer to his generalised theory. After all, it is quite a natural assumption. The propagation of light is a purely objective phenomenon. The emission of a disturbance from one point at one moment, and its arrival at another point at another moment, are events distinct and independent of the exis... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The agreement with the theory is close enough, but, of course, alternative possible causes of the shift have to be considered. Naturally, the suggestion of an actual refracting atmosphere surrounding the sun has been made. The existence of this, however, seems to be negatived by the fact that an atmosphere sufficiently... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | atom. 中文
Observations of the solar spectrum so far are adverse to the existence of such an effect. What, then, is to be said? Is the theory wrong at this point? If so, it must be given up, in spite of its extraordinary success in respect of the other two phenomena. 中文
Sir Joseph Larmor, however, is of opinion that Eins... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | ‡ The result is that the invariant interval ds is given by , the four coordinates being now interpreted as time and ordinary spherical polar coordinates.
§ This corresponds to the fact that in a field where there is no acceleration at all the path of a particle is the shortest distance between two points.
爱因斯坦关于万有引力的相... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 为什么会这样呢?我们还不知道。无论我们采用什么样的新理论,都要考虑到上面的问题。 英文
当我们引入了以太的概念,用它来代替空无一物的空间时,问题看似得到了解决,尽管我们也许注意到,在传播这一概念的时候,一些哲学家,比如孔德,认为无限且无形的以太和绝对空间一样不合逻辑。但让我们先把这些看法抛在一边,物理学家们提出要测量所有相对于以太的平动和转动。唉!可惜以太却拒绝我们的测量。很快就出现了对这一难题的解释,但是这与能够用一种大家可以接受的方式来为以太辩解还有非常遥远的距离。无论如何,它们证明了这种科学想象的创造并不是唯一的,而是有很多种。我们渴望找到一种可以用来测量运动的永久标准,而以太的概念是非常失败的。问题和从前一样没有得到解决。还... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这就是他所说的“等效原理”。它立刻就引出了这样的设想:一束光穿过万有引力场时会发生弯曲。一个在地球表面附近的观察者会看到物体远离自己落向地球。一般来说,他会把这归结为地球的引力。如果他和物体一起下落,那么他对万有引力的感觉就会消失。他的怀表不再压在衣袋底部,他的脚也不再压在靴子上。对于这位正在下落的观察者来说,他是观察不到万有引力存在的。如果他有时间观察和思考光的传播,那么按照等效原理,他将看不到光线的直线运动被万有引力所干扰。换句话说,一束沿水平方向传播的光线,将与观察者一起同时做垂直运动。因此,一个没有下落的观察者可以感觉到万有引力的存在,所以光线在向地球运动的过程中会发生弯曲。 英文
就像前面提到的那样,要把这样一个想法系统地... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 它在本质上是纯数学问题。这个问题给我们的第一印象是,它是不可能被攻破的;第二点出人意料的是,它居然被攻破了;第三个令人惊奇的是,它竟然预言了可以用实验研究的现象。关于最后一方面以及对其预言的证实将是下一篇文章的主题。 英文
III. 关键的现象
上周的文章旨在说明一个完全的相对论者对万有引力物质必须遵循的法则的态度。而本文是要介绍一些特定的结论。 英文
闵可夫斯基这样评论爱因斯坦早期的狭义相对论:“从今以后,单独的空间和单独的时间都将不存在;二者只能作为一个复合体而存在”(《空间和时间》,1908年)。在这个描述了所有历史事件的四维空间中,(x1, x2, x3, x4)被视为一组坐标。把任意一组特定数值代入坐标中,都能表示一个事件... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 当然,观测的恒星并非恰好在日面的边缘;但是可以利用偏转量和距离成反比的关系进行化规,在索布拉尔的观测队测算出一束刚好掠过太阳表面的光线的偏转角度是1.98角秒,允许的误差范围是6%;在普林西比岛的观测队得到的结果是1.64角秒。 英文
实验和理论已经足够吻合,但是,也必须考虑到引起位移的其他可能原因。很自然的,有人怀疑在太阳周围有一个能发生真正的折射效应的大气层。但是,它的存在却可以被以下因素否定,即产生这样的折射作用要求大气层足够厚,而这么厚的大气层会使光线消失,因为光线需要经过100万公里左右才能穿过去。第二种可能性是安德森教授在12月4日的《自然》上提出的。他认为,观察到的位移可能是由光线穿过地球大气层时的折射造成的,因为在月... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But this new understanding didn’t encompass gravity. The supposition that gravity and inertia are identical prompted the general theory of relativity. Einstein wonders if gravitational and electrical phenomena might be unified in a theory of all nature’s forces—a theory physicists still seek today. 中文
THERE is somethin... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | flowing liquids. The most obvious extension of Maxwell’s theory to the case of moving bodies was incompatible with the results of experiment. 中文
At this point, H. A. Lorentz came to the rescue. In view of his unqualified adherence to the atomic theory of matter, Lorentz felt unable to regard the latter as the seat of c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The Special Theory of Relativity owes its origin to this difficulty, which, because of its fundamental nature, was felt to be intolerable. This theory originated as the answer to the question: Is the special principle of relativity really contradictory to the field equations of Maxwell for empty space? The answer to th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | principle of the impossibility of perpetual motion of the second kind, for, like the latter, it supplies us with a general condition which all natural laws must satisfy. 中文
Later, H. Minkowski found a particularly elegant and suggestive expression for this condition of co-variance, one which reveals a formal relationsh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Furthermore, it was soon found impossible to link up the science of gravitation with the special theory of relativity in a natural manner. In this connection I was struck by the fact that the force of gravitation possesses a fundamental property, which distinguishes it from electro-magnetic forces. All bodies fall in a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | respect to an inertial system. With the aid of these special fields we should be able to study the law which is satisfied in general by gravitational fields. In this connection we shall have to take account of the fact that the ponderable masses will be the determining factor in producing the field, or, according to th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The law of the gravitational field is determined mainly by the following conditions: First, it shall be valid for an arbitrary choice of the system of coordinates; secondly, it shall be determined by the energy tensor of matter; and thirdly, it shall contain no higher differential coefficients of the factors guv than t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 爱因斯坦猜测重力和惯性可能具有同一性,这一构想促使他提出了广义相对论。爱因斯坦设想重力和电现象或许也可以用一种适用于所有自然力的理论统一起来,这也是今天的物理学家们正在寻找的理论。 英文
用尽可能简练的语言来阐述一系列观念的演变,但仍充分完整地把这种演变的连续性保留下来,这是一件很吸引人的事。在讲述相对论的发展时,我们将尽力做到这一点,并说明其整个发展过程是由一系列细微而又不言而喻的思维过程构成的。 英文
整个发展历程始于并受制于法拉第和麦克斯韦的观念,按照他们的观念,所有的物理过程都包含连续作用(与超距作用相反),或者用数学语言来表示就是利用偏微分方程来描述物理过程。麦克斯韦利用真空位移电流的磁效应概念以及感生电动力场和静电场在本... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
研究表明惯性不是物质的基本属性,也不是一个不能分解的基本量,而只是能量的一个属性。如果我们赋予一个物体大小为E的能量,则此物体的惯性质量将增加E/c2,这里c是光在真空中的传播速度。同样,一个质量为m的物体将被认为具有mc2的能量。 英文
此外,我们很快发现很难把引力科学同狭义相对论以自然的方式联系起来。这种情况使我意识到引力具有一种不同于电磁力的基本性质。在引力场中,所有物体都以相同的加速度下落,或者说,一个物体的引力质量和惯性质量在数值上是相等的(这只不过是同一个事实的另一种表达方式)。这种数值上的相同暗示着两者本质上的等同。引力和惯性能够等同吗?这个问题直接导致了广义相对论的产生。如果我把作用于所有相对于地球静止的物体上... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Atomic Structure
N. Bohr
Editor’s Note
Here Danish physicist Niels Bohr ponders the possibility of explaining atomic properties on the basis of the new quantum theory. Physicists had conjectured about how the grouping of elements in the periodic table might reflect specific patterns of electrons arranged around the nuc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | difference between the ordinary theory of electromagnetic radiation and the ideas of the quantum theory—to complete certain deductions based on the quantum theory by other deductions based on the classical theory of radiation. 中文
In so far as it must be confessed that we do not possess a complete theory which enables u... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The common character of theories of atomic constitution has been the endeavour to find configurations and motions of the electrons which would seem to offer an interpretation of the variations of the chemical properties of the elements with the atomic number as they are so clearly exhibited in the well-known periodic l... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | electrons in different groups are assumed to move in orbits quite outside each other in such a way that each group may be said to form a “shell” of the atom, the effect of which on the constitution of the outer shells would arise mainly from the compensation of a part of the attraction from the nucleus due to the charg... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | depend essentially on the motion of one electron in the atom were concerned, no definite elucidation has been obtained with regard to the constitution of atoms containing several electrons, due to the circumstance that the methods of fixing stationary states were not able to remove the arbitrariness in the choice of th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | configurations of the type in which the electrons within each group are arranged in rings or configurations of polyhedral symmetry, because the formation of such configurations would claim that all the electrons within each group should be originally bound by the atom at the same time. On the contrary, it seems necessa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The assumption of the presence in the normal state of the atom of such multiple-quanta orbits has already been introduced in various recent theories, as, for instance, in Sommerfeld’s work on the high-frequency spectra and in that of Landé on atomic dimensions and crystal structure; but the application of the correspon... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | electrons consists of two sub-groups of four electrons each, the group of eighteen electrons of three sub-groups of six electrons each, and the group of thirty-two electrons of four sub-groups of eight electrons each. 中文
Another essential feature of the constitution described lies in the configuration of the orbits of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | motions, are not at every moment arranged in configurations of simple axial or polyhedral symmetry as in Sommerfeld’s or Landé’s work, but that their motions are, on the contrary, linked to each other in such a way that it is possible to remove any one of the electrons from the group by a process whereby the orbits of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | themselves in such a regular way. In fact, on the surface of the atom we meet with groups of the described constitution only in the elements which belong to the family of inactive gases, the members of which from many points of view have also been acknowledged to be a sort of landmark within the natural system of the e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The general lines of the latter considerations are known from various recent theories of atomic constitution, such as those of A. Kossel and G. Lewis, based on a systematic discussion of chemical evidence. In these theories the electro-positive and electro-negative characters of these families in the periodic table are... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | chemical properties of successive elements differ only very slightly from each other. The existence of such families appears, in fact, as a direct consequence of the formation of groups containing a larger number of electrons in the interior of the atom when proceeding through the sequence of the elements. Thus in the ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | spectra of the elements in the presence of magnetic fields, to develop an argument which promises to throw light on the difficulties which have hitherto been involved in the explanation of the characteristic magnetic properties of the elements, and have been discussed in various recent letters in Nature. 中文
(107, 104-1... | 400套付费套装书 |
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