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20231101.en_13201569_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Adventures%20of%20Wild%20Bill%20Hickok
The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
The serial was shot on location in Utah (Johnson Canyon, Three Lakes, and Parry Lodge). The production budget was an exceptional $200,000, this when the average western feature cost $10,000 to produce, and the film featured a great deal of elaborate outdoor scenes, including cattle drives and stampedes.
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20231101.en_13201569_3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Adventures%20of%20Wild%20Bill%20Hickok
The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
The Motion Picture Herald called this serial "a compliment to its title." It became a huge success in theaters, according to a tally published in Motion Picture Herald and Film Daily. The serial firmly established Columbia as a major serial producer, and Gordon Elliott as a western star. Elliott became so identified wi...
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20231101.en_13201579_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
Aaronios
The Aaronios () or Aaron () were a Byzantine noble family of Bulgarian origin, being descended from Emperor Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria (r. 1015–1018).
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20231101.en_13201579_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
Aaronios
After Ivan Vladislav's death before the walls of Dyrrhachium in 1018 and the collapse of the Bulgarian state, his widow, empress Maria, sought refuge in the Byzantine Empire. There Emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) received her and her offspring and gave them high court titles and offices. The two eldest members of the fa...
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20231101.en_13201579_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
Aaronios
The third eldest son, Aaron, served as a high-ranking general and governor of important provinces on the Empire's eastern frontier in the 1040s and 1050s. Strictly speaking, the Aaronios line descended from him, but the name was extended to all descendants of Ivan Vladislav. His son Theodore was killed fighting in Arme...
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20231101.en_13201579_3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronios
Aaronios
The daughter of the fourth son, Trajan, Maria, married Andronikos Doukas, with whom she had the megas doux John Doukas and Irene Doukaina, wife of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (). Maria's aunt, Catherine, married Emperor Isaac I Komnenos (). The family became more obscure in the 12th century, but surviving members are st...
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20231101.en_13201616_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsfeld%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Königsfeld, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Königsfeld is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
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20231101.en_13201636_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway is a 1981 American-British comedy film directed by John Schlesinger. The film, conceived and co-produced by Don Boyd, was one of the most expensive box office bombs in history, losing its British backers Thorn EMI between $11 million and $22 million and profoundly affecting its fortunes and aspiratio...
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20231101.en_13201636_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
In a small Florida tourist town named Ticlaw, the mayor/preacher Kirby T. Calo (William Devane) also operates a hotel and tiny wildlife safari park. The town's major draw is a water-skiing elephant named Bubbles.
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20231101.en_13201636_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
When the state highway commission builds a freeway adjacent to the town, Calo slips an official $10,000 to assure an off-ramp. The ramp does not come, so the townsfolk literally paint the town pink to attract visitors.
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20231101.en_13201636_3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Meanwhile, tourists from various parts of the United States, shown in a series of concurrent, ongoing vignettes, are heading to Florida and will all end up in Ticlaw, one way or another. They include a pair of bank robbers from New York (George Dzundza, Joe Grifasi) who pick up a cocaine-dealing hitchhiker (Daniel Ster...
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20231101.en_13201636_4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The film was the idea of British producer Don Boyd, based on his imagination of American life rather than knowledge. "I hadn't been to the United States since I was a child," he said. "My father worked for the British-American Tobacco Company and was assigned to New York for six months, but I didn't remember a thing ab...
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20231101.en_13201636_5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Boyd originally wanted to direct the film himself on a budget of $2–3 million but Spikings encouraged him to think on a bigger scale with a bigger name director.
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20231101.en_13201636_6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
"We could have done a fast road movie and still sold toys," said Spikings. "But to do this film right it had to be vast and expensive."
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20231101.en_13201636_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
John Schlesinger, who was keen to try a comedy, agreed to direct in January 1979. Schlesinger later said "some of the charm comes from Clinton’s naivete, which was one of my original attractions to the script. Clinton’s writing is fresh and completely original. He is highly imaginative. It is not a smug or knowing film...
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20231101.en_13201636_8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The director added, "If we had really wanted to make it totally surefire commercial, we would have hired six gag writers and I wouldn't have directed it. It would have been a series of gags, which is what the public seems to be oriented to... I wanted to do an affectionate comedy that had a dark side, and yet had momen...
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20231101.en_13201636_9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Schlesinger called it "the most complicated project I've ever attempted" adding that the film was "a comedy about characters, so it needs extremely fine care and acting. This is what appealed to me, because I’m mainly intrigued with the people in my films rather than with the plot. This is a comedy about people living ...
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20231101.en_13201636_10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Schlesinger later said when he came on board they did "four or five" extra drafts. "I changed a lot about the town and the thrust of the town: I also tried to give a film with this many characters as much development as I could. I think it is important to let a film live, so we are constantly changing the script."
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20231101.en_13201636_11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Shelley Duvall was originally announced for the film. The star part went to William Devane, who had been in Schlesinger's last two films. Other lead roles were played by Beverly D'Angelo, Beau Bridges and Teri Garr.
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20231101.en_13201636_12
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Jessica Tandy did not like the script but agreed to do it because she wanted to work with Schlesinger.
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20231101.en_13201636_13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The film originally was going to take 83 days to shoot and cost $18 million, with 103 speaking parts. Filming began on 19 February 1980.
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20231101.en_13201636_14
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Spikings later admitted the budget was not set until a week before production. "You can't put a false cap on some pictures," he said. "You've got to allow [the filmmakers] to grow, to break new ground."
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20231101.en_13201636_15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The budget increased to $23 million due to a combination of factors: the Florida weather, care for the Vietnamese orphans, and various animals in the film.
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20231101.en_13201636_16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
This movie was filmed in the small central Florida town of Mount Dora. The off-ramp filming took place at the I-75 and Palmer Road overpass in Sarasota, Florida. Most of the highway scenes take place on I-75 between Sarasota and Ft. Myers while the highway was still under construction. Dynamite crews blew up a wooden b...
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20231101.en_13201636_17
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
While the film was in post production, Boyd said, "on the strength of a film that hasn't been released yet and which nobody knows will be a success or a flop, Ed Clinton and I are being buried in movie offers."
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20231101.en_13201636_18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The film was going to be released by Associated Film Distribution, but that company folded in February 1981 and it went to Universal. An estimated $5 million was spent on marketing.
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20231101.en_13201636_19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The film received generally negative reviews upon release, and was pulled from theatres after just one week. Variety wrote: "The overriding question about EMI's Honky Tonk Freeway is why anyone should want to spend over $25m. on a film as devoid of any basic humorous appeal...[Its] long-term commercial appeal appears t...
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20231101.en_13201636_20
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
Some have argued that the film can be viewed as a satire on the American way of life, and this contributed to its unfavorable critical reception at the time. Janet Maslin of The New York Times remarked that the film was "so uneven that it incorporates both a strain of bawdy humor (which is markedly unfunny) and some to...
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20231101.en_13201636_21
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
"I thought it was the funniest movie I'd ever made," said Schlesinger shortly after the reviews came out. "I'm surprised at the hostility...I think it's been misperceived. The [critical] tone is, 'How dare he? These characters are all monsters.' I'm amazed they find it misanthropic. I think whats happened is American c...
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20231101.en_13201636_22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The film was a box-office disaster. It was called "the unquestioned commercial disaster of the summer".
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20231101.en_13201636_23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky%20Tonk%20Freeway
Honky Tonk Freeway
The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song for the song "You're Crazy, but I Like You."
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20231101.en_13201653_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Birdhill () is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is in the barony of Owney and Arra and is part of the parish of Newport, Birdhill and Toor in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. Its Irish name was historically anglicised as Knockan or Knockaneeneen.
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20231101.en_13201653_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
The village is located at the junction of the R445 (formerly N7), the R466, R504 and the R494 about 20 km from Limerick. The R494 route connects Birdhill to the M7.
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20231101.en_13201653_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Public transport is provided by Bus Éireann who provide hourly bus services to Limerick and Dublin from Birdhill.
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20231101.en_13201653_3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Birdhill railway station is served by two weekday trains each way on the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line and a skeleton service on the Limerick to Nenagh Commuter Service.
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20231101.en_13201653_4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
A January 2012 national newspaper article suggested that Irish Rail was expected to seek permission from the National Transport Authority to close the line. An enhanced timetable was in force during 2012 however the service was again reduced from February 2013.
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20231101.en_13201653_5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Birdhill is home to the Matt The Threshers Bar & Restaurant in the centre of the village which opened in 1984. Adjacent to the restaurant is the Old Barracks Coffee Roastery, which roasts its own coffee and has an in-house coffee shop, which opened in 2018. Across the road is the Coopers Bar.
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20231101.en_13201653_6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Petrogas opened a service area in October 2014 at junction 27 of the M7 at Birdhill. The Applegreen branded service area contains a Costa Coffee and a Burger King franchise. Traffic uses the existing slip roads with westbound traffic then passing over the motorway bridge.
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20231101.en_13201653_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Plans were announced in 2011 for a pipeline from Lough Derg to supply drinking water to Dublin city and region. In 2016 the Parteen Basin at the south of lough was chosen as the proposed site of extraction. Water would be pumped via Birdhill to a break pressure tank at Knockanacree in County Tipperary and gravity fed ...
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20231101.en_13201653_8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Birdhill was named the "Tidiest Village" in the Tidy Towns Awards in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2016 and again in 2017. In 2017, the village also took the overall award and was named Ireland's "Tidiest Town".
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20231101.en_13201653_9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhill
Birdhill
Birdhill FC is the local soccer team, which competes in the North Tipperary District League. It fields a number of youth teams and one junior team, which competes in the NTDL Division 2. In February 2019, Birdhill FC won the NTDL Nora Kennedy Cup In July 2021, the men's junior team won the 2020/2021 NTDL Division 2 lea...
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20231101.en_13201654_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
Yu Kuo-hwa
Yu Kuo-hwa () (January 10, 1914 – October 4, 2000) was the Premier of the Republic of China from 1984 to 1989.
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20231101.en_13201654_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
Yu Kuo-hwa
He was born on 10 January 1914 in Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. He studied for degrees at Harvard University and the London School of Economics.
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20231101.en_13201654_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
Yu Kuo-hwa
He was appointed as Minister of Finance on 29 November 1967 and became Governor of the Central Bank of China in 1969.
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20231101.en_13201654_3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Kuo-hwa
Yu Kuo-hwa
As Premier, Yu was responsible for ending Taiwan's 38 years of martial law in 1987. In October 1988, he walked out of a meeting of the Legislative Yuan, the first time a government official had done so, as extensive debate made it impossible for Yu to deliver his reports. He died from complications from leukemia at 4pm...
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20231101.en_13201656_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faragher%20Brothers
The Faragher Brothers
The Faragher Brothers is a blue-eyed soul family band from Redlands, California. It initially consisted of brothers Tommy Faragher, Davey Faragher, Jimmy Faragher and Danny Faragher. Siblings Marty Faragher and Pammy Faragher joined the group in 1979.
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20231101.en_13201656_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faragher%20Brothers
The Faragher Brothers
Danny and Jimmy Faragher entered the music industry in 1964 by forming sunshine pop band Peppermint Trolley Company with Greg Tornquist and Casey Cunningham. Later, the band added Patrick McClure, changed their name to Bones and shifted to a folk rock direction.
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20231101.en_13201656_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faragher%20Brothers
The Faragher Brothers
After Bones disbanded in 1973, Danny and Jimmy formed The Faragher Brothers with brothers Tommy and Davey. They recorded four albums throughout their existence and were the first all-white band to have an appearance on Soul Train. They contributed backing vocals on numerous songs to artists such as Kiss, Melissa Manche...
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20231101.en_13201669_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Aaronios
Theodore Aaronios
Theodore Aaronios was one of the latter members of the Aaronios family in the 11th century Byzantine Empire.
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20231101.en_13201685_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operation and energy measures including:
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20231101.en_13201685_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Advanced metering infrastructure (of which smart meters are a generic name for any utility side device even if it is more capable e.g. a fiber optic router)
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20231101.en_13201685_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Smart distribution boards and circuit breakers integrated with home control and demand response (behind the meter from a utility perspective)
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20231101.en_13201685_3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Load control switches and smart appliances, often financed by efficiency gains on municipal programs (e.g. PACE financing)
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20231101.en_13201685_4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Renewable energy resources, including the capacity to charge parked (electric vehicle) batteries or larger arrays of batteries recycled from these, or other energy storage.
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20231101.en_13201685_5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Sufficient utility grade fiber broadband to connect and monitor the above, with wireless as a backup. Sufficient spare if "dark" capacity to ensure failover, often leased for revenue.
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20231101.en_13201685_6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.
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20231101.en_13201685_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform. Policy in the United States is described in § 17381.
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20231101.en_13201685_8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry, although typical usage of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure.
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20231101.en_13201685_9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Concerns with smart grid technology mostly focus on smart meters, items enabled by them, and general security issues.
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20231101.en_13201685_10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Smart grids could also monitor/control residential devices that are noncritical during periods of peak power consumption, and return their function during nonpeak hours.
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20231101.en_13201685_11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The first alternating current power grid system was installed in 1886 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. At that time, the grid was a centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control.
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20231101.en_13201685_12
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
In the 20th century, local grids grew over time and were eventually interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the 1960s, the electric grids of developed countries had become very large, mature, and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation power stations delivering power to major load ...
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20231101.en_13201685_13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil fuel reserves (either the mines or wells themselves or else close to rail, road, or port supply lines). Siting of hydroelectric dams in mountain areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid. Nuclear power plants were sited for the avai...
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20231101.en_13201685_14
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Metering of electricity consumption was necessary on a per-user basis in order to allow appropriate billing according to the (highly variable) level of consumption of different users. Because of limited data collection and processing capability during the period of growth of the grid, fixed-tariff arrangements were com...
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20231101.en_13201685_15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
From the 1970s to the 1990s, growing demand led to increasing numbers of power stations. In some areas, the supply of electricity, especially at peak times, could not keep up with this demand, resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts, and brownouts. Increasingly, electricity was depended on for i...
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20231101.en_13201685_16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Towards the end of the 20th century, electricity demand patterns were established: domestic heating and air-conditioning led to daily peaks in demand that were met by an array of 'peaking power generators' that would only be turned on for short periods each day. The relatively low utilisation of these peaking generator...
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20231101.en_13201685_17
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
In the 21st century, some developing countries like China, India, and Brazil were seen as pioneers of smart grid deployment.
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20231101.en_13201685_18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Since the early 21st century, opportunities to take advantage of improvements in electronic communication technology to resolve the limitations and costs of the electrical grid have become apparent. Technological limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be averaged out and passed on to all consumers...
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20231101.en_13201685_19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The first official definition of Smart Grid was provided by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007), which was approved by the US Congress in January 2007, and signed to law by President George W. Bush in December 2007. Title XIII of this bill provides a description, with ten characteristics, that ...
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20231101.en_13201685_20
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
"A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high levels of quality and security of supply and sa...
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20231101.en_13201685_21
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and security of supply.
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20231101.en_13201685_22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
A common element to most definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid. Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital technology with power grids. Integration of the new grid inform...
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20231101.en_13201685_23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Smart grid technologies emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and monitoring. In the 1980s, automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from large customers and evolved into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at d...
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20231101.en_13201685_24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Monitoring and synchronization of wide-area networks were revolutionized in the early 1990s when the Bonneville Power Administration expanded its smart grid research with prototype sensors that are capable of very rapid analysis of anomalies in electricity quality over very large geographic areas. The culmination of th...
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20231101.en_13201685_25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The earliest deployments of smart grids include the Italian system Telegestore (2005), the mesh network of Austin, Texas (since 2003), and the smart grid in Boulder, Colorado (2008). See below.
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20231101.en_13201685_26
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the challenges of electricity supply. Because of the diverse range of factors, there are numerous competing taxonomies and no agreement on a universal definition. Nevertheless, one possible categorization is given here.
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20231101.en_13201685_27
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The smart grid makes use of technologies such as state estimation, that improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the network without the intervention of technicians. This will ensure a more reliable supply of electricity and reduce vulnerability to natural disasters or attacks.
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20231101.en_13201685_28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old grid also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure. However, this created a new problem: if the current ...
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20231101.en_13201685_29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle possible bidirectional energy flows, allowing for distributed generation such as from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also charging to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, the...
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20231101.en_13201685_30
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Classic grids were designed for a one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims to manage these situations.
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20231101.en_13201685_31
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Numerous contributions to the overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including demand-side management, for example turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price, reducing the voltage when pos...
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20231101.en_13201685_32
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not necessarily stable or slow varying. For example, if a popular television program starts, millions of televisions will start to draw current i...
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20231101.en_13201685_33
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
To reduce demand during the high-cost peak usage periods, communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in the home and business when energy demand is high and track how much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to de...
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20231101.en_13201685_34
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. Current network infrastructure is not built to allow for many distributed feed-in points, and typically even if some feed-in...
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20231101.en_13201685_35
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their energy price) and consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits both the suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies. Only the critical loads will need to pay the peak energy prices, and...
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20231101.en_13201685_36
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real-time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the life of equipment, and allows u...
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20231101.en_13201685_37
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication within control systems for their high-value assets, such as in generating plants, transmission lines, substations, and major energy users. In general, information flows one way, from the users and the loads they control back to the utilities. The utili...
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20231101.en_13201685_38
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Demand response can be provided by commercial, residential loads, and industrial loads. For example, Alcoa's Warrick Operation is participating in MISO as a qualified Demand Response Resource, and the Trimet Aluminium uses its smelter as a short-term mega-battery.
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20231101.en_13201685_39
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter architectures allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing any possible reaction by either supplying or demanding devices.
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20231101.en_13201685_40
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations.
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20231101.en_13201685_41
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Integrated communications: Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control, and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics. Integrated communic...
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20231101.en_13201685_42
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Sensing and measurement: core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, (typically based on onlin...
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20231101.en_13201685_43
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Phasor measurement units. Many in the power systems engineering community believe that the Northeast blackout of 2003 could have been contained to a much smaller area if a wide area phasor measurement network had been in place.
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20231101.en_13201685_44
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Distributed power flow control: power flow control devices clamp onto existing transmission lines to control the flow of power within. Transmission lines enabled with such devices support greater use of renewable energy by providing more consistent, real-time control over how that energy is routed within the grid. Thi...
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20231101.en_13201685_45
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Smart power generation using advanced components: smart power generation is a concept of matching electricity generation with demand using multiple identical generators which can start, stop and operate efficiently at chosen load, independently of the others, making them suitable for baseload and peaking power generati...
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20231101.en_13201685_46
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analytical tools...
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20231101.en_13201685_47
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Smart grid provides IT-based solutions which the traditional power grid is lacking. These new solutions pave the way of new entrants that were traditionally not related to the energy grid. Technology companies are disrupting the traditional energy market players in several ways. They develop complex distribution system...
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20231101.en_13201685_48
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
As a consequence of the entrance of the technology companies in the energy market, utilities and DSO's need to create new business models to keep current customers and to create new customers.
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20231101.en_13201685_49
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
DSO's can focus on creating good customer engagement strategies to create loyalty and trust towards the customer. To retain and attract customers who decide to produce their own energy through microgrids, DSO's can offer purchase agreements for the sale of surplus energy that the consumer produces. Indifference from th...
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20231101.en_13201685_50
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid
Smart grid
Instead of trying to compete against IT companies in their expertise, both utilities and DSO's can try to create alliances with IT companies to create good solutions together. The French utility company Engie did this by buying the service provider Ecova and OpTerra Energy Services.
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