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20231101.en_47674564_114
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
In November 2017, hundreds of African migrants were being forced into slavery by human smugglers who were themselves facilitating their arrival in the country. Most of the migrants are from Nigeria, Senegal and Gambia. They however end up in cramped warehouses due to the crackdown by the Libyan Coast Guard, where they are held until they are ransomed or are sold for labor. Libyan authorities of the Government of National Accord announced that they had opened up an investigation into the auctions. A human trafficker told Al-Jazeera that hundreds of the migrants are bought and sold across the country every week. Dozens of African migrants headed for a new life in Europe in 2018 said they were sold for labor and trapped in slavery in Algeria.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_115
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Militants insurgencies have raged in recent times in the Muslim world in places like the Palestinian territories, Syria, Chechnya, Yemen, Kashmir and Somalia, and many of them have taken prisoners of war. Despite Taliban fighting in Afghanistan for decades, they have never sought to enslave their war captives (as of 2019). The Palestinian group Hamas has held Israeli prisoners (such as Gilad Shalit). Yet Hamas, which claims to uphold Islamic law, has also never sought to enslave its prisoners.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_116
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
However, other jihadist groups have enslaved their captives, claiming sanction from Islam. In 2014, Islamic terrorist groups in the Middle East (ISIS also known as Islamic State) and Northern Nigeria (Boko Haram) have not only justified the taking of slaves in war but actually enslaved women and girls.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_117
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the Nigerian extremist group Boko Haram said in an interview, "I shall capture people and make them slaves". In the digital magazine Dabiq, ISIS claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women. ISIS claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old shariah practice of spoils of war. The Economist reports that ISIS has taken "as many as 2,000 women and children" captive, selling and distributing them as sexual slaves. ISIS appealed to apocalyptic beliefs and "claimed justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_118
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
In response to Boko Haram's Quranic justification for kidnapping and enslaving people and ISIS's religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women, 126 Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world signed an open letter in late September 2014 to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, rejecting his group's interpretations of the Qur'an and hadith to justify its actions. The letter accuses the group of instigating fitna sedition by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_119
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
There is historical evidence of North African Muslim slave raids all along the Mediterranean coasts across Christian Europe. The majority of slaves traded across the Mediterranean region were predominantly of European origin from the 7th to 15th centuries. In the 15th century, Ethiopians sold slaves from western borderland areas (usually just outside the realm of the Emperor of Ethiopia) or Ennarea.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_120
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Slaves were often bartered for objects of various kinds: in the Sudan, they were exchanged for cloth, trinkets and so on. In the Maghreb, slaves were swapped for horses. In the desert cities, lengths of cloth, pottery, Venetian glass slave beads, dyestuffs and jewels were used as payment. The trade in black slaves was part of a diverse commercial network. Alongside gold coins, cowrie shells from the Indian Ocean or the Atlantic (Canaries, Luanda) were used as money throughout sub-saharan Africa (merchandise was paid for with sacks of cowries).
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_121
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Enslaved Africans were sold in the towns of the Arab World. In 1416, al-Maqrizi told how pilgrims coming from Takrur (near the Senegal River) brought 1,700 slaves with them to Mecca. In North Africa, the main slave markets were in Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli and Cairo. Sales were held in public places or in souks.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_122
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Potential buyers made a careful examination of the "merchandise": they checked the state of health of a person who was often standing naked with wrists bound together. In Cairo, transactions involving eunuchs and concubines happened in private houses. Prices varied according to the slave's quality. Thomas Smee, the commander of the British research ship Ternate, visited such a market in Zanzibar in 1811 and gave a detailed description:
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_123
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
In April 1998, Elikia M'bokolo, wrote in Le Monde diplomatique. "The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth)." He continues: "Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean"
|
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38
] |
20231101.en_47674564_124
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
In the 8th century, Africa was dominated by Arab-Berbers in the north: Islam moved southwards along the Nile and along the desert trails.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_125
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
In the Middle Ages, the general Arabic term bilâd as-sûdân ("Land of the Blacks") was used for the vast Sudan region (an expression denoting West and Central Africa), or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to Western Sudan. It provided a pool of manual labour for North and Saharan Africa. This region was dominated by certain states and people: the Ghana Empire, the Empire of Mali, the Kanem-Bornu Empire, the Fulani and Hausa.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_126
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
In the Horn of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean were controlled by local Somali and other Muslims, and Yemenis and Omanis had merchant posts along the coasts. The former Ethiopian coast, particularly the port of Massawa and Dahlak Archipelago, had long been a hub for the exportation of slaves from the interior by the Kingdom of Aksum and earlier polities. The slaves came from the southern regions of present-day Ethiopia. The port and most coastal areas were largely Muslim, and the port itself was home to a number of Arab and Indian merchants. The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia often exported Nilotic slaves from their western borderland provinces, or from newly conquered southern provinces. The Somali and Afar Muslim sultanates, such as the Adal Sultanate, also exported Nilotic slaves that they captured from the interior.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_127
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
In the African Great Lakes region, Omani and Yemeni traders set up slave-trading posts along the southeastern coast of the Indian Ocean; most notably in the archipelago of Zanzibar, along the coast of present-day Tanzania. The Zanj region or Swahili Coast flanking the Indian Ocean continued to be an important area for the Oriental slave trade up until the 19th century. Livingstone and Stanley were then the first Europeans to penetrate to the interior of the Congo Basin and to discover the scale of slavery there. The Arab Tippu Tip extended his influence there and captured many people as slaves. After Europeans had settled in the Gulf of Guinea, the trans-Saharan slave trade became less important. In Zanzibar, slavery was abolished late, in 1897, under Sultan Hamoud bin Mohammed.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_128
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
The history of the slave trade has given rise to numerous debates amongst historians. For one thing, specialists are undecided on the number of Africans taken from their homes; this is difficult to resolve because of a lack of reliable statistics: there was no census system in medieval Africa. Archival material for the transatlantic trade in the 16th to 18th centuries may seem useful as a source, yet these record books were often falsified. Historians have to use imprecise narrative documents to make estimates which must be treated with caution: Luiz Felipe de Alencastro states that there were 8 million slaves taken from Africa between the 8th and 19th centuries along the Oriental and the Trans-Saharan routes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_129
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau has put forward a figure of 17 million African people enslaved (in the same period and from the same area) on the basis of Ralph Austen's work. Ronald Segal estimates between 11.5 and 14 million were enslaved by the Arab slave trade. Other estimates place it around 11.2 million.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_130
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
There has also been a considerable genetic impact on Arabs throughout the Arab world from pre-modern African and European slaves.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_131
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
These are given in chronological order. Scholars and geographers from the Arab world had been travelling to Africa since the time of Muhammad in the 7th century.
|
[
18,
34,
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_132
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Al-Masudi (died 957), Muruj adh-dhahab or The Meadows of Gold, the reference manual for geographers and historians of the Muslim world. The author had travelled widely across the Arab world as well as the Far East.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_133
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Al-Bakri, author of Kitāb al-Masālik wa'l-Mamālik or Book of Roads and Kingdoms, published in Córdoba around 1068, gives us information about the Berbers and their activities; he collected eyewitness accounts on Saharan caravan routes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_134
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Ibn Battuta (died circa 1377), Moroccan geographer who travelled to sub-Saharan Africa, to Gao and to Timbuktu. His principal work is called A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_135
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Ibn Khaldun (died in 1406), historian and philosopher from North Africa. Sometimes considered as the historian of Arab, Berber and Persian societies. He is the author of Muqaddimah or Historical Prolegomena and History of the Berbers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_136
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Al-Maqrizi (died in 1442), Egyptian historian. His main contribution is his description of Cairo markets.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_137
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Leo Africanus (died circa 1548), author of Descrittione dell' Africa or Description of Africa, a rare description of Africa.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_138
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (1801–1873), who translated medieval works on geography and history. His work is mostly about Muslim Egypt.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_139
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Joseph Cuoq, Collection of Arabic sources concerning Western Africa between the 8th and 16th centuries (Paris 1975)
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_140
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Historical manuscripts such as the Tarikh al-Sudan, the Adalite Futuh al-Habash, the Abyssinian Kebra Nagast, and various Arabic and Ajam documents
|
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48
] |
20231101.en_47674564_141
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Freamon, Bernard K.. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Netherlands, Brill, 2019.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674564_142
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20slavery%20in%20the%20Muslim%20world
|
History of slavery in the Muslim world
|
Sikainga, Ahmad A. "Shari'a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan 1898–1939", The International Journal of African Historical Studies > Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1–24
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674575_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Loveitt
|
Frank Loveitt
|
Frank Russell Loveitt (24 April 1871 – 1 September 1939) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket in 25 matches for Warwickshire between 1898 and 1905. He was born at Easenhall, near Rugby, Warwickshire and died in Coventry.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674575_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Loveitt
|
Frank Loveitt
|
Loveitt was an amateur right-handed batsman, often used as an opener. He played in a couple of matches in the 1898 season without achieving much, but then disappeared from first-class cricket to fight in the Boer War. He returned to the Warwickshire side in the middle of 1903 and retained his place for the rest of the season. Against Gloucestershire at Edgbaston, he scored 110 in three-and-a-half hours, his only century. That, with three other half-centuries and several not out innings, meant that he finished top of the Warwickshire averages for the season. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack reported that "he did more than enough to justify his selection, and high hopes may be entertained of his future". It added, however: "Scarcely an attractive batsman, owing to lack of wrist work, he watched the ball with untiring care, and was generally a most difficult man to get out."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674575_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Loveitt
|
Frank Loveitt
|
The 1903 proved to be the peak of Loveitt's cricket career; in 1904, he managed only three matches, and though he returned for 11 games in 1905, he passed 50 only once and scored only 292 runs, and his average of 19.46 was modest. He did not play any further first-class cricket after this season.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674575_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Loveitt
|
Frank Loveitt
|
Within Coventry, Loveitt was also well-known as a rugby union player and was captain of the Coventry Rugby Football Club, also appearing for Blackheath Football Club for two seasons; his local newspaper obituary states that he "was generally considered unfortunate not to be capped for England". By profession he was a stockbroker.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674587_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wheatsheaf%2C%20St%20Helens
|
The Wheatsheaf, St Helens
|
It was built in 1936–1938 by the brewery Greenall Whitley & Co. Ltd of Warrington, to a design by the architect W. A. Hartley.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674587_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wheatsheaf%2C%20St%20Helens
|
The Wheatsheaf, St Helens
|
The building was Grade II listed in 2015 by Historic England as part of a drive to protect some of the country's best interwar pubs. The building was described as an example of "Brewers' Tudor", a type of Tudor Revival architecture. It is also included in CAMRA's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674587_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wheatsheaf%2C%20St%20Helens
|
The Wheatsheaf, St Helens
|
The pub was built as part of a reform movement to replace "drinking dens" with more civilized drinking. The granting of a licence for the new pub was conditional upon the surrender of the licences of three other public houses in the locality: the Crystal Palace, the Engine and Tender and the Wheatsheaf Hotel. There is a bowling green outside.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
The banker of ancient times was employed within financial activities, during the ancient Mesopotamian, ancient Greek and ancient Roman periods.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
While certain families of Mesopotamia might be thought of as banking families, according to one source, these families' economic activities were not banking proper. This is because the families charged the same for loans as they gave in interest on deposits, so accordingly, their situation with foreign enterprises was one in which they did not participate in arbitrage, in addition to the absence of an economic situation where-by credit provision might increase the quantity of specie (i.e. coins) present with individuals. The House of Egibi were such a family, living during the Neo-Babylonian and Persian periods, and the House of Murashu were another, living at a time during the 5th century BCE. In addition to these two, the Borsippa based family, Ea-iluta-bani, were also active during the Neo-Babylonia time-period and later. All three families are classified as merchant bankers by Nemet-Nejat.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Following the unification of the city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a single empire ruled from his home city circa 2334 BC, common Mesopotamian standards for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2254–2218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including for shekels. In December 1901 and January 1902, at the direction of archaeologist Jacques de Morgan, Father Jean-Vincent Scheil, OP found a 2.25 meter (or 88.5 inch) tall basalt or diorite stele in three pieces inscribed with 4,130 lines of cuneiform law dictated by Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750 BC) of the First Babylonian Empire in the city of Shush, Iran.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Code of Hammurabi Law 100 stipulated repayment of a loan by a debtor to a creditor on a schedule with a maturity date specified in written contractual terms. Laws 101 and 102 stipulated that a shipping agent, factor, or ship charterer was only required to repay the principal of a loan to their creditor in the event of a net income loss or a total loss due to an Act of God. Law 103 stipulated that an agent, factor, or charterer was by force majeure relieved of their liability for an entire loan in the event that the agent, factor, or charterer was the victim of theft during the term of their charterparty upon provision of an affidavit of the theft to their creditor.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Law 122 stipulated that a depositor of gold, silver, or other chattel/movable property for safekeeping must present all articles and a signed contract of bailment to a notary before depositing the articles with a banker, and Law 123 stipulated that a banker was discharged of any liability from a contract of bailment if the notary denied the existence of the contract. Law 124 stipulated that a depositor with a notarized contract of bailment was entitled to redeem the entire value of their deposit, and Law 125 stipulated that a banker was liable for replacement of deposits stolen while in their possession.
|
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31
] |
20231101.en_47674614_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Ancient Greek bankers were known as (), singular , a term which arose from their use of (), a type of table. They were initially active during the 5th century BCE. The provided a variety of services, primarily, money-changing, providing interest payments on deposited monies, pawnbrokering, acting as notaries and the safe-guarding of valuables.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
At the earliest recorded time, are known to have participated as private enterprise, who in the first instance were greatly reliant on business generated by money-changing activity, but also accepted deposits and made and took payments from individuals.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Ancient Grecian bankers were in the first case moneychangers () and pawnbrokers, who were present in the marketplace or festival sites, changing the coinage of foreign merchants into local currency.
|
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20
] |
20231101.en_47674614_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Many early bankers in Greek city-states belonged to the metics. Money lending was very often an activity for foreigners living as so-called outsiders within society. Business and commercial activities were deemed wholly unsuited to the status and situation of the noble elite of society because these activities were a source of corruption, and instead funds, and accordingly wealth, was obtained primarily by way of militancy, not commerce.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
The task of keeping the deposited wealth provided to the temple of Asklepios were allotted often to the or ; or at Kos the , who were also the record keepers of such exchanges.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
It was an established pattern of behaviour for a banker in Athens, Aigina and elsewhere, in the interests of the security of the assets entrusted to him, to have his wife wed to his slave after his death, being that his slave had inherited his previous owners bank upon his death.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
The first person to have participated in ancient society to some degree as a banker was named Philostephanos (of Corinth).
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
A slave named Pasion, for a time owned by Archestratos and Antisthenes, who were partners of a banking firm in Peiraieus, was for a time Athens' most important banker, after his manumission to the metic class. Pasion operated as a banker from 394 BC to sometime during the 370's. His business was subsequently inherited by his own slave named Phormio.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Hermias was manumitted from Euboulos, and a eunuch, who is attested to have behaved subsequently toward the islands of Assos and Atarneus somehow tyrannically. His adopted daughter married Aristotle, the circumstances of this marriage arranged by Hermias himself.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Early bankers were known primarily as Mensarii, Mensularii and Numularii, or argentarii. Additionally to a lesser extent individuals involved in financial activities were known as coactores, , , and . Bankers operated from either appointment by the government and so were tasked with collecting taxes, or instead operated independently. Accordingly, Mensarii were distinguished from argenterii by the fact of the former operating under state assistance while the latter participating on the basis of private enterprise. Argenterii evolved to provide the function of credit provision on a short-term basis for individuals at auctions.
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
Persons employed in the professional capacities of money-changing and assaying were known as argyramoiboi.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674614_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%20%28ancient%29
|
Banker (ancient)
|
L. Aemilius Papius, M. Atilius Regulus and M. Scribonius Libo were made a three mensarii commission during 216.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674621_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castine%20Hoard
|
Castine Hoard
|
The Castine Hoard (also known as The Castine Deposit) is the name given to a treasure trove of around 500–2,000 North American colonial coins that were found in Castine, Maine. The coins were from various countries, and were buried sometime in the late 1600s. In the early 1840s the coins were discovered on a farm owned by the Grindle family.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674621_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castine%20Hoard
|
Castine Hoard
|
The coins were thought to have been a secret stash belonging to Baron Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin. Castin moved from France to the new world, becoming a battalion leader and later a baron following the death of his father. Jean eventually fell in love with the trading post of Pentagoet, and moved there once his army duties had been complete. While in Pentagoet he became more than friendly with the Indians, eventually becoming a local chief. Jean later married the daughter of another chief, and they had a daughter. In 1704, British forces led by Major Church stormed and captured the village of Pentagoet. Fearing the British would discover her father's stash, Jean's daughter buried the coins in a safer spot. Within an hour though she was captured, and never returned to take the money for herself. Baron Jean Vincent, who was away on family business, died in France a few days after his daughter's capture.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674621_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castine%20Hoard
|
Castine Hoard
|
The coins were discovered in 1840 by Captain Stephen Grindle and his son Samuel who unearthed the coins on their farm located near the Bagaduce River.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674621_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castine%20Hoard
|
Castine Hoard
|
Catine Hoard was found, “on the banks or shore of the Bagaduce river, about six miles from the site of Castin's fort…about six miles above, is a point called Johnson's Narrows', or 'Second Narrows', where the water is of great depth, and at certain periods of the tide forms a rapid current. A path leads across the point, and from the adaptation of the shore as a landing place…Near the narrows the coins were discovered….Its situation was some twenty-five yards from the shore, and in the direct line of a beaten track through the bushes… At the termination of this path on the shore, is an indentation or landing place, well adapted for canoes, and the natural features and facilities of the spot are confirmatory of a tradition that one of the Indian routes from the peninsula to Mount Desert and Frenchman's Bay was up the Bagaduce river, and from thence across to Bluehill Bay….At the time the coins were found, Capt. Grindle, together with his father-in-law, Mr. Johnson, had resided on the farm for over sixty years. Portions of the top of the rock were embedded in the soil to the depth of a foot, and a clump of alders grew around. The appearance of the place is not now the same as when the discovery was made. Repeated digging has laid the rock bare to the depth of several feet, and the side hill has washed away.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674621_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castine%20Hoard
|
Castine Hoard
|
Between 1840 and 1841 hundreds of coins were unearthed; no record exists of a total figure but between 500 and 2,000 were believed to have been found. In 1859, a paper that was originally written by Joseph Williamson was published posthumously in which he describes the coins; "Most of the coins were French crowns, half-crowns, and quarters, all of the reigns of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, and bore various dates, from 1642 to 1682." The coin hoard was later found to contain coins from Spain, and included a large quantity of Spanish Cobbs. Also found were pine tree shilling's dating from 1652 produced by John Hull, as well as various coins from other countries. The earliest coin found was from the reign of King John IV, while the most recent coins dated no later than 1688. The coins were dispersed over time after their discovery, and by 1942 the Maine Historical Society had 26 of the coins remaining.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674622_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lowe%20%28cricketer%29
|
John Lowe (cricketer)
|
John Claude Malcolm Lowe (21 February 1888 – 27 July 1970) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket in 35 matches for Oxford University and Warwickshire between 1907 and 1910. He was born at Edgbaston, Birmingham, and died at Hastings, East Sussex.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674622_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lowe%20%28cricketer%29
|
John Lowe (cricketer)
|
Lowe was the son of Sir Francis Lowe, 1st Baronet who was MP for Edgbaston from 1898 to 1929. Two of his brothers were talented lawn tennis players: Sir Francis Lowe, 2nd Baronet and Arthur Lowe.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674622_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lowe%20%28cricketer%29
|
John Lowe (cricketer)
|
Educated at Uppingham School, where he was captain of the cricket eleven, and at Oriel College, Oxford, Lowe was a lower-order right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler who made the ball swerve. He took five Lancashire wickets for just 30 runs on his debut for Oxford University in 1907. In the next game, he did even better, with six Worcestershire wickets for 43 runs in the first innings, and nine in the match. He was unable to sustain this success, but did enough to be awarded his Blue by appearing in the University Match against Cambridge University where, bowling in tandem with Humphrey Gilbert, he took seven wickets in all and gave Oxford a first-innings lead, but ended up on the losing side. When the university cricket season was over for 1907, Lowe made a single appearance for Warwickshire in a County Championship game against Hampshire, but he took only one wicket and did not play for the county again.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674622_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lowe%20%28cricketer%29
|
John Lowe (cricketer)
|
In both 1908 and 1909, Lowe continue to play for Oxford University, and in 1908 he achieved both his best bowling and batting performances. In the match against Surrey, after Oxford had been made to follow on. Lowe's batting, hitherto negligible, contributed 46 runs against some none-too-demanding Surrey bowling, before he was a rare victim for Jack Hobbs. In a run-heavy game against the "Gentlemen of England" immediately before the 1908 University Match, he took eight first-innings wickets for 144 runs and then, because the match was being used as a trial, was not bowled at all in the second innings, so that he never did achieve 10 wickets in a game. He took five wickets in the 1908 University Match and was batting when Oxford secured a narrow two-wicket victory. He had less success in 1909, but still did enough to secure a third Blue, though he took only one wicket in the University Match of that year.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674622_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lowe%20%28cricketer%29
|
John Lowe (cricketer)
|
In 1910, Lowe returned to Oxford for a fourth academic year and appeared in many of the first-class matches, but he lost form and was left out of the side to meet Cambridge. He did not play again in first-class cricket after this. His obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack states that he also won a Blue for field hockey and was a "good golfer".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674622_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lowe%20%28cricketer%29
|
John Lowe (cricketer)
|
Lowe's later career is not always clear: he appears to have been in the Royal Naval Reserve during the First World War. In the 1920s, he was mentioned in the London Gazette as an officer in the Royal Air Force, from which he retired with the rank of wing commander in 1938.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674634_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20smithii
|
Penicillium smithii
|
Penicillium smithii is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces citreoviridin and canescin Penicillium smithii occurs in soil in Canada and Europe
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674658_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Marshall%20%28cricketer%29
|
Jack Marshall (cricketer)
|
John Maurice Alex Marshall (26 October 1916 – 19 March 2000) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket in 29 matches for Warwickshire and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) between 1946 and 1956. He was born in Kenilworth, Warwickshire and died at Warwick.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674658_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Marshall%20%28cricketer%29
|
Jack Marshall (cricketer)
|
A Warwickshire schoolmaster, Jack Marshall was a right-arm leg-spin bowler and a right-handed lower order batsman who played first-class cricket as an amateur for Warwickshire in the seasons after the Second World War. His only season of regular cricket was the dislocated 1946 season, when he took 43 wickets as foil or deputy to the established Eric Hollies. These included his career-best figures of five Worcestershire wickets for 65 runs in his very first match. His lower-order batting was often useful, though he was consistent rather than spectacular: a career average of 17 runs per innings, with very few not out innings to swell the average, went alongside a highest score of just 47.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674658_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Marshall%20%28cricketer%29
|
Jack Marshall (cricketer)
|
After 1946, when he was awarded his county cap, he played only occasional matches for Warwickshire through to 1950, without success; he returned to first-class cricket for a single game in 1956 for MCC against Ireland.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674685_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Matheson
|
Edward Matheson
|
Edward Matheson (14 June 1865 – 26 February 1945) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket in single matches for the South of England cricket team in 1886 and for Warwickshire in 1899. He was born at Charlton, Dover, Kent and died at Uffculme, Devon.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674685_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Matheson
|
Edward Matheson
|
Matheson was the son of Reverend Charles Matheson, headmaster of the Clergy Orphan School in Canterbury; he was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, but he did not play in any senior cricket matches while at Cambridge University. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1886 and at the end of the cricket season for that year, he played in a single first-class cricket match for a team representing the South against the Australians, scoring 1 and 6. He did little better in his only other match, a County Championship game for Warwickshire against Gloucestershire in 1899, in which he scored 9 and 5.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674685_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Matheson
|
Edward Matheson
|
Matheson was a schoolmaster and was on the teaching staff at Summer Fields School in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674699_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Melville%20%28cricketer%2C%20born%201909%29
|
James Melville (cricketer, born 1909)
|
James Melville (15 March 1909 – 2 August 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket in two matches for Warwickshire in 1946. He was born in Barrow-in-Furness, then in Lancashire, now Cumbria, and died in Coventry.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674699_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Melville%20%28cricketer%2C%20born%201909%29
|
James Melville (cricketer, born 1909)
|
Melville was a right-handed middle- or lower-order batsman and a slow left-arm orthodox spin bowler who played alongside good quality cricketers in matches for Coventry during the Second World War, and was brought into the somewhat-makeshift Warwickshire side for a couple of matches in 1946 at the age of 37. He had no success as a batsman, but bowling with Eric Hollies he took five Hampshire wickets in his debut match.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674700_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20Brigden
|
Wallace Brigden
|
Wallace William Brigden (8 June 1916 – 11 March 2008) was a British cardiologist who pioneered new treatments for heart disease after the Second World War.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674721_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Meunier
|
James Meunier
|
James Brown Meunier (1885 – 30 September 1957) was an English cricketer and footballer who played first-class cricket in two matches for Warwickshire in 1920 and association football for several clubs in the Football League.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674721_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Meunier
|
James Meunier
|
Meunier played football for a number of Football League and non-League clubs in the period before the First World War and appeared in Minor Counties cricket for Lincolnshire in 1914. After the war, he played twice for Warwickshire as a right-handed lower-order batsman and right-arm fast bowler, but he was given little opportunity to bowl in either match and his batting was not successful. He later played for Plymouth Cricket Club.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674756_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Kereszi
|
Lisa Kereszi
|
Kereszi grew up in Pennsylvania where her father owned a junkyard in Trainer and her mother owned and ran an antique store. Kereszi earned a BA from Bard College working with Stephen Shore and others. After graduating from Bard, she began working as an assistant to Nan Goldin. After NYC, she attended Yale University in 2000 to earn an MFA. She has been associated with the university since 2004 as a faculty member.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674756_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Kereszi
|
Lisa Kereszi
|
Her work uses color photography and deals with both fantasy and the idea of home. In the realm of fantasy or "places around the cultural fringe", her projects have included haunted houses both operating and during daylight hours, burlesque dancers, and strip clubs. For work about home, she photographed her grandfather's junkyard, culminating in a book published in 2012 about which The New York Times remarked the junkyard was "a perfect place for an artist to be born."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674756_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Kereszi
|
Lisa Kereszi
|
She has done commissions for Yale University, T: The New York Times Style Magazine, and Orion. Her commercial clients include Nike, IBM, and Capitol Records.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674756_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Kereszi
|
Lisa Kereszi
|
Governors Island: Photographs by Lisa Kereszi & Andrew Moore. New York City: Public Art Fund, 2005. .
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
A unikernel is a computer program statically linked with the operating system code on which it depends. Unikernels are built with a specialized compiler that identifies the operating system services that a program uses and links it with one or more library operating systems that provide them. Such a program requires no separate operating system and can run instead as the guest of a hypervisor.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
In a library operating system, protection boundaries are pushed to the lowest hardware layers, resulting in:
|
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5,
28,
38,
-8,
36
] |
20231101.en_47674773_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
a set of libraries that implement mechanisms such as those needed to drive hardware or talk network protocols;
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
The library OS architecture has several advantages and disadvantages compared with conventional OS designs. One of the advantages is that since there is only a single address space, there is no need for repeated privilege transitions to move data between user space and kernel space. Therefore, a library OS can provide improved performance by allowing direct access to hardware without having to transition between user mode and kernel mode (on a traditional kernel this transition consists of a single TRAP instruction and is not the same as a context switch). Performance gains may be realised by elimination of the need to copy data between user space and kernel space, although this is also possible with Zero-copy device drivers in traditional operating systems.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
A disadvantage is that because there is no separation, trying to run multiple applications side by side in a library OS, but with strong resource isolation, can become complex. In addition, device drivers are required for the specific hardware the library OS runs on. Since hardware is rapidly changing this creates the burden of regularly rewriting drivers to remain up to date.
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
OS virtualization can overcome some of these drawbacks on commodity hardware. A modern hypervisor provides virtual machines with CPU time and strongly isolated virtual devices. A library OS running as a virtual machine only needs to implement drivers for these stable virtual hardware devices and can depend on the hypervisor to drive the real physical hardware. However, protocol libraries are still needed to replace the services of a traditional operating system. Creating these protocol libraries is where the bulk of the work lies when implementing a modern library OS. Additionally, reliance on a hypervisor may reintroduce performance overheads when switching between the unikernel and hypervisor, and when passing data to and from hypervisor virtual devices.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
By reducing the amount of code deployed, unikernels necessarily reduce the likely attack surface and therefore have improved security properties.
|
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37
] |
20231101.en_47674773_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
An example unikernel-based messaging client has around 4% the size of the equivalent code bases using Linux.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
Due to the nature of their construction, it is possible to perform whole-system optimisation across device drivers and application logic, thus improving on the specialisation. For example, off-the-shelf applications such as nginx, SQLite, and Redis running over a unikernel have shown a 1.7x-2.7x performance improvement.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
Unikernels have been regularly shown to boot extremely quickly, in time to respond to incoming requests before the requests time-out.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674773_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
Unikernels lend themselves to creating systems that follow the service-oriented or microservices software architectures.
|
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48
] |
20231101.en_47674773_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
|
Unikernel
|
The high degree of specialisation means that unikernels are unsuitable for the kind of general purpose, multi-user computing that traditional operating systems are used for. Adding additional functionality or altering a compiled unikernel is generally not possible and instead the approach is to compile and deploy a new unikernel with the desired changes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674778_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Keltier
|
SS Keltier
|
SS Keltier was a Belgian cargo ship that was torpedoed by in the Atlantic Ocean while she was travelling from Milford Haven, Wales, United Kingdom, to New York, United States, in ballast.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674778_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Keltier
|
SS Keltier
|
Keltier was constructed in 1913 with yard no. 282 at the Thompson Robert & Sons Ltd. shipyard in Sunderland, United Kingdom. She was completed in 1913 and sailed under the Belgian flag until her sinking in 1918.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674778_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Keltier
|
SS Keltier
|
The ship was long, with a beam of . The ship was assessed at . She had a triple expansion steam engine driving a single screw propeller.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674778_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Keltier
|
SS Keltier
|
On 7 December 1916, SS Keltier was torpedoed by in the Atlantic Ocean, west of the Isles of Scilly, United Kingdom. She was badly damaged but remained afloat long enough to reach safe waters. She was then towed to Falmouth, Cornwall, where she was beached at the East side of the harbour entrance. She was repaired shortly after and returned to service on 12 December 1916. There were no casualties.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674778_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Keltier
|
SS Keltier
|
Keltier left Milford Haven on 29 September 1918 for New York in ballast in a convoy. She was last seen leaving the convoy on 1 October 1918. The following day, Keltier was struck by a torpedo from in the North Atlantic. The 25 crew members took to the lifeboats and left the ship, but were never heard from or seen again.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674789_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gatehouse%2C%20Norwich
|
The Gatehouse, Norwich
|
It was built in 1934 for the Norwich-based Morgans Brewery, and replaced a 19th-century building of the same name. The builders were a local company, R.G. Carter. The architect has not yet been identified.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674827_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Aidara%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201989%29
|
Mohamed Aidara (footballer, born 1989)
|
Mohamed Aidara (born 24 December 1989) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Heidelberg United in NPL Victoria.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47674827_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Aidara%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201989%29
|
Mohamed Aidara (footballer, born 1989)
|
Before signing a contract with VfB Oldenburg he played for Lüneburger SK Hansa and FSV Frankfurt II. However, due to a compensation issue with his previous club USC Paloma, he did not play a competitive game for FSV Frankfurt II.
|
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