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20231101.en_47674827_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Aidara%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201989%29
|
Mohamed Aidara (footballer, born 1989)
|
Aidara played three seasons with VfB Oldenburg in the Regionalliga Nord between 2012 and 2015, making 87 appearances and scoring three goals. In June 2015, he signed a two-year deal with Werder Bremen II of the 3. Liga.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni e Silva (born April 13, 1993) is a Brazilian-American professional street skateboarder. She is a six-time X Games gold medalist.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
Bufoni was born in São Paulo. She began skating at age nine, and her grandmother bought her first skateboard when she was 11.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
"I grew up in the street playing sports all the time. We didn't have computers, no smartphones. All of the kids started skating, so I did too."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
"My dad broke my board so I wouldn't skate anymore. I started to skateboard when I was nine years old; I was skating with all the guys in my neighborhood, and he was mad at me because I was the only girl in the middle of 10 guys. He smashed my board in front of me and said; You're not skating anymore, ever again." Her father eventually relented.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
At the age of 14, Bufoni moved to the United States with older friends. She attended Hollywood High School, but left after missing so much school that she was in danger of being expelled.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
She is a five-time X Games gold medalist. She tied Elissa Steamer's decade-old record for most gold in Women's SKB Street with her win at XG Shanghai 2019. Overall she earned six straight medals in X Games Women's SKB Street (2010–2014) and the title at Shanghai 2019.
|
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7
] |
20231101.en_47674831_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
Bufoni was ranked the #1 women's street skateboarder by World Cup of Skateboarding four years in a row 2010–2013 and appeared in The Guinness Book of World Records (2017) for the "Most Wins Of The World Cup of Skateboarding. In 2013, she was nominated for an ESPY Award – Best Female Action Sports Athlete.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
In 2015, she won the first Street League Skateboarding Women's SLS Super Crown World Championship in Chicago, IL. She also appeared in the ESPN Magazine – The Body Issue. She was also the first female skater to sign for Nike SB in 2015.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
In 2018, Forbes named Bufoni one of The Most Powerful Women In International Sports for 2018 (#25) and made Sports Pro Media's list for The World's Most Marketable Athletes for 2018 (#41). Further in 2018, she was named to the Forbes Brazil "Under 30" list.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
In 2022, Bufoni set a world record (verified by Guinness World Records) for highest skateboard grind outside the back of a flying aircraft. This happened when the aircraft was flying over Merced, California. A video of this went viral in 2023. The aircraft was a C-130 transport plane, and was flying at an altitude of 9,022 feet when Bufoni did the skateboard grind.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
Bufoni is the official athlete representative for World Skate, the International Olympic Committee-recognized governing body for Skateboarding.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674831_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia%20Bufoni
|
Letícia Bufoni
|
She is also in the new game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 + 2, a remastered and updated version of the original Pro Skater games with an updated roster of playable skaters.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674850_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser (AE) is an anonymous key agreement protocol that allows two parties, each having an AE public–private key pair, to establish a shared secret over an insecure channel. This shared secret may be directly used as a key, or to derive another key that can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric key cipher. Algebraic Eraser was developed by Iris Anshel, Michael Anshel, Dorian Goldfeld and Stephane Lemieux. SecureRF owns patents covering the protocol and unsuccessfully attempted (as of July 2019) to standardize the protocol as part of ISO/IEC 29167-20, a standard for securing radio-frequency identification devices and wireless sensor networks.
|
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32
] |
20231101.en_47674850_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
Before two parties can establish a key they must first agree on a set of parameters, called the keyset parameters. These parameters comprise:
|
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48
] |
20231101.en_47674850_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
The fundamental operation of the Algebraic Eraser is a one-way function called E-multiplication. Given a matrix, permutation, an Artin generator in the braid group, and T-values, one applies E-multiplication by converting the generator to a colored Burau matrix and braid permutation, , applying the permutation and T-values, and then multiplying the matrices and permutations. The output of E-multiplication is itself a matrix and permutation pair: .
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47674850_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
The following example illustrates how to make a key establishment. Suppose Alice wants to establish a shared key with Bob, but the only channel available may be eavesdropped by a third party. Initially, Alice and Bob must agree on the keyset parameters they will use.
|
[
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11,
13,
43
] |
20231101.en_47674850_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
Each party must have a key pair derived from the keyset, consisting of a private key (e.g., in the case of Alice) where is a randomly selected polynomial of the seed matrix and a braid, which is a randomly selected set of conjugates and inverses chosen from the keyset parameters (A for Alice and B for Bob, where (for Alice) ).
|
[
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27,
-15,
-2,
8,
2,
49,
1,
5,
-15,
-11,
5,
-16,
33,
21,
-15,
24,
-11,
-5,
5,
-5,
-20,
10,
55,
57,
-20,
32,
16,
-28,
1,
-5,
-15,
10,
30,
30,
-24,
5,
2,
-31,
7,
-22,
-2,
22,
-19,
26,
-40,
45,
5,
22,
-39,
7,
-4,
-11,
-11,
-2,
-17,
-13,
-4,
-9,
-25,
-12,
49,
-26,
-9,
48,
-28,
-21,
4,
4,
-12,
-46,
-28,
-25,
3,
-50,
14,
8,
-16,
37,
12,
-18,
-12,
-13,
34,
28,
3,
17,
22,
-51,
-12,
-4,
8,
-27,
-13,
23,
-28,
67,
4,
22,
-7,
10,
6,
-19,
5,
27,
-12,
-34,
-12,
38,
-20,
23,
16,
-3,
-29,
-4,
-7,
7,
-24,
-15,
-10,
12,
-23,
-31,
-30,
19,
-27,
29,
23,
7,
-3,
16,
10,
-29,
-15,
4,
12,
-25,
-11,
-38,
35,
4,
47,
-10,
-12,
-19,
44,
5,
-19,
-19,
23,
-22,
-23,
21,
10,
-5,
-24,
8,
-8,
-38,
-24,
-36,
-41,
23,
15,
-36,
-55,
19,
-28,
9,
5,
-12,
-23,
-13,
9,
-18,
-28,
20,
26,
31,
25,
-11,
0,
-6,
-40,
5,
16,
-11,
-7,
-27,
-25,
13,
-23,
-9,
-25,
8,
1,
58,
-13,
42,
-20,
-7,
-13,
8,
-2,
-22,
-29,
28,
-2,
-9,
6,
34,
0,
9,
9,
14,
-14,
-45,
-14,
8,
7,
-26,
-33,
7,
-26,
-16,
-1,
18,
-10,
9,
2,
5,
5,
1,
-23,
28,
14,
-19,
-21,
-12,
-12,
41,
-14,
13,
5,
-3,
0,
10,
-3,
25,
23,
-15,
24,
13,
-21,
-41,
1,
-5,
-26,
-3,
-28,
-11,
-4,
-7,
-20,
9,
30,
17,
-17,
14,
-11,
6,
53,
-17,
-31,
-16,
-26,
5,
37,
-13,
2,
2,
7,
-9,
19,
-21,
6,
-9,
18,
-8,
-12,
-3,
-19,
-26,
23,
4,
35,
30,
-7,
-2,
-4,
27,
15,
-12,
-36,
3,
7,
0,
-27,
-24,
15,
-15,
-13,
-29,
-6,
28,
36,
-35,
35,
-21,
-7,
3,
15,
1,
-16,
27,
33,
16,
5,
-12,
10,
6,
1,
0,
-34,
-19,
-19,
20,
-14,
43,
-30,
-21,
43,
-12,
-11,
-16,
-4,
-6,
1,
39,
-3,
7,
7,
-20,
2,
6,
-18,
13,
-4,
26,
-36,
0,
-24,
-2,
10,
-48,
-27,
-19,
-43,
1,
29,
17,
0,
-11,
-50,
10,
14,
3,
-40,
-35,
0,
-32,
-13,
7,
13,
-7,
12,
-8,
-10,
-64,
14,
7,
-35,
2,
5,
15,
33,
11,
-17,
-25,
36,
-74,
-21,
26,
4,
-10,
23,
-27,
15,
-39,
-14,
-4,
-3,
-5,
-11,
20,
64,
15,
-8,
-15,
-6,
6,
-14,
0,
-22,
-1,
8,
16,
-13,
23,
-2,
11,
-18,
31,
-19,
-6,
41,
36,
-45,
-26,
49,
-12,
15,
-21,
-1,
-10,
31,
-10,
62,
-52,
39,
25,
-11,
21,
12,
-15,
-30,
-26,
12,
5,
4,
69,
-27,
-23,
2,
-13,
-31,
10,
-20,
25,
8,
-2,
30,
-25,
-17,
-35,
19,
-24,
-35,
-13,
1,
24,
-33,
-17,
-4,
-33,
16,
-17,
5,
-42,
2,
-40,
-16,
3,
-8,
-61,
23,
-10,
1,
-10,
26,
5,
-5,
23,
-3,
6,
12,
14,
-28,
-20,
-1,
-29,
-19,
7,
-12,
11,
-25,
16,
-14,
14,
-46,
-19,
-8,
27,
-24,
-18,
21,
-69,
-36,
23,
-29,
-7,
8,
-15,
26,
-4,
-19,
9,
6,
7,
4,
-25,
-30,
-23,
-10,
5,
-24,
-3,
16,
10,
-19,
27,
30,
10,
0,
-8,
-14,
16,
-12,
-24,
16,
-6,
24,
2,
-4,
25,
-27,
-16,
-1,
77,
1,
-22,
-25,
-23,
7,
-14,
13,
13,
20,
-3,
49,
13,
2,
-23,
-15,
36,
32,
1,
-41,
27,
7,
-15,
43,
12,
6,
-27,
-11,
16,
-10,
-27,
-6,
-12,
-16,
3,
-25,
1,
14,
3,
27,
1,
8,
4,
-25,
20,
23,
-5,
-4,
20,
-5,
-23,
-51,
16,
10,
-7,
-7,
18,
12,
2,
15,
-16,
24,
11,
-8,
-36,
-1,
-18,
-30,
-30,
-10,
-7,
30,
17,
18,
-19,
26,
-21,
-21,
16,
-3,
28,
28,
14,
9,
31,
-7,
-10,
24,
-2,
-11,
-3,
-6,
12,
-10,
-9,
-5,
-44,
-23,
-8,
1,
29,
4,
-13,
16,
24,
-1,
25,
-6,
31,
-46,
7,
-15,
-40,
30,
-15,
-7,
2,
-21,
-17,
6,
-3,
-1,
3,
25,
-13,
33,
-15,
20,
-25,
-45,
38,
9,
38,
-19,
37,
51,
-11,
64,
-47,
-12,
13,
16,
3,
14,
0,
-19,
-10,
-8,
-7,
16,
-6,
14,
-39,
-21,
9,
-23,
79,
19,
11,
30,
19,
57,
-24,
-1,
-3,
-3,
-20,
19,
-20,
-4,
-21,
-21,
12,
-24,
-5,
-49,
-5,
13,
16,
1,
25,
-31,
15,
8,
8,
19,
17,
26,
16,
-6,
-11,
19,
-21,
0,
1,
-1,
38,
-8,
-22,
6,
-38,
-34,
26,
70,
9,
-58,
-37,
-28,
21,
-8,
0,
-3,
-6,
22,
20,
1,
0,
33,
0,
-11,
-7,
-3,
-17,
14,
-1,
11,
-28,
-16,
-4,
-8,
3,
-2,
2,
-2,
-1,
6,
2,
-29,
-14,
-4,
-29,
4,
14,
17,
-8,
11,
-22,
-25,
29,
12,
50
] |
20231101.en_47674850_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
From their private key material Alice and Bob each compute their public key and where, e.g., , that is, the result of E-Multiplication of the private matrix and identity-permutation with the private braid.
|
[
-19,
7,
3,
-6,
6,
-27,
-37,
-29,
6,
23,
41,
15,
8,
-29,
-26,
13,
-9,
-24,
1,
-28,
24,
-10,
-37,
-12,
1,
15,
5,
26,
20,
38,
-11,
40,
3,
25,
15,
-35,
7,
42,
-15,
30,
-2,
17,
5,
1,
-62,
8,
-16,
31,
-38,
-32,
22,
-10,
43,
-26,
4,
-12,
-15,
11,
-36,
0,
31,
-42,
-9,
-27,
-19,
-4,
1,
-9,
-41,
-27,
-4,
-19,
-39,
32,
27,
12,
-6,
-3,
-56,
0,
-10,
-16,
-13,
13,
38,
-41,
35,
0,
17,
-43,
-2,
7,
16,
37,
7,
17,
-22,
14,
32,
11,
9,
-3,
-24,
29,
4,
-5,
25,
19,
1,
19,
29,
-41,
-13,
9,
-11,
8,
16,
16,
20,
-11,
-9,
-29,
13,
0,
10,
-3,
28,
-20,
-37,
30,
43,
4,
-26,
-14,
-24,
-9,
-13,
11,
13,
34,
-8,
-45,
32,
6,
-45,
-13,
33,
38,
13,
1,
28,
-35,
-13,
6,
-10,
-12,
-34,
0,
-11,
-58,
-5,
2,
-12,
8,
15,
3,
-37,
-19,
23,
31,
-11,
-35,
9,
-25,
-2,
5,
12,
46,
53,
-31,
18,
15,
34,
27,
11,
22,
-16,
24,
14,
7,
-1,
-12,
-24,
-5,
4,
40,
-52,
37,
0,
-27,
-1,
-27,
18,
22,
-13,
-8,
38,
-12,
-19,
11,
4,
35,
4,
-21,
-7,
10,
17,
-14,
23,
0,
-16,
9,
-44,
-20,
-15,
-10,
-16,
-7,
51,
36,
-11,
19,
18,
-29,
11,
-9,
1,
5,
4,
4,
-34,
1,
-4,
-40,
20,
-2,
-9,
40,
-23,
8,
-42,
21,
-9,
22,
-57,
22,
1,
5,
-2,
7,
-12,
-11,
4,
-17,
-20,
-7,
43,
-33,
-23,
43,
-35,
-12,
-12,
-9,
-15,
-42,
-26,
-19,
-6,
-39,
32,
22,
-2,
42,
16,
-17,
-36,
2,
39,
4,
-4,
34,
50,
-38,
-5,
-21,
21,
-30,
-17,
5,
-16,
72,
7,
2,
-31,
27,
21,
-25,
26,
8,
-7,
-16,
-13,
27,
-9,
31,
7,
17,
-24,
2,
18,
4,
-24,
-45,
-16,
-16,
-19,
1,
-14,
30,
-44,
28,
15,
32,
-4,
-23,
21,
-8,
0,
-13,
23,
-48,
5,
-22,
14,
3,
25,
0,
-13,
0,
25,
-1,
-28,
8,
20,
-20,
-10,
-35,
13,
2,
-14,
8,
-5,
-22,
-25,
-35,
-60,
19,
13,
-35,
-46,
35,
-47,
21,
2,
21,
-19,
-17,
19,
-33,
-48,
30,
29,
37,
18,
-19,
-32,
14,
-35,
7,
1,
23,
-23,
-38,
7,
4,
-5,
-28,
-20,
1,
-1,
56,
5,
52,
-14,
-13,
-26,
4,
-3,
3,
5,
30,
-10,
-20,
11,
35,
8,
23,
20,
15,
1,
-32,
-12,
17,
10,
-28,
-10,
23,
-16,
-8,
-12,
13,
-20,
-14,
10,
10,
14,
-14,
-14,
27,
19,
-13,
-49,
-10,
-13,
43,
-2,
14,
21,
14,
-6,
21,
-17,
0,
16,
-12,
26,
2,
-14,
-42,
-12,
0,
-24,
-34,
-9,
-5,
3,
-17,
-40,
14,
13,
-15,
-32,
22,
11,
3,
41,
-17,
-7,
-35,
-20,
2,
12,
-3,
7,
-4,
2,
-20,
13,
-9,
25,
15,
23,
-5,
4,
10,
-40,
-51,
24,
13,
46,
48,
-17,
11,
9,
18,
6,
-6,
-39,
-2,
-14,
16,
-3,
-26,
34,
-11,
19,
-21,
-3,
18,
51,
-25,
17,
-9,
-19,
11,
19,
-10,
10,
8,
21,
6,
-7,
-4,
-1,
4,
22,
14,
-32,
-36,
-32,
21,
6,
65,
-1,
-22,
40,
6,
-13,
-35,
-24,
-24,
7,
62,
-16,
-12,
36,
-26,
7,
6,
-34,
5,
38,
27,
-23,
14,
-45,
6,
16,
-52,
-1,
-47,
-41,
6,
25,
22,
7,
-49,
-78,
4,
27,
-6,
-37,
-20,
-16,
-33,
5,
9,
35,
-21,
27,
-14,
-13,
-60,
0,
-8,
-7,
-15,
20,
28,
27,
10,
-19,
-27,
51,
-73,
-14,
47,
-24,
-19,
20,
-6,
15,
-20,
-22,
-2,
-16,
-7,
-10,
1,
64,
-5,
-9,
-31,
6,
5,
-14,
-24,
-27,
-4,
15,
14,
-24,
24,
3,
8,
-6,
10,
2,
-22,
45,
28,
-26,
-27,
42,
-4,
22,
-9,
14,
18,
31,
13,
65,
-32,
40,
-13,
-12,
-6,
6,
-11,
-52,
-5,
13,
23,
-5,
40,
-35,
-10,
7,
-35,
-19,
-13,
-11,
9,
7,
15,
41,
-54,
-34,
-50,
4,
-9,
-38,
16,
-11,
17,
-12,
-29,
-33,
-19,
24,
-18,
-16,
-63,
-31,
-39,
-22,
-21,
-11,
-41,
3,
4,
10,
15,
18,
-6,
-35,
21,
-28,
13,
13,
13,
-35,
1,
4,
-27,
-14,
19,
-7,
3,
-15,
1,
-20,
9,
-31,
-14,
-9,
27,
-21,
-8,
20,
-62,
-40,
16,
-25,
-4,
-18,
2,
12,
-2,
-11,
-5,
9,
-5,
25,
-56,
-36,
-33,
-7,
14,
-6,
6,
32,
34,
-7,
25,
22,
-21,
8,
0,
-2,
8,
-23,
-20,
24,
-9,
-22,
1,
-23,
0,
-16,
-16,
-4,
77,
-3,
5,
-16,
-31,
31,
4,
21,
7,
13,
-16,
42,
-14,
32,
-13,
-21,
63,
15,
-1,
2,
24,
-9,
-6,
26,
-10,
-4,
-26,
-14,
29,
5,
-57,
1,
5,
6,
8,
-29,
-19,
20,
7,
-1,
1,
7,
-6,
-20,
22,
26,
-6,
-23,
21,
-9,
-39,
-48,
39,
-28,
-7,
-38,
40,
-5,
1,
-14,
-1,
40,
39,
-30,
-34,
-8,
-37,
-32,
-54,
-2,
14,
26,
29,
11,
-10,
36,
-25,
-27,
28,
2,
14,
11,
6,
23,
30,
9,
-21,
43,
-12,
1,
4,
-7,
-26,
9,
20,
-5,
-37,
-16,
8,
28,
27,
6,
-39,
17,
9,
-7,
47,
-16,
36,
-41,
3,
-8,
-23,
45,
-6,
-22,
-18,
-40,
-22,
-4,
3,
18,
7,
17,
5,
52,
-9,
22,
-20,
-43,
47,
10,
41,
-19,
30,
46,
-25,
77,
-40,
-9,
8,
28,
12,
43,
0,
-13,
-12,
-23,
10,
-7,
-2,
23,
-37,
4,
2,
-4,
58,
29,
-7,
39,
26,
63,
-32,
8,
-6,
2,
-27,
32,
8,
2,
-22,
-32,
31,
-32,
-22,
-53,
7,
-4,
18,
-15,
25,
-47,
3,
-17,
-17,
29,
-5,
43,
-4,
-19,
-22,
4,
-15,
0,
-2,
9,
2,
16,
-23,
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4,
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4,
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2,
21,
14,
-2,
15,
-19,
-34,
19,
14,
45
] |
20231101.en_47674850_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
To compute the shared secret, Alice computes and Bob computes . The shared secret is the matrix/permutation pair , which equals . The shared secrets are equal because the conjugate sets and are chosen to commute and both Alice and Bob use the same seed matrix and T-values .
|
[
6,
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66,
37,
2,
48,
26,
56,
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15,
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4,
7,
21,
0,
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-48,
14,
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2,
-4,
-23,
2,
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-40,
-9,
26,
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41,
1,
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1,
19,
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7,
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5,
17,
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20,
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22,
0,
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25,
6,
14,
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5,
38,
23,
41,
14,
40,
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2,
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0,
24,
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22,
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22,
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30,
0,
26,
6,
22,
19,
-13,
39,
15,
-5
] |
20231101.en_47674850_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
The only information about her private key that Alice initially exposes is her public key. So, no party other than Alice can determine Alice's private key, unless that party can solve the Braid Group Simultaneous Conjugacy Separation Search problem. Bob's private key is similarly secure. No party other than Alice or Bob can compute the shared secret, unless that party can solve the Diffie–Hellman problem.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47674850_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
The public keys are either static (and trusted, say via a certificate) or ephemeral. Ephemeral keys are temporary and not necessarily authenticated, so if authentication is desired, authenticity assurances must be obtained by other means. Authentication is necessary to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks. If one of Alice or Bob's public key is static then man-in-the-middle attacks are thwarted. Static public keys provide neither forward secrecy nor key-compromise impersonation resilience, among other advanced security properties. Holders of static private keys should validate the other public key, and should apply a secure key derivation function to the raw Diffie–Hellman shared secret to avoid leaking information about the static private key.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674850_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
The security of AE is based on the Generalized Simultaneous Conjugacy Search Problem (GSCSP) within the braid group. This is a distinct and different hard problem than the Conjugacy Search Problem (CSP), which has been the central hard problem in what is called braid group cryptography. Even if CSP is uniformly broken (which has not been done to date), it is not known how this would facilitate a break of GSCSP.
|
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18
] |
20231101.en_47674850_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
The first attack by Kalka, Teicher and Tsaban shows a class of weak-keys when or are chosen randomly. The authors of Algebraic Eraser followed up with a preprint on how to choose parameters that aren't prone to the attack. Ben-Zvi, Blackburn, and Tsaban improved the first attack into one the authors claim can break the publicized security parameters (claimed to provide 128-bit security) using less than 8 CPU hours, and less than 64MB of memory. Anshel, Atkins and Goldfeld responded to this attack in January 2016.
|
[
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40,
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16
] |
20231101.en_47674850_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
A second attack by Myasnikov and Ushakov, published as a preprint, shows that conjugates chosen with a too-short conjugator braid can be separated, breaking the system. This attack was refuted by Gunnells, by showing that properly sized conjugator braids cannot be separated.
|
[
-1,
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] |
20231101.en_47674850_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Eraser
|
Algebraic Eraser
|
In 2016, Simon R. Blackburn and Matthew J. B. Robshaw published a range of practical attacks against the January 2016 draft of the ISO/IEC 29167-20 over-the-air protocol, including impersonation of a target tag with negligible amount of time and memory and full private key recovery requiring 249 time and 248 memory. Atkins and Goldfeld responded that adding a hash or message authentication code to the draft protocol defeats these attacks.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674861_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove-A-Thon
|
Groove-A-Thon
|
Groove-A-Thon is the ninth studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. The album was released in 1976. The album debuted at number 45 on the Billboard 200.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674863_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortinarius%20violaceorubens
|
Cortinarius violaceorubens
|
Cortinarius violaceorubens is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native Finland and Sweden in Scandinavia, south to France and Germany. It is associated with spruce (Picea). Genetically it is closely related to C. cyanites and C. boreicyanites.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674864_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Mejzl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1
|
Marie Mejzlíková
|
Marie Mejzlíková (later Majerová), 1903-1994, was a Czech athlete, who competed in the long jump, sprint, and throwing events. She won the 60 m and finished second in the 100 yd at the 1922 Women's World Games. The same year she set the first officially recognized world records in the long jump and 100 m events. On May 21, 1922 she also set the first world record in Women's 4 x 100 metres relay (with Marie Mejzlíková I, Marie Bakovská, Marie Jirásková and Marie Mejzlíková II).
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674864_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Mejzl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1
|
Marie Mejzlíková
|
She often competed alongside another Czech sprinter Marie Mejzlíková, they are usually named as Marie Mejzlíková I (born 1902) and Marie Mejzlíková II in the athletics lists.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674876_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument%20to%20General%20Manfredo%20Fanti%2C%20Florence
|
Monument to General Manfredo Fanti, Florence
|
The Monument to General Manfredo Fanti commemorates General Manfredo Fanti (1806-1865), a soldier and leader in battles for Italian independence and unification. The statue, erected in 1873, is located in the Piazza San Marco in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674876_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument%20to%20General%20Manfredo%20Fanti%2C%20Florence
|
Monument to General Manfredo Fanti, Florence
|
After his death, the city commissioned a statue from Pio Fedi, a sculptor in Florence. The statue was erected in the piazza, which stands before the headquarters of the Royal Military Command, on the corner of via Arazzieri. The general in his cape and sword, nearly steps off the pedestal. The plinth has two marble bas-reliefs, one of the arms of war, the other an episode in the Battle of San Martino. At the four corners are four figures symbolize politics, strategy, tactics, and fortifications.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674876_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument%20to%20General%20Manfredo%20Fanti%2C%20Florence
|
Monument to General Manfredo Fanti, Florence
|
Florentines have contrasted this statue with Fedi's other masterpiece: the Rape of Polyxena (1865) in the Loggia dei Lanzi. In that group, Pyrrhus is helmeted; here however, the pacing Manfredo Fanti is shown bareheaded and balding, at the whim of elements and pigeons. Popular songs commented on this contrast.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674876_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument%20to%20General%20Manfredo%20Fanti%2C%20Florence
|
Monument to General Manfredo Fanti, Florence
|
Manfredo Fanti born in Carpi/ on 25 February 1806,/ for the love of liberty,/ exiled in 1831./ Learned in Spain/ the art of war/ and in the Wars of Italy/General of the armies/His bravery and sense hastened/ the independence and unity of the fatherland./ Died in Florence April 5, 1865.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674883_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Osborne%20Austin
|
John Osborne Austin
|
John Osborne Austin (December 28, 1849 – October 27, 1918) was a genealogist who wrote and published several books, primarily on the families of Rhode Island. The work for which he is best known is the Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, published in 1887.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674883_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Osborne%20Austin
|
John Osborne Austin
|
Austin was the son of Samuel Austin and Elizabeth H. Osborne of Providence, Rhode Island. He was married in 1878 to Helen Augusta Whitaker, and in 1880 he and his wife, with their infant daughter, Rosamond, lived in Providence in the household of his wife's mother, Mrs. William Whitaker. It was during the late 1880s that Austin published his most important works, including the Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island in 1887, The Ancestry of Thirty three Rhode Islanders in 1889, and The Ancestral Dictionary in 1891.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674883_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Osborne%20Austin
|
John Osborne Austin
|
Later in life he published some genealogical romances and other works. He and his wife lived in Providence; they are buried with their two children in Swan Point Cemetery in Providence.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674883_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Osborne%20Austin
|
John Osborne Austin
|
Albert T. Klyberg, "Foreword," in John Osborne Austin, The Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island (reprinted edition, Baltimore, 1969; originally published Albany, 1887), https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674883_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Osborne%20Austin
|
John Osborne Austin
|
Memoir of John Osborne Austin, Proceedings of the New England Historic Genealogical Society at the Annual Meeting, 5 February 1919, With Memoirs of Deceased Members, 1918 (Boston, 1919), pp. lviii-lix (https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951001920532x?urlappend=%3Bseq=1015)
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674883_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Osborne%20Austin
|
John Osborne Austin
|
"Philip and Philippa: A Genealogical Romance," blog post, 11 June 2010, https://acourseofsteadyreading.wordpress.com/tag/john-osborne-austin
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674890_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Schl%C3%BCter%20%28film%29
|
Andreas Schlüter (film)
|
Andreas Schlüter is a 1942 German historical drama film directed by Herbert Maisch and starring Heinrich George, Mila Kopp and Olga Tschechowa. It portrays the life of the 18th-century German architect Andreas Schlüter. It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios and Althoff Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hermann Asmus, Kurt Herlth and Robert Herlth.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674905_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Cities%20Junior%20Stars
|
Mid-Cities Junior Stars
|
The Mid-Cities Jr. Stars are a USA Hockey-sanctioned Tier III Junior ice hockey team playing in the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL). The team plays their home games at Children’s Health StarCenter in Euless, Texas.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674905_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Cities%20Junior%20Stars
|
Mid-Cities Junior Stars
|
Established in 2013 as the Dallas Jr. Stars, the club entered the league to form a South Division along with the Topeka Capitals and Sugar Land Imperials. After a second place finish in their inaugural regular season, the Jr. Stars (16–22–2) went on a playoff run that ended in the Silver Cup Finals. A first round series sweep against third place Sugar Land Imperials earned a spot in the division finals against Topeka Capitals. The Stars eliminated Topeka, who finished the regular season 33 points ahead of Dallas, to advance into the 2014 NA3HL Silver Cup Finals. Dallas lost all three round robin games to close their first season.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674905_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Cities%20Junior%20Stars
|
Mid-Cities Junior Stars
|
In the summer of 2015, the team announced an affiliation agreement with the Coulee Region Chill of the North American Hockey League. Shortly after the affiliation, the team was purchased by KWM Kids, Inc. led by Michelle Bryant of La Crosse, Wisconsin, and owner of the Chill. As part of the new purchase the team became the Euless Jr. Stars.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674905_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Cities%20Junior%20Stars
|
Mid-Cities Junior Stars
|
In 2017, the team was once again sold. The new owners were Brass Roots Hockey, LLC. led by Brad Allen who announced a new head coach in Tom Train and hired Tony Curtale as an advisor. The team was then re-branded as the Mid-Cities Jr. Stars for the 2017–18 season.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674905_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Cities%20Junior%20Stars
|
Mid-Cities Junior Stars
|
The Jr. Stars have had a number of alumni move on to collegiate programs, higher levels of junior ice hockey in the United States and Canada.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674927_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Amina%20Statue
|
Queen Amina Statue
|
Queen Amina Statue is an equestrian statue in honour of Queen Amina, an Hausa Warrior Queen of Zazzau. The sculpture was originally designed by Ben Ekanem in 1975 during the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture and was placed at the entrance of the National Arts Theatre in Lagos State. It was destroyed in 2005 due to weathering but was however re-designed in 2014 by an unsigned artist.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674927_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Amina%20Statue
|
Queen Amina Statue
|
Queen Amina was the eldest daughter of Queen Bakwa Turunku, founder of the Zazzau Kingdom. She was a fierce Hausa Warrior Queen of Zazzau who reigned around the early 16th century. She was a fearless warrior. She was born in 1533 and was a trained warrior who was said to have great strength as a man. She was often described as a woman as capable as a man.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674927_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Amina%20Statue
|
Queen Amina Statue
|
The Queen Amina Statue was designed in memory of her bravery and exploits. She ruled for thirty-four years and died in 1610.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674927_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Amina%20Statue
|
Queen Amina Statue
|
Queen Amina Statue is a colossal bronze and concrete sculpture. It shows Queen Amina proudly brandishing her sword while riding on a standing horse.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall (also spelt Tindall; 1549 – 1614) was an English churchman who became the President of Queens' College, Cambridge, Archdeacon of Stafford, Chancellor of Lichfield Cathedral and Dean of Ely.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall descended from the noble, English, Tyndall family. He was the fourth son of Sir Thomas Tyndall of Hockwold, Norfolk and his second wife, Amy Fermor, daughter of Sir Henry Fermor of East Barsham, Norfolk.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
Tyndall entered Cambridge University in 1555, matriculating at the age five or six as a pensioner of Gonville Hall. In 1563 he moved to Christ's College and became a scholar under Andrew Willet.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
In 1572, Tyndall was ordained by Edmund Scambler, the bishop of Peterborough. Tyndall's clerical career began at Cambridge, and he was licensed as one of the preachers of the university in 1576. In 1577 he became Vicar of Soham in Cambridgeshire in 1577, a position he held until his death. He was also Chaplin to the Earl of Leicester, whom he married to Lettice Knollys privately on 20 September 1578.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
In April 1586, he was installed as the Chancellor of Lichfield Cathedral and prebend of Alrewas, and at the same time also to the archdeaconary in Stafford, offices he retained until his death. Between 1588 and 1599 he was Prebend of Southwell in Nottinghamshire.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
In December 1591, Tyndall was installed as Dean of Ely and also as Rector of Wentworth in the Isle of Ely. He resigned the rectory in 1610 but remained as dean until his death in 1614.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
In 1567, Tyndall was elected as a fellow of Pembroke Hall and became junior bursar in 1570 and senior bursar in 1572. He was awarded the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1577, and of Doctor of Divinity, the highest of the degrees awarded by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, in 1582.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
In July 1578, David Yale, a fellow from Queens' wrote to Lord Burghley, begging that if Dr Chaderton (the current President of Queens') were made bishop of Chester, the Earl of Leicester might not be allowed to exert his influence over the fellows in favour of Tyndall, whom he considered to be unfit to be president on account of his youth and inexperience. Despite this he was elected President of Queens' College in July 1579 on the recommendation and through the influence of Lord Burghley.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
Tyndall married Jane Russell in 1593 and had one child who died at an early age. Jane outlived Tyndall and went on to remarry twice.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674944_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Tyndall
|
Humphrey Tyndall
|
Tyndall died in Ely on 12 October 1614 aged 65 and left his books to his college. He was buried in Ely Cathedral on the south aisle of the choir. His tomb features a life-size brass effigy with the following inscription:
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674947_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It is commonly known as the blue-foot webcap.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674947_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
The species was first described as Agaricus glaucopus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774. It was reclassified as Cortinarius glaucopus in 1821 by the British mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray. However the fully taxonomic history of this species is complicated by numerous proposed variants and forms.
|
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20
] |
20231101.en_47674947_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
Within the genus Cortinarius, it was classified in the subgenus Phlegmacium and section Glaucopodes. A 2014 genetic study confirmed it was synonymous with C. glaucopoides and that C. subrubrovelatus was a distinct species.
|
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1
] |
20231101.en_47674947_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
In 2022 a genomic study was carried out which radically reshaped the family Cortinariaceae resulting in many Cortinarius species being transferred to new or existing genera. C. glaucopus, C. glaucopoides and C. glaucopoides were among the species transferred to the Phlegmacium genus.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674947_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
Common names in other languages include Schwachknolliger Klumpfuss (German), Cortinaire à pied glauque (French) and Szálaskalapú pókhálósgomba (Hungarian).
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674947_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
The fruit bodies of this fungus have convex caps across and ochre or tawny in colour with prominent darker brown fibres. Like other members of the genus, young mushrooms are covered in a web-like veil (cortina) from the cap margin to the stipe. The bulbous stipe is 4–10 cm tall and 1–3 cm wide, pale lilac-blue initially with lower parts fading to yellow-white. The flesh is yellow-white with a blue hue in the upper stipe. The lilac-blue gills are adnate or free, and become brown as the spores mature. The smell, if present, is slightly mealy. The spore print is red-brown and the spores measure 6.5–8.5 by 4.5–5 µm.
|
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9
] |
20231101.en_47674947_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
Fruit bodies appear from August onwards into autumn in deciduous and coniferous forests, often in profuse numbers. It can be found in fairy rings.
|
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47
] |
20231101.en_47674947_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus is found in Western North America (both the United States and Canada), and is common in the Rocky Mountains. It is rare east of the Great Plains; it is rare in the British Isles.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674947_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
P. glaucopus forms ectomycorrhizae that are unusually hydrophobic (water-repellent) compared with other fungi, which has led to interest in decoding its genome. DNA studies indicate it may decompose toxic polycyclic aromatic compounds in the soil with specially adapted oxidizing enzymes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674947_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus
|
Phlegmacium glaucopus
|
The flesh is mild tasting, and not highly regarded. It is considered inedible, and because it closely resembles many other species, including those that are deadly poisonous, it should definitely not be eaten. In Tlaxcala, Mexico, it is collected in June and sold in the market.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674981_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Herlth
|
Kurt Herlth
|
Kurt Herlth (1896–1966) was a German art director known for his designs of film sets. His brother Robert Herlth was also an art director active in the German film industry, and the two men worked together a number of times.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674981_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Herlth
|
Kurt Herlth
|
Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
The Battle of Rapido River was fought from 20 to 22 January 1944 during one of the Allies' many attempts to breach the Winter Line during the Italian Campaign of World War II. Despite its name, the battle occurred on the Gari River.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
Units of the US 36th Infantry Division, commanded by Major General Fred Walker crossed the Gari River in boats and seized the west bank of the river. However, the Americans were cut off from reinforcements and subjected to heavy fire and counterattacks from elements of the German 15th Panzergrenadier Division. The 36th Infantry Division suffered very high losses, and after two days of fighting, the survivors retreated across the river.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
In late 1943, the Italian Campaign had reached a turning point. The Allied advance through Italy had bogged down around Monte Cassino, which was a crucial point in the Axis defensive position known as the Winter Line. As a result, Allied commanders planned to outflank the Germans with Operation Shingle, an amphibious landing at Anzio. To assist in the landing, Allied forces to the south were to launch attacks in the days leading up to Operation Shingle by seizing German positions across the Garigliano and the Rapido River.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
It was hoped that German forces would be drawn away from Anzio to counter those attacks. However, the simultaneous attack at Anzio limited the availability of air support for the river crossings.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
Lieutenant general Mark Clark, commanding general of the US Fifth Army ordered a crossing of the Gari River, south of Monte Cassino, with two regiments (the 141st and the 143rd Infantry) of the US 36th Infantry Division, commanded by Major General Fred Walker. After a bridgehead had been secured, an armored advance was to proceed across the Liri Valley.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
On the night of 20 January 1944, the US 36th Infantry Division, under command of Major General Geoffrey Keyes's II Corps, fired an artillery barrage of 31,000 rounds on German positions across the Gari River, which resulted in negligible damage. Feint attacks were conducted by the 34th Infantry Division to the north, near Monte Cassino, to divert attention from the main advance. After the barrage, the 141st and the 143rd Infantry Regiments were ordered to cross the river, which began at 19:00. Initial casualties were inflicted on the Allies by landmines on the east bank of the river although army engineers were tasked with clearing approaches to the river. German artillery fire responding to the barrage also landed hits on elements of the 141st Regiment before they were able to reach the river. Two rifle companies of the 143rd successfully crossed the river, but the Germans return fire resulted in the loss of too many men and landing boats, and the foothold was abandoned. The 141st fared even worse since it forced to withdraw with heavy casualties after it had landed directly on a minefield.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
The next day, both regiments were ordered to perform another attack beginning at 16:00. Although the assault met with more success, the American foothold was still unsustainable, as withering fire from the 15th Panzergrenadier Division prevented the construction of pontoon and Bailey bridges by engineers. Without the bridges, armor could not assist in the attack, and the infantry were left to fight on their own, which resulted in devastating casualties for the two regiments. After more than 20 hours of fruitless combat, both were ordered to withdraw. The 143rd was able to withdraw relatively intact, but much of the 141st was left stranded since their bridges and boats had been destroyed by enemy fire. The German defenders mounted a counterattack against the trapped Americans and captured hundreds of soldiers.
|
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18
] |
20231101.en_47674984_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
Major General Fred L. Walker decided against committing the division's last regiment, the 142nd Infantry, and the battle concluded at 21:40 on January 22.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
No significant gains had been made in either assault, and the original objective of luring away German forces was entirely unsuccessful.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
Significant controversy followed the American defeat, with Clark criticizing Walker's execution of the battle plan. Walker responded that the entire battle had been foolhardy and unnecessary, and that Clark's plan, which Walker, had protested, was all but guaranteed to fail. The battle was one of the largest defeats suffered by the US Army during World War II and was the subject of an investigation in 1946 by the US Congress to establish responsibility for the disaster.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674984_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
War Secretary Robert P. Patterson prepared a report in response to the congressional investigation in which he concluded that "the action to which the Thirty-sixth Division was committed was a necessary one and that General Clark exercised sound judgment in planning it and in ordering it." Colonel Miller Ainsworth, president of the 36th Infantry Division Association, testified before Congress against Patterson's conclusions and criticized what he perceived as Mark Clark attempting to evade investigation of his conduct.
|
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11
] |
20231101.en_47674984_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rapido%20River
|
Battle of Rapido River
|
Winter Line Stories Original stories from the front lines of the Italian Campaign by US Army Liaison Officer Major Ralph R. Hotchkiss
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
The California High-Speed Rail Authority was established in 1996 after decades of advocacy for building a high speed rail system in California. The passage of Proposition 1A in 2008, followed by the awarding of federal stimulus funds in 2010, established the initial funding for the California High-Speed Rail system. Construction contracts began to be awarded in 2013, and the groundbreaking ceremony for initial construction was held on January 6, 2015.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
Citing delays, cost overruns, and lack of transparency from the project's leadership, Governor Gavin Newsom reaffirmed the state's commitment to the project on February 12, 2019. Newsom said the state will prioritize the construction of a segment already underway in California's Central Valley, arguing it would revitalize the economically depressed region. The state will complete the planning for the remaining segments and seek federal funds for their construction. He also said he would replace the head of the state board that oversees the project and pledged more accountability for contractors that run over on costs.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
Instead of risking the large expenditures of high-speed rail, some suggested that existing transportation methods should be increased to meet transportation needs. In a report commissioned by the Authority, a comparison was made to the needed infrastructure improvements if high-speed rail were not constructed. According to the report, the cost of building equivalent capacity to the $68.4 billion (YOE) Phase 1 Blended plan, in airports and freeways, is estimated to be at minimum $119 billion (YOE) for of highway, plus $38.6 billion (YOE) for 115 new airport gates and 4 new runways, for a total estimated cost of $158 billion.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
In the 2023 Project Update Report, the cost of building equivalent capacity to the $88.5 to $127.9 billion
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
(YOE$) Phase 1 Blended plan was revised to $130 to $215 billion (YOE$) for about 4,200 more highway lane-miles, 91 more airport gates and two new airport runways.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
Intending to undermine legislative support for the high-speed rail project, Elon Musk proposed Hyperloop as a replacement for HSR. Musk had previously criticized the high-speed rail project as being too expensive and not technologically advanced enough. However, Hyperloop is an unproven technology for its stated purpose. The entire route would be underground, requiring massive tunneling. There are also major issues concerning how it could be implemented in a large scale public transit system format. As of 2023 no Hyperloop system is in existence.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
Governor Jerry Brown had long been an advocate of a high-speed rail system for California. In his first two terms as governor (1975–1983) he signed legislation into law for the study of a high-speed rail system. In 1992 in his run for the Presidency the United States he continued to show his support for it. Then, in 1993 the Intercity High-Speed Rail Commission was created to conduct studies and prepare plans.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
At the federal level, in 1992 the San Francisco–Los Angeles rail corridor was proposed in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act as one of five high speed rail corridors.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
In 1996 the California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA), was established by SB 1420 to begin formal planning in preparation for a ballot measure in 1998 or 2000. The ballot measure was originally scheduled to be put before voters in the 2004 general election; however, the state legislature voted twice to move it back, first to 2006, and finally to 2008 when 53% of voters approved the issuing of $9 billion in bonds for high speed rail in Proposition 1A.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
The U.S. Congress enacted the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (PRIIA), which among other things required the states to develop passenger rail plans.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
In May 2013, the California DOT released its 2013 State Rail Plan. This helped provide a new perspective that viewed the HSR project as the backbone of a statewide rail modernization plan. This has been used by the Authority in allocating funds to other state rail systems that support passenger rail goals and feed into the HSR system. The plan is being updated by DOT, with the latest revision in process of publication now.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
In Jerry Brown's second two terms as Governor (2011 to 2019), in 2014 25% of California's Cap and Trade revenue was allocated to the HSR system. In 2017, this was extended into 2030.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
As of February 2022, $9.0 billion in funding had been spent, $2.7 billion of available funding remained, and at least a further $9.5 billion was estimated to be authorized. The total funding authorized for the project included:
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
The cost of the San Francisco-to-Anaheim route was originally estimated in 2008 at $ (in 2006 dollars; would be about $65 billion in year-of-expenditure (YOE) dollars). Upon further investigation, however, the Authority determined that a route using exclusive trackage along its entire length would be extremely expensive (estimated at over $96 billion in 2012 dollars), so they saw a need to share track in the metropolitan areas of the San Francisco Peninsula and the LA Basin. Thus, their perspective changed from a stand-alone High Speed Rail (HSR) system to one where HSR would share commuter rails (a "blended" system) to both save money and improve all passenger rail needs. (Note that the 2012 Revised Business Plan listed a new estimate for a Full Build option for a cumulative cost of $91.4 billion (2012 YOE) and completion date of 2033.)
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
The Revised 2012 Business Plan listed new estimates (in cumulative year-of-expenditure costs) for the new blended system: Initial Operating System in 2021 for a total of $31.3 billion, Bay to Basin in 2026 for a total of $51.2 billion, and Phase 1 Blended in 2028 for a total of $68.4 billion.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675007_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20California%20High-Speed%20Rail
|
History of California High-Speed Rail
|
Estimates for both time and costs have been steadily changing over the course of the project. The following table lists the cost estimates obtained from the California High Speed Rail Authority's business plans for the Phase 1 "Full" and "Blended" builds from San Francisco to Los Angeles. Note that the Authority realized early on that a "Full" system would financially infeasible, and so switched to the "Blended" plan.
|
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] |
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