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20231101.en_13201569_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Adventures%20of%20Wild%20Bill%20Hickok
|
The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
|
The serial was shot on location in Utah (Johnson Canyon, Three Lakes, and Parry Lodge). The production budget was an exceptional $200,000, this when the average western feature cost $10,000 to produce, and the film featured a great deal of elaborate outdoor scenes, including cattle drives and stampedes.
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] |
20231101.en_13201569_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Adventures%20of%20Wild%20Bill%20Hickok
|
The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
|
The Motion Picture Herald called this serial "a compliment to its title." It became a huge success in theaters, according to a tally published in Motion Picture Herald and Film Daily. The serial firmly established Columbia as a major serial producer, and Gordon Elliott as a western star. Elliott became so identified with the Wild Bill Hickok role that Columbia changed his name to Bill Elliott, and promoted him to feature films as a character named "Wild Bill Saunders" and then "Wild Bill Hickok." In addition to his screen name, he gained such trademarks as buckskins, reversed holsters and the catchphrase "I'm a peaceable man," from this serial.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201579_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
|
Aaronios
|
The Aaronios () or Aaron () were a Byzantine noble family of Bulgarian origin, being descended from Emperor Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria (r. 1015–1018).
|
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1
] |
20231101.en_13201579_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
|
Aaronios
|
After Ivan Vladislav's death before the walls of Dyrrhachium in 1018 and the collapse of the Bulgarian state, his widow, empress Maria, sought refuge in the Byzantine Empire. There Emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) received her and her offspring and gave them high court titles and offices. The two eldest members of the family, Prousianos and Alousianos were later involved in rebellions. Presianos became implicated in a plot against Emperor Romanos III Argyros () in , and Alousianos was actively involved in the Uprising of Petar Delyan in 1040–1041. His daughter married Romanos Diogenes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201579_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
|
Aaronios
|
The third eldest son, Aaron, served as a high-ranking general and governor of important provinces on the Empire's eastern frontier in the 1040s and 1050s. Strictly speaking, the Aaronios line descended from him, but the name was extended to all descendants of Ivan Vladislav. His son Theodore was killed fighting in Armenia against the Seljuk Turks in 1055/6.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201579_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
|
Aaronios
|
The daughter of the fourth son, Trajan, Maria, married Andronikos Doukas, with whom she had the megas doux John Doukas and Irene Doukaina, wife of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (). Maria's aunt, Catherine, married Emperor Isaac I Komnenos (). The family became more obscure in the 12th century, but surviving members are still documented until the late 14th century, albeit in lower-ranking posts.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201616_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsfeld%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Königsfeld, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Königsfeld is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway is a 1981 American-British comedy film directed by John Schlesinger. The film, conceived and co-produced by Don Boyd, was one of the most expensive box office bombs in history, losing its British backers Thorn EMI between $11 million and $22 million and profoundly affecting its fortunes and aspirations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
In a small Florida tourist town named Ticlaw, the mayor/preacher Kirby T. Calo (William Devane) also operates a hotel and tiny wildlife safari park. The town's major draw is a water-skiing elephant named Bubbles.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
When the state highway commission builds a freeway adjacent to the town, Calo slips an official $10,000 to assure an off-ramp. The ramp does not come, so the townsfolk literally paint the town pink to attract visitors.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Meanwhile, tourists from various parts of the United States, shown in a series of concurrent, ongoing vignettes, are heading to Florida and will all end up in Ticlaw, one way or another. They include a pair of bank robbers from New York (George Dzundza, Joe Grifasi) who pick up a cocaine-dealing hitchhiker (Daniel Stern); a Chicago copy machine repairman and aspiring children's book author (Beau Bridges), who picks up a waitress (Beverly D'Angelo), who is carrying her deceased mother's ashes to Florida; a dentist and his dysfunctional family (Howard Hesseman, Teri Garr, Peter Billingsley and Jenn Thompson), vacationing cross-country in their RV; an elderly woman (Jessica Tandy) with a drinking problem and her loving husband (Hume Cronyn), who are heading to Florida to retire; two nuns (mother superior Geraldine Page, novice nun Deborah Rush); and a wannabe country songwriter (Paul Jabara) hauling a playful rhino and other wild animals to Ticlaw.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The film was the idea of British producer Don Boyd, based on his imagination of American life rather than knowledge. "I hadn't been to the United States since I was a child," he said. "My father worked for the British-American Tobacco Company and was assigned to New York for six months, but I didn't remember a thing about it." Boyd's New York agents put him together with Ed Clinton, an actor who wanted to write. The two of them toured the US for nine months, researching and writing the script. Boyd returned to London, showed the script to Barry Spikings of EMI films who agreed to finance.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Boyd originally wanted to direct the film himself on a budget of $2–3 million but Spikings encouraged him to think on a bigger scale with a bigger name director.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
"We could have done a fast road movie and still sold toys," said Spikings. "But to do this film right it had to be vast and expensive."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
John Schlesinger, who was keen to try a comedy, agreed to direct in January 1979. Schlesinger later said "some of the charm comes from Clinton’s naivete, which was one of my original attractions to the script. Clinton’s writing is fresh and completely original. He is highly imaginative. It is not a smug or knowing film at all. In fact, it’s very charming. It’s also quite intelligent."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The director added, "If we had really wanted to make it totally surefire commercial, we would have hired six gag writers and I wouldn't have directed it. It would have been a series of gags, which is what the public seems to be oriented to... I wanted to do an affectionate comedy that had a dark side, and yet had moments when you could be absolutely serious... The only way to make it work, as far as I was concerned, was to go for whatever truth you could find in it...to give whatever human thrust dramatically to each of those characters that I could."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Schlesinger called it "the most complicated project I've ever attempted" adding that the film was "a comedy about characters, so it needs extremely fine care and acting. This is what appealed to me, because I’m mainly intrigued with the people in my films rather than with the plot. This is a comedy about people living on the brink, and that’s the way most people actually live, I think. Many scenes often have something else happening in the same frame, so the timing becomes extremely important. If some incident is a bit off, the sequence just won’t work. You use less close-ups in a movie of this kind, so you need to stand back a little and see it all happening – how two people are relating to one another while some other action is going on. So often, with these things in consideration, more takes are required."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Schlesinger later said when he came on board they did "four or five" extra drafts. "I changed a lot about the town and the thrust of the town: I also tried to give a film with this many characters as much development as I could. I think it is important to let a film live, so we are constantly changing the script."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Shelley Duvall was originally announced for the film. The star part went to William Devane, who had been in Schlesinger's last two films. Other lead roles were played by Beverly D'Angelo, Beau Bridges and Teri Garr.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Jessica Tandy did not like the script but agreed to do it because she wanted to work with Schlesinger.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The film originally was going to take 83 days to shoot and cost $18 million, with 103 speaking parts. Filming began on 19 February 1980.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Spikings later admitted the budget was not set until a week before production. "You can't put a false cap on some pictures," he said. "You've got to allow [the filmmakers] to grow, to break new ground."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The budget increased to $23 million due to a combination of factors: the Florida weather, care for the Vietnamese orphans, and various animals in the film.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
This movie was filmed in the small central Florida town of Mount Dora. The off-ramp filming took place at the I-75 and Palmer Road overpass in Sarasota, Florida. Most of the highway scenes take place on I-75 between Sarasota and Ft. Myers while the highway was still under construction. Dynamite crews blew up a wooden bridge built to look like the southbound lane overpass at I-75 and Palmer Road before the Tampa-to-Miami leg of the highway was completed in 1981. Many portions of Fruitville, Florida, were painted pink to match the sets in Mount Dora and remained pink for decades afterward. Palmer Road never was designated for an I-75 exit because it is not a main thoroughfare. The exit for Fruitville is about two miles north of the filming location. Part of the film was also shot in Salt Lake City, Utah, and New York City.
|
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-4
] |
20231101.en_13201636_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
While the film was in post production, Boyd said, "on the strength of a film that hasn't been released yet and which nobody knows will be a success or a flop, Ed Clinton and I are being buried in movie offers."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The film was going to be released by Associated Film Distribution, but that company folded in February 1981 and it went to Universal. An estimated $5 million was spent on marketing.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The film received generally negative reviews upon release, and was pulled from theatres after just one week. Variety wrote: "The overriding question about EMI's Honky Tonk Freeway is why anyone should want to spend over $25m. on a film as devoid of any basic humorous appeal...[Its] long-term commercial appeal appears to be almost nil."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
Some have argued that the film can be viewed as a satire on the American way of life, and this contributed to its unfavorable critical reception at the time. Janet Maslin of The New York Times remarked that the film was "so uneven that it incorporates both a strain of bawdy humor (which is markedly unfunny) and some touches reminiscent of late 1950's to early 60's Disney. (The people of Ticlaw sometimes seem on the verge of inventing Flubber.) The cast is good, but there's no one here who can do much to hold the movie together. Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy are on hand as an advertising man and his alcoholic wife, who declares proudly that her husband invented bad breath. Geraldine Page and Deborah Rush play a mother superior and a novice who won't stay a novice for long. And Paul Jabara gives the most obvious nod to Nashville, as a songwriter whose music is awful. Nashville had good songs that were a whole lot better, and bad songs that were a whole lot worse."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
"I thought it was the funniest movie I'd ever made," said Schlesinger shortly after the reviews came out. "I'm surprised at the hostility...I think it's been misperceived. The [critical] tone is, 'How dare he? These characters are all monsters.' I'm amazed they find it misanthropic. I think whats happened is American comedy lately is either immensely middle class or very 'gaggy' with a lot of mugging...I couldn't make a 'gag' comedy."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The film was a box-office disaster. It was called "the unquestioned commercial disaster of the summer".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201636_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
|
Honky Tonk Freeway
|
The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song for the song "You're Crazy, but I Like You."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Birdhill () is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is in the barony of Owney and Arra and is part of the parish of Newport, Birdhill and Toor in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. Its Irish name was historically anglicised as Knockan or Knockaneeneen.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
The village is located at the junction of the R445 (formerly N7), the R466, R504 and the R494 about 20 km from Limerick. The R494 route connects Birdhill to the M7.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Public transport is provided by Bus Éireann who provide hourly bus services to Limerick and Dublin from Birdhill.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Birdhill railway station is served by two weekday trains each way on the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line and a skeleton service on the Limerick to Nenagh Commuter Service.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
A January 2012 national newspaper article suggested that Irish Rail was expected to seek permission from the National Transport Authority to close the line. An enhanced timetable was in force during 2012 however the service was again reduced from February 2013.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Birdhill is home to the Matt The Threshers Bar & Restaurant in the centre of the village which opened in 1984. Adjacent to the restaurant is the Old Barracks Coffee Roastery, which roasts its own coffee and has an in-house coffee shop, which opened in 2018. Across the road is the Coopers Bar.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Petrogas opened a service area in October 2014 at junction 27 of the M7 at Birdhill. The Applegreen branded service area contains a Costa Coffee and a Burger King franchise. Traffic uses the existing slip roads with westbound traffic then passing over the motorway bridge.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Plans were announced in 2011 for a pipeline from Lough Derg to supply drinking water to Dublin city and region. In 2016 the Parteen Basin at the south of lough was chosen as the proposed site of extraction. Water would be pumped via Birdhill to a break pressure tank at Knockanacree in County Tipperary and gravity fed from there to Peamount in Dublin.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Birdhill was named the "Tidiest Village" in the Tidy Towns Awards in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2016 and again in 2017. In 2017, the village also took the overall award and was named Ireland's "Tidiest Town".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201653_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
|
Birdhill
|
Birdhill FC is the local soccer team, which competes in the North Tipperary District League. It fields a number of youth teams and one junior team, which competes in the NTDL Division 2. In February 2019, Birdhill FC won the NTDL Nora Kennedy Cup In July 2021, the men's junior team won the 2020/2021 NTDL Division 2 league title and were promoted up to the NTDL Division 1.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201654_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
|
Yu Kuo-hwa
|
Yu Kuo-hwa () (January 10, 1914 – October 4, 2000) was the Premier of the Republic of China from 1984 to 1989.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201654_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
|
Yu Kuo-hwa
|
He was born on 10 January 1914 in Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. He studied for degrees at Harvard University and the London School of Economics.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201654_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
|
Yu Kuo-hwa
|
He was appointed as Minister of Finance on 29 November 1967 and became Governor of the Central Bank of China in 1969.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201654_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
|
Yu Kuo-hwa
|
As Premier, Yu was responsible for ending Taiwan's 38 years of martial law in 1987. In October 1988, he walked out of a meeting of the Legislative Yuan, the first time a government official had done so, as extensive debate made it impossible for Yu to deliver his reports. He died from complications from leukemia at 4pm on 4 October 2000 at the Veterans' General Hospital in Taipei.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201656_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faragher%20Brothers
|
The Faragher Brothers
|
The Faragher Brothers is a blue-eyed soul family band from Redlands, California. It initially consisted of brothers Tommy Faragher, Davey Faragher, Jimmy Faragher and Danny Faragher. Siblings Marty Faragher and Pammy Faragher joined the group in 1979.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201656_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faragher%20Brothers
|
The Faragher Brothers
|
Danny and Jimmy Faragher entered the music industry in 1964 by forming sunshine pop band Peppermint Trolley Company with Greg Tornquist and Casey Cunningham. Later, the band added Patrick McClure, changed their name to Bones and shifted to a folk rock direction.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201656_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faragher%20Brothers
|
The Faragher Brothers
|
After Bones disbanded in 1973, Danny and Jimmy formed The Faragher Brothers with brothers Tommy and Davey. They recorded four albums throughout their existence and were the first all-white band to have an appearance on Soul Train. They contributed backing vocals on numerous songs to artists such as Kiss, Melissa Manchester, Peter Criss, Ringo Starr, Randy Edelman and Lynda Carter. They broke up in 1980 and pursued their own interests.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201669_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Aaronios
|
Theodore Aaronios
|
Theodore Aaronios was one of the latter members of the Aaronios family in the 11th century Byzantine Empire.
|
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20231101.en_13201685_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operation and energy measures including:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Advanced metering infrastructure (of which smart meters are a generic name for any utility side device even if it is more capable e.g. a fiber optic router)
|
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3
] |
20231101.en_13201685_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Smart distribution boards and circuit breakers integrated with home control and demand response (behind the meter from a utility perspective)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Load control switches and smart appliances, often financed by efficiency gains on municipal programs (e.g. PACE financing)
|
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20
] |
20231101.en_13201685_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Renewable energy resources, including the capacity to charge parked (electric vehicle) batteries or larger arrays of batteries recycled from these, or other energy storage.
|
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13
] |
20231101.en_13201685_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Sufficient utility grade fiber broadband to connect and monitor the above, with wireless as a backup. Sufficient spare if "dark" capacity to ensure failover, often leased for revenue.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform. Policy in the United States is described in § 17381.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry, although typical usage of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Concerns with smart grid technology mostly focus on smart meters, items enabled by them, and general security issues.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Smart grids could also monitor/control residential devices that are noncritical during periods of peak power consumption, and return their function during nonpeak hours.
|
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13
] |
20231101.en_13201685_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The first alternating current power grid system was installed in 1886 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. At that time, the grid was a centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
In the 20th century, local grids grew over time and were eventually interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the 1960s, the electric grids of developed countries had become very large, mature, and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation power stations delivering power to major load centres via high capacity power lines which were then branched and divided to provide power to smaller industrial and domestic users over the entire supply area. The topology of the 1960s grid was a result of the strong economies of scale: large coal-, gas- and oil-fired power stations in the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW scale are still found to be cost-effective, due to efficiency-boosting features that can be cost-effective only when the stations become very large.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil fuel reserves (either the mines or wells themselves or else close to rail, road, or port supply lines). Siting of hydroelectric dams in mountain areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid. Nuclear power plants were sited for the availability of cooling water. Finally, fossil fuel-fired power stations were initially very polluting and were sited as far as economically possible from population centres once electricity distribution networks permitted it. By the late 1960s, the electricity grid reached the overwhelming majority of the population of developed countries, with only outlying regional areas remaining 'off-grid'.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Metering of electricity consumption was necessary on a per-user basis in order to allow appropriate billing according to the (highly variable) level of consumption of different users. Because of limited data collection and processing capability during the period of growth of the grid, fixed-tariff arrangements were commonly put in place, as well as dual-tariff arrangements where night-time power was charged at a lower rate than daytime power. The motivation for dual-tariff arrangements was the lower night-time demand. Dual tariffs made possible the use of low-cost night-time electrical power in applications such as the maintaining of 'heat banks' which served to 'smooth out' the daily demand, and reduce the number of turbines that needed to be turned off overnight, thereby improving the utilisation and profitability of the generation and transmission facilities. The metering capabilities of the 1960s grid meant technological limitations on the degree to which price signals could be propagated through the system.
|
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13
] |
20231101.en_13201685_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
From the 1970s to the 1990s, growing demand led to increasing numbers of power stations. In some areas, the supply of electricity, especially at peak times, could not keep up with this demand, resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts, and brownouts. Increasingly, electricity was depended on for industry, heating, communication, lighting, and entertainment, and consumers demanded ever-higher levels of reliability.
|
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7
] |
20231101.en_13201685_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Towards the end of the 20th century, electricity demand patterns were established: domestic heating and air-conditioning led to daily peaks in demand that were met by an array of 'peaking power generators' that would only be turned on for short periods each day. The relatively low utilisation of these peaking generators (commonly, gas turbines were used due to their relatively lower capital cost and faster start-up times), together with the necessary redundancy in the electricity grid, resulting in high costs to the electricity companies, which were passed on in the form of increased tariffs.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
In the 21st century, some developing countries like China, India, and Brazil were seen as pioneers of smart grid deployment.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Since the early 21st century, opportunities to take advantage of improvements in electronic communication technology to resolve the limitations and costs of the electrical grid have become apparent. Technological limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be averaged out and passed on to all consumers equally. In parallel, growing concerns over environmental damage from fossil-fired power stations have led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy. Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power are highly variable, and so the need for more sophisticated control systems became apparent, to facilitate the connection of sources to the otherwise highly controllable grid. Power from photovoltaic cells (and to lesser extent wind turbines) has also, significantly, called into question the imperative for large, centralised power stations. The rapidly falling costs point to a major change from the centralised grid topology to one that is highly distributed, with power being both generated and consumed right at the limits of the grid. Finally, growing concern over terrorist attacks in some countries has led to calls for a more robust energy grid that is less dependent on centralised power stations that were perceived to be potential attack targets.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The first official definition of Smart Grid was provided by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007), which was approved by the US Congress in January 2007, and signed to law by President George W. Bush in December 2007. Title XIII of this bill provides a description, with ten characteristics, that can be considered a definition for Smart Grid, as follows:"It is the policy of the United States to support the modernization of the Nation's electricity transmission and distribution system to maintain a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure that can meet future demand growth and to achieve each of the following, which together characterize a Smart Grid: (1) Increased use of digital information and controls technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid. (2) Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber-security. (3) Deployment and integration of distributed resources and generation, including renewable resources. (4) Development and incorporation of demand response, demand-side resources, and energy-efficiency resources. (5) Deployment of 'smart' technologies (real-time, automated, interactive technologies that optimize the physical operation of appliances and consumer devices) for metering, communications concerning grid operations and status, and distribution automation. (6) Integration of 'smart' appliances and consumer devices. (7) Deployment and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-shaving technologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles, and thermal storage air conditioning. (8) Provision to consumers of timely information and control options. (9) Development of standards for communication and interoperability of appliances and equipment connected to the electric grid, including the infrastructure serving the grid. (10) Identification and lowering of unreasonable or unnecessary barriers to adoption of smart grid technologies, practices, and services."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
"A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high levels of quality and security of supply and safety. A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies in order to:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and security of supply.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
A common element to most definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid. Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital technology with power grids. Integration of the new grid information is one of the key issues in the design of smart grids. Electric utilities now find themselves making three classes of transformations: improvement of infrastructure, called the strong grid in China; addition of the digital layer, which is the essence of the smart grid; and business process transformation, necessary to capitalize on the investments in smart technology. Much of the work that has been going on in electric grid modernization, especially substation and distribution automation, is now included in the general concept of the smart grid.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Smart grid technologies emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and monitoring. In the 1980s, automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from large customers and evolved into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day. Smart meters add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real-time, and can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home. Early forms of such demand side management technologies were dynamic demand aware devices that passively sensed the load on the grid by monitoring changes in the power supply frequency. Devices such as industrial and domestic air conditioners, refrigerators, and heaters adjusted their duty cycle to avoid activation during times the grid was suffering a peak condition. Beginning in 2000, Italy's Telegestore Project was the first to network large numbers (27 million) of homes using smart meters connected via low bandwidth power line communication. Some experiments used the term broadband over power lines (BPL), while others used wireless technologies such as mesh networking promoted for more reliable connections to disparate devices in the home as well as supporting metering of other utilities such as gas and water.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Monitoring and synchronization of wide-area networks were revolutionized in the early 1990s when the Bonneville Power Administration expanded its smart grid research with prototype sensors that are capable of very rapid analysis of anomalies in electricity quality over very large geographic areas. The culmination of this work was the first operational Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) in 2000. Other countries are rapidly integrating this technology — China started having a comprehensive national WAMS when the past 5-year economic plan was completed in 2012.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The earliest deployments of smart grids include the Italian system Telegestore (2005), the mesh network of Austin, Texas (since 2003), and the smart grid in Boulder, Colorado (2008). See below.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the challenges of electricity supply. Because of the diverse range of factors, there are numerous competing taxonomies and no agreement on a universal definition. Nevertheless, one possible categorization is given here.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The smart grid makes use of technologies such as state estimation, that improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the network without the intervention of technicians. This will ensure a more reliable supply of electricity and reduce vulnerability to natural disasters or attacks.
|
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12
] |
20231101.en_13201685_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old grid also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure. However, this created a new problem: if the current flow or related effects across the network exceed the limits of any particular network element, it could fail, and the current would be shunted to other network elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a domino effect. See power outage. A technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling blackout or voltage reduction (brownout).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle possible bidirectional energy flows, allowing for distributed generation such as from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also charging to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, the use of fuel cells, and other sources.
|
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4
] |
20231101.en_13201685_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Classic grids were designed for a one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims to manage these situations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Numerous contributions to the overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including demand-side management, for example turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price, reducing the voltage when possible on distribution lines through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO), eliminating truck-rolls for meter reading, and reducing truck-rolls by improved outage management using data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems. The overall effect is less redundancy in transmission and distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators, leading to lower power prices.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not necessarily stable or slow varying. For example, if a popular television program starts, millions of televisions will start to draw current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a dissipative standby mode. A smart grid may warn all individual television sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
To reduce demand during the high-cost peak usage periods, communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in the home and business when energy demand is high and track how much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to devices directly in order to prevent system overloads. Examples would be a utility reducing the usage of a group of electric vehicle charging stations or shifting temperature set points of air conditioners in a city. To motivate them to cut back use and perform what is called peak curtailment or peak leveling, prices of electricity are increased during high demand periods and decreased during low demand periods. It is thought that consumers and businesses will tend to consume less during high-demand periods if it is possible for consumers and consumer devices to be aware of the high price premium for using electricity at peak periods. This could mean making trade-offs such as cycling on/off air conditioners or running dishwashers at 9 pm instead of 5 pm. When businesses and consumers see a direct economic benefit of using energy at off-peak times, the theory is that they will include the energy cost of operation into their consumer device and building construction decisions and hence become more energy efficient.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. Current network infrastructure is not built to allow for many distributed feed-in points, and typically even if some feed-in is allowed at the local (distribution) level, the transmission-level infrastructure cannot accommodate it. Rapid fluctuations in distributed generation, such as due to cloudy or gusty weather, present significant challenges to power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels through varying the output of the more controllable generators such as gas turbines and hydroelectric generators. Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason. There is also support for vehicle-to-grid.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their energy price) and consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits both the suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies. Only the critical loads will need to pay the peak energy prices, and consumers will be able to be more strategic in when they use energy. Generators with greater flexibility will be able to sell energy strategically for maximum profit, whereas inflexible generators such as base-load steam turbines and wind turbines will receive a varying tariff based on the level of demand and the status of the other generators currently operating. The overall effect is a signal that awards energy efficiency, and energy consumption that is sensitive to the time-varying limitations of the supply. At the domestic level, appliances with a degree of energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks, and heat pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimise energy cost by adapting demand to the lower-cost energy support periods. This is an extension of the dual-tariff energy pricing mentioned above.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real-time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only when it is cheapest.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication within control systems for their high-value assets, such as in generating plants, transmission lines, substations, and major energy users. In general, information flows one way, from the users and the loads they control back to the utilities. The utilities attempt to meet the demand and succeed or fail to varying degrees (brownouts, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout). The total amount of power demanded by the users can have a very wide probability distribution which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. This one-way flow of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating capacity may be required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be costly to consumers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_38
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Demand response can be provided by commercial, residential loads, and industrial loads. For example, Alcoa's Warrick Operation is participating in MISO as a qualified Demand Response Resource, and the Trimet Aluminium uses its smelter as a short-term mega-battery.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter architectures allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing any possible reaction by either supplying or demanding devices.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_40
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_41
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Integrated communications: Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control, and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics. Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information, and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_42
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Sensing and measurement: core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, (typically based on online readings by Distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use, and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_43
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Phasor measurement units. Many in the power systems engineering community believe that the Northeast blackout of 2003 could have been contained to a much smaller area if a wide area phasor measurement network had been in place.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_44
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Distributed power flow control: power flow control devices clamp onto existing transmission lines to control the flow of power within. Transmission lines enabled with such devices support greater use of renewable energy by providing more consistent, real-time control over how that energy is routed within the grid. This technology enables the grid to more effectively store intermittent energy from renewables for later use.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_45
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Smart power generation using advanced components: smart power generation is a concept of matching electricity generation with demand using multiple identical generators which can start, stop and operate efficiently at chosen load, independently of the others, making them suitable for baseload and peaking power generation. Matching supply and demand, called load balancing, is essential for a stable and reliable supply of electricity. Short-term deviations in the balance lead to frequency variations and a prolonged mismatch results in blackouts. Operators of power transmission systems a charged with the balancing task, matching the power output of all the generators to the load of their electrical grid. The load balancing task has become much more challenging as increasingly intermittent and variable generators such as wind turbines and solar cells are added to the grid, forcing other producers to adapt their output much more frequently than has been required in the past. The first two dynamic grid stability power plants utilizing the concept have been ordered by Elering and will be built by Wärtsilä in Kiisa, Estonia (Kiisa Power Plant). Their purpose is to "provide dynamic generation capacity to meet sudden and unexpected drops in the electricity supply." They are scheduled to be ready during 2013 and 2014, and their total output will be 250 MW.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_46
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and operational applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc.). Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, the Fujian power grid in China created a wide area protection system that is rapidly able to accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it. The Voltage Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity-based successive linear programming method to reliably determine the optimal control solution.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_47
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Smart grid provides IT-based solutions which the traditional power grid is lacking. These new solutions pave the way of new entrants that were traditionally not related to the energy grid. Technology companies are disrupting the traditional energy market players in several ways. They develop complex distribution systems to meet the more decentralized power generation due to microgrids. Additionally is the increase in data collection bringing many new possibilities for technology companies as deploying transmission grid sensors at a user level and balancing system reserves. The technology in microgrids makes energy consumption cheaper for households than buying from utilities. Additionally, residents can manage their energy consumption easier and more effectively with the connection to smart meters. However, the performances and reliability of microgrids strongly depend on the continuous interaction between power generation, storage and load requirements. A hybrid offering combining renewable energy sources with storing energy sources as coal and gas is showing the hybrid offering of a microgrid serving alone.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_48
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
As a consequence of the entrance of the technology companies in the energy market, utilities and DSO's need to create new business models to keep current customers and to create new customers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_49
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
DSO's can focus on creating good customer engagement strategies to create loyalty and trust towards the customer. To retain and attract customers who decide to produce their own energy through microgrids, DSO's can offer purchase agreements for the sale of surplus energy that the consumer produces. Indifference from the IT companies, both DSO's and utilities can use their market experience to give consumers energy-use advice and efficiency upgrades to create excellent customer service.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13201685_50
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
|
Smart grid
|
Instead of trying to compete against IT companies in their expertise, both utilities and DSO's can try to create alliances with IT companies to create good solutions together. The French utility company Engie did this by buying the service provider Ecova and OpTerra Energy Services.
|
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] |
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