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20231101.en_13208625_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor City ( ) is a historic neighborhood that includes the Ybor City Historic District in Tampa, Florida. It is located just northeast of downtown Tampa and north of Port Tampa Bay. The neighborhood has distinct architectural, culinary, cultural, and historical legacy that reflects its multi-ethnic composition. It was ...
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20231101.en_13208625_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor City was founded as an independent town in 1885 by a group of cigar manufacturers led by Vicente Martinez-Ybor and was annexed by Tampa in 1887. The original population was mostly composed of Cuban and Spanish immigrants who worked in the cigar factories. Italian and Eastern-European Jewish immigrants followed sho...
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20231101.en_13208625_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Martinez-Ybor started the practice of building small houses, "casitas", that his workers could buy at cost, in order to increase staff retention. He also helped to ensure medical care and paved the local streets and sidewalks.
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20231101.en_13208625_3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The neighborhood grew rapidly during the 1890s, quickly evolving from a primitive outpost with streets of loose sand populated mainly by young Cuban and Spanish men seeking work into a bustling city with modern amenities and a diverse demographic makeup. During this decade, Ybor City's residents founded mutual aid soci...
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20231101.en_13208625_4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The coming of the Great Depression in the early 1930s brought a sharp reduction in the worldwide demand for fine cigars, and Ybor City's economic base suffered greatly. Some cigar factories closed, others ended the hand-rolled tradition and turned to mechanization to reduce costs, and remaining operations sharply decre...
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20231101.en_13208625_5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Beginning in the 1980s, the old business district centered on 7th Avenue (La Septima) began a slow recovery, first as a bohemian haven for artists and, by the early 1990s, as a popular nightlife and entertainment district. Since 2000, many historic structures near 7th Avenue have been renovated and restored, and constr...
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20231101.en_13208625_6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
While Ybor City's old business district and some nearby residential areas have been revitalized, not all of the original neighborhood has shared in the recovery. Poverty and blight are ongoing problems in portions of Greater Ybor City, especially north of I-4 and east of 22nd Street.
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20231101.en_13208625_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor City came into existence as a direct result of a New York City businessman's failed search for guava trees. Spanish émigré Gavino Gutierrez was a civil engineer by training, but was employed by a New York City fruit packing and canning firm in the mid-1880s. He had heard that there were many guava trees growing wi...
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20231101.en_13208625_8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The trip was long and difficult. The existing railroad line to Florida run by the Plant System only went as far south as Jacksonville, Florida, with a steamboat connection down the St. Johns River to Sanford, Florida (near present-day Orlando). Gutierrez took the rest of the trip across the state by stagecoach over un...
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20231101.en_13208625_9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Gutierrez returned to New York by sea, stopping on the way to visit his friend Vicente Martinez Ybor at his home in Key West, Florida. Ybor was a fellow Spaniard who had built a prosperous cigar-making operation in Havana, Cuba based on his El Príncipe de Gales (Prince of Wales) brand. However, Ybor had provided publi...
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20231101.en_13208625_10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor rebuilt a successful business in Key West. However, by the early 1880s, high costs, labor strife, and transportation issues (overseas land links were still decades away) had him exploring relocation options once again. Several southern American port cities such as Mobile, Alabama; Pensacola, Florida; and Galveston...
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20231101.en_13208625_11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Upon learning about Ybor's plans, Gutierrez mentioned Tampa as another possible site for relocation. Ybor was intrigued, as was Ignacio Haya, a visiting Spanish cigar manufacturer from New York who was also looking for a new factory location.
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20231101.en_13208625_12
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Haya and Ybor boarded the next available steamship sailing for Tampa and arrived the next day. They agreed that Tampa was an excellent location for cigar production: it was near enough to Cuba that importing Cuban tobacco by sea would be quick and cheap; the climate was warm and humid, which would keep the tobacco leav...
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20231101.en_13208625_13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Months later, in September 1885, Ybor and Haya set out on a "fact-finding mission" to the most promising relocation sites, hoping to finalize a deal and begin moving their operations soon thereafter. Their first visit was to Tampa, where the sticking point was the price of a tract of land that Ybor was interested in b...
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20231101.en_13208625_14
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Seemingly at an impasse, Ybor and Haya prepared to move on to their next potential site: Galveston, Texas. But on October 5, 1885, as the men were literally about to depart, the Tampa Board of Trade, including W. C. Brown and W. B. Henderson, offered to subsidize the $4000 difference in the price of the land Ybor wishe...
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20231101.en_13208625_15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Preparation to move their cigar operations began immediately. On October 8, only three days after making the real estate deals, Ybor had crews at work clearing the land and had invited Gavino Gutierrez to lay out a street grid for a new town, which was to be dubbed Ybor City.
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20231101.en_13208625_16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
There was almost a major crisis before the settlement got started. The only bank in Tampa at the time was a branch of the Jacksonville-based First National Bank. Due to the stagnant state of commercial business in town, bank management had decided to close the location. When Ignacio Haya heard the news, he visited the ...
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20231101.en_13208625_17
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Cigar making was not just a job to the tabaqueros (literally, "tobacco workers"). The torcedores who rolled the finished cigars, especially, thought of themselves as "more of an artist than a worker." The trade was closely regulated by the tabaqueros in a manner reminiscent of the artisan's guilds of old Europe. Beginn...
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20231101.en_13208625_18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Key West was home to thousands of trained tabaqueros in 1885. In contrast, Tampa was a small town with a population of about 3,000 and no resident cigar workers. Ybor would have to convince potential employees to leave established communities in Key West (and Cuba and New York) to help build a frontier settlement. Whil...
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20231101.en_13208625_19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor's idea was to build a modified company town. Unlike other such communities in which the company owned virtually all of the housing and businesses (such as Pullman, Illinois), Ybor envisioned a place in which employees could own their homes and private entrepreneurs could buy land on which to build businesses. This...
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20231101.en_13208625_20
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor also had good business reasons to be magnanimous. His goal was to not only attract residents to town, but to get them to stay. His employees in Key West had often traveled back and forth between Florida and Cuba looking for the best pay and conditions. By offering the anchor of land and home ownership – something ...
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20231101.en_13208625_21
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Along with the hastily built wooden factories constructed by Ybor and Haya, some of the first structures in Ybor City were 50 small houses (casitas) for prospective employees. These narrow shotgun-style homes (so called because a shot fired through the front door would theoretically exit harmlessly out of the aligned b...
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20231101.en_13208625_22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Another of Ybor's modifications to the company town model was that his community was not a one-(or even two-) company town. To increase the number of jobs (and thus the pool of available workers), Ybor encouraged other cigar manufacturers to move to his new colony by offering cheap land and a free factory building if t...
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20231101.en_13208625_23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
On April 13, 1886, Haya's factory produced the first Ybor City cigar. Ybor's factory followed suit a few days later. At the time, they still had less than 100 employees between them.
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20231101.en_13208625_24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Later in the same month, Key West suffered a fire that ravaged much of the city. Hundreds of homes and several cigar factories were destroyed, including Ybor's still-operational main location. Needing jobs and not willing to wait for their homes and workplaces to be rebuilt, many tabaqueros decided to pack up their sur...
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20231101.en_13208625_25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
More available jobs in the cigar industry attracted more residents. Cigar workers found ready employment in the ever-growing number of large factories and small storefront shops ("buckeyes") and came in ever-growing numbers. More immigration meant more amenities such as a wider range of businesses and more opportunitie...
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20231101.en_13208625_26
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
By the end of 1886, Ybor's and Haya's factories had combined to produce over 1,000,000 hand-rolled cigars in just over six months. This number would be dwarfed in the years to come.
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20231101.en_13208625_27
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
In 1888, Ybor completed an imposing 3-story brick building which was the largest cigar factory in the world at the time, and in 1897 he opened The Florida Brewing Company building which was the tallest building in Tampa until 1913. But for the most part, the Ybor City that greeted the first arrivals was primitive.
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20231101.en_13208625_28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Structures in the new town were mainly wooden and quickly built. Unpaved streets of thick sand made travel difficult, especially by wagon. There were no sidewalks or streetlights, and nighttime travelers often carried a lantern to find their way and a gun for protection from alligators, bears, panthers, or other wildli...
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20231101.en_13208625_29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
As is typical in boom towns, many of the first residents of Ybor City were either unmarried men or men who had left their families behind (if only temporarily) to take jobs in a place where work was plentiful but living conditions were rough. These pioneers began the process of developing the community. As another earl...
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20231101.en_13208625_30
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
By 1887, Tampa city leaders had expressed concern about the lack of a trained police force in the rapidly growing "wild frontier town". They also saw the potential to greatly increase the city's tax rolls by gaining control of the prosperous community that had suddenly sprouted just outside the city limits. So on June ...
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20231101.en_13208625_31
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
In spite (or because) of its new status as a "city within a city", by the turn of the 20th century, Ybor City had many fine brick buildings, paved streets with streetlights, a streetcar line connecting it to Tampa and other nearby communities, and ever-expanding cultural and social opportunities.
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20231101.en_13208625_32
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The civic improvements were made possible by Ybor City's effect on Tampa's revenue. In 1885, the annual export-import duties collected at Tampa's port totaled $683. In 1895, they totaled over $625,000, due almost entirely to the importing of fine Cuban tobacco and the exporting of Tampa-made cigars.
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20231101.en_13208625_33
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Tampa's city budget was not the only number that experienced tremendous growth after Ybor City's annexation. From less than 800 residents in 1880, the population of Tampa had risen to over 5000 in 1890 and almost 16,000 in 1900. The vast majority of these new residents were immigrants who had settled in Ybor City.
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20231101.en_13208625_34
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
One factor that expedited the city's growth was US immigration policy of the time. While thousands of immigrants from all over the world were carefully screened at major immigrant processing centers like Angel Island in San Francisco and Ellis Island in New York City, there were few restrictions on immigration from Cub...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
With few impediments, the flow of Cuban and Spanish workers and their families back and forth between Florida and Cuba was both substantial and largely undocumented. Despite V.M. Ybor's efforts to anchor his employees in Tampa through home ownership, many Ybor City cigar workers were still open to heading back to Cuba ...
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20231101.en_13208625_36
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The population of Ybor City diversified through the late 1880s and early 1890s as an influx of Italian immigrants began to arrive. Almost all of them were originally from the poverty-stricken Sicilian towns of Alessandria Della Rocca and Santo Stefano Quisquina, though many had first tried to find work in New Orleans, ...
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20231101.en_13208625_37
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Not having cigar making experience, they were unable to break into the tightly self-regulated industry in any numbers. As they tried to learn Spanish (the language of Ybor City) and English (the language of the rest of Tampa), they initially took whatever work they could find. Eventually, many opened businesses caterin...
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20231101.en_13208625_38
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Before 1900, a majority of the residents of early Ybor City considered themselves Cuban, with Spaniards comprising the second largest group. Consequently, the ongoing Cuban struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule was a topic of intense interest and constant tension in the immigrant community.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The issue had caused controversy right from the start. In 1886, Vicente Martinez-Ybor's cigar factory had been the first to be built and equipped. However, the start of production was delayed because his Cuban workers refused to work for a Spanish foreman who had earned an anti-Cuban reputation in Key West. Only after ...
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20231101.en_13208625_40
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
When Cuba seemed poised to erupt again in the early 1890s, Ybor City became a vital source of funds, equipment, and inspiration for the independence-seekers. "El dia pa la patria" ("one day for the homeland") - donating one day's pay per week to the Cuban cause - became a patriotic duty for Tampa's Cuban population, wi...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Jose Marti, the "Apostle of Cuban Independence", visited Ybor City and West Tampa many times, delivering several passionate speeches to audiences of thousands. One 1893 speech from the steps of Ybor's factory was reprinted in newspapers all over the US and Cuba and led directly to war. A few Tampa residents volunteered...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Donations and organizing continued among Tampa's Latin population through 1898, when the US entered the ongoing struggle and it escalated into the larger Spanish–American War. Henry Plant used his contacts in the War Department to make Tampa the main port of embarkation for US forces on their way to the conflict, provi...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The troops were particularly welcome in Ybor City by Cubans who surmised that "Cuba Libre" was finally within reach. They were correct. The war lasted only a few months, and ended with Spain losing most of her remaining colonial possessions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Some Cubans jubilantly left Tampa for their homeland, eager to enjoy the fruits of their long-fought revolution. However, most of these would eventually return. The main factors in their decision was the lack of economic opportunities and general devastation resulting from years of conflict, and the realization that Sp...
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20231101.en_13208625_45
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
With the turn of the 20th century, the perception of Ybor City residents had evolved. Previously, many residents had thought of Tampa as a temporary place to work and live; a refuge from the political and/or economic troubles in their homelands. By the early 1900s, however, attitudes had changed. Ybor City had become a...
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20231101.en_13208625_46
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
One major factor was the neighborhood's high quality of life. Like most immigrant communities at the time, Ybor City had everything a recent arrival could need: work, shops, schools, churches, and most importantly, other immigrants who shared the language and customs of the old country. But unlike most U.S. immigrant e...
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20231101.en_13208625_47
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The "Latin" residents of Ybor City created a bustling community that combined Cuban, Spanish, Italian, and Jewish culture into a unique mix. "Ybor City is Tampa's Spanish India," observed a visitor to the area, "What a colorful, screaming, shrill, and turbulent world." Distinctive red brick and iron balconied architect...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
During the first decades of the 20th century, the port duties and the payrolls of Tampa's cigar manufacturers were the engine that made the city grow and prosper. Cigar workers, especially experienced rollers of the finer cigar varieties, made a good wage and could afford to frequent the many shops in downtown Tampa an...
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20231101.en_13208625_49
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
By pumping out hundreds of millions of hand-rolled cigars annually (the peak was 500,000,000 in 1929, right before the Great Depression took hold), the cigar workers of Ybor City not only made a good life for themselves, but also pumped millions of dollars into the coffers of local businesses and city government.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Mutual aid societies and social clubs were used to improve life for the residents of Ybor City and have been called the "heart" of Ybor City. The longest-lasting of these organizations were the Deutscher-Americaner (German-American Club), L'Unione Italiana (Italian Club), La Union Martí-Maceo, Circulo Cubano (Cuban Clu...
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20231101.en_13208625_51
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Despite the immigrant element, Ybor City's mutual aid clubs had less in common with aid associations such as Hull House and other settlement houses than with benefit societies and fraternal organizations. Ybor City's social clubs were founded by immigrants for the benefit of immigrants - the funds to build the large an...
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20231101.en_13208625_52
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
While the clubs provided a place to socialize, the main reason they were founded was to provide basic medical care for their members. Medical care at Ybor City clinics was included for the price of weekly dues, and two of the clubs (El Centro Asturiano and El Centro Español) also established hospitals. In the days befo...
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20231101.en_13208625_53
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Besides medical care, the clubs offered many social activities. Club buildings housed gymnasiums, cantinas (small cafés for members), and large auditoriums for concerts and often elaborate theatrical performances. They also organized events such as dances and picnics, sometimes hiring buses for outings at Ballast Point...
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20231101.en_13208625_54
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The clubs were open to those of particular descent: the Italian Club for Italians, El Centro Español for Spaniards, and so on. Two notable situations were the existence of two distinct clubs for Cubans and the spinoff club founded by northern Spaniards, El Centro Asturiano.
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20231101.en_13208625_55
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Though racism among the residents of Ybor City was not generally an issue, it was situated in the American Deep South in the era of Jim Crow, so its organizations had to follow the segregationist laws of Tampa. Ybor's Cuban immigrants were often racially mixed, and skin tones within families might cover a range of huma...
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20231101.en_13208625_56
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor City's Cuban community organized two main clubs: La Union Martí-Maceo for darker-skinned Cubans and Circulo Cubano for those with lighter skin. This was especially awkward when members of the same family had different shades of skin and were required to join different clubs, but it was the law at the time. Not sur...
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20231101.en_13208625_57
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
El Centro Asturiano was founded by immigrants from Asturias, a province of northern Spain, who split from the Centro Español and formed a Tampa branch of El Centro Asturiano Club of Havana. However, unlike the other clubs, membership was soon opened to all people of Latin descent who wanted to join. Because of this and...
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20231101.en_13208625_58
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
One tradition that the tabaqueros brought with them from cigar factories in Cuba was that of El Lector (The Reader). Because the job of rolling cigar after cigar could become monotonous, the workers wanted something to occupy and stimulate the mind. Thus arose the tradition of "lectors", who sat perched on an elevated ...
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20231101.en_13208625_59
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Typically, the lector would start the day reading local Spanish newspapers and some fiction, such as a romance or adventure novel. Since most residents of Ybor were very interested in politics, the lector would then usually move on to political treatises or writings about the current events in Cuba or Spain or other co...
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20231101.en_13208625_60
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Lectors were well respected and often highly educated. Most could look at text written in English or Italian and read it aloud in Spanish, the language of the factories. The lectors were hired and fired by the tabaqueros, not the factory owners. Their salary was paid directly by the workers through a small deduction fr...
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20231101.en_13208625_61
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Most factory owners were less supportive. They felt that the lectors stirred up their workforce by fostering "radical ideas". News of labor conditions or problems in other locations, especially, led to worker walkouts and protests on many occasions. More than one owner tried to ban lectors from his factory floor, leadi...
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20231101.en_13208625_62
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The lectors would remain fixtures in Tampa's cigar factories until 1921, when several owners negotiated the removal of the lectors as part of an agreement to end a labor strike. At the end of a particularly bitter strike in 1931, workers in all Ybor City and West Tampa cigar factories were forced to agree to the remova...
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20231101.en_13208625_63
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Some of the lectors continued to speak to the cigar workers in other ways. Victoriano Manteiga, for example, founded La Gaceta, a tri-lingual (English, Spanish, and Italian) newspaper which is still published by his grandson in Tampa. Some took other jobs, becoming teachers or regular tabaqueros. Some went to Cuba to s...
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20231101.en_13208625_64
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Bolita was an illegal lottery game run by organized criminals that was very popular in Tampa, especially Ybor City, during the first half of the 20th century. The game operated openly and with virtual impunity thanks to regular bribes and kickbacks to key local politicians and law enforcement officials. Charlie Wall, a...
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20231101.en_13208625_65
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The 1930s were a time of rampant corruption in Tampa, with many accusations of stolen elections and mayors on the payrolls of rival organized crime factions. After a time known locally as the "Era of Blood" in which local criminal interests fought over control, Santo Trafficante, Sr. pushed Wall aside and emerged as Ta...
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20231101.en_13208625_66
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
This era of rampant corruption wound down with increased federal law enforcement efforts beginning in the 1950s. Although few of the resulting trials resulted in convictions and some mob-related activity continued, the sense of lawlessness in Ybor City and Tampa in general gradually diminished.
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20231101.en_13208625_67
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The markedly decreased demand for cigars during the Great Depression of the 1930s had serious consequences for Ybor City. Many smokers found themselves unable to afford luxury items and switched to cheaper cigarettes, weakening the neighborhood's dominant industry and starting the area on a slow economic and social dec...
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20231101.en_13208625_68
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
As occurred elsewhere, many businesses laid off workers or closed altogether and many banks failed. To help keep food on the table during hard times, many residents of Ybor City plowed under their yards or vacant lots to plant vegetables and bought cows, goats, and chickens to provide milk, eggs, and meat for the famil...
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20231101.en_13208625_69
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, the cry of "No pasaran!" energized Ybor City much as the cause of Cuba Libre had done so 40 years previously. The community overwhelmingly supported the democratically elected government of Republican Spain in its fight against the fascist uprising led by General Franco, and m...
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20231101.en_13208625_70
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The news that Franco's forces had triumphed in 1939 was crushing news in Ybor City. Besides the disappointment about the failure of a fervently supported cause, the end of the war cut many ties between Spanish residents of Ybor City and their mostly Republican families back in Spain. In some cases, their relatives had ...
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20231101.en_13208625_71
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
After World War II, the slow decline of the neighborhood which had begun in the early 1930s accelerated, as veterans returning home from service found a neighborhood with little economic opportunity and little prospects for improvement, leading many to relocate outside of Ybor City. Several factors played a role in tha...
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20231101.en_13208625_72
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
For one, the worldwide demand for cigars had not returned to pre-Depression levels, and many factories that had closed in the 1930s remained shuttered and empty. By 1945, the cigar industry in Tampa employed less than half the number of the workers than it had in 1935, when the Depression had already decreased the work...
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20231101.en_13208625_73
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The quantity and quality of jobs in the cigar industry would continue to fall as Tampa's manufacturers underwent a near-universal shift to mechanization. Replacing traditional hand-rolled cigars with machine-made varieties allowed cigar firms to employ fewer workers and pay them less. Even when demand quickly increased...
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20231101.en_13208625_74
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Another issue in Ybor City after World War II was the aging of the area's housing stock. New construction had all but stopped during the Depression and the war, and thousands of homes built during the neighborhood's era of rapid growth around 1900 were still in use. These old wooden structures were becoming dilapidated...
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20231101.en_13208625_75
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The Veterans Administration encouraged this trend by offering mortgage loans on new homes at very favorable rates to returning vets. Since there were few new homes or empty lots for new construction available in Ybor City, veterans who wanted a VA loan were also pushed to buy elsewhere.
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20231101.en_13208625_76
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Finally, the G.I. Bill made it possible for many Ybor City-born veterans to get a college education and start a career outside of the dying local cigar industry. While many of these eventually settled back in Tampa after finishing school, few could find suitable employment in their old neighborhood and relocated as wel...
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20231101.en_13208625_77
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The period from the late 1950s to the early 1970s saw two seemingly contradictory trends in Ybor City history. While the neighborhood was dying, two of its native sons, Nick Nuccio and Dick Greco, became the first "Latins" to serve as mayor of Tampa. Despite this newfound political clout, Ybor City stagnated and declin...
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20231101.en_13208625_78
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The Federal Urban Renewal Program of the 1960s were supposed to revitalize Ybor City with new residences and businesses designed to attract tourists to "Tampa's Latin Quarter" (a nod to the French Quarter in New Orleans). Thousands of remaining residents were forced to move as entire blocks of old homes, business, and ...
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20231101.en_13208625_79
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Another blow was the construction of Interstate 4, which cut east–west across the approximate center of the neighborhood. Besides resulting in the demolition of even more homes and other structures, the highway cut most of the north–south routes through the area.
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20231101.en_13208625_80
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Ybor City's cigar industry had been in decline for years by the early 1960s, but the most serious blow of all came in February 1962, when rising tensions between Fidel Castro's Cuban government and the United States led to an embargo on all imports from Cuba, including tobacco. Faced with the sudden end of the supply o...
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20231101.en_13208625_81
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
With the emptying of Ybor City in the 1950s and 1960s and the passing away of the first generations of immigrants, membership in Ybor City's mutual aide societies declined, and the clubs' offerings and amenities fell accordingly. By the 21st century, most survive as archival projects with very few members or services.
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20231101.en_13208625_82
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The German-American Club shut down due to anti-German sentiments before World War II. Its building was used by the Young Men's Hebrew Association for several decades, and was subsequently purchased and remodeled by the city of Tampa in the late 1990s for city office space. El Centro Español ceased most operations in th...
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20231101.en_13208625_83
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The remaining clubs have greatly reduced their benefits and focus most of their resources on preserving their history and buildings. The Cuban Club, Centro Asturiano, and Italian Club buildings have been at least partially restored using club dues, various fund raisers, rental fees on their ballrooms and theaters, and ...
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20231101.en_13208625_84
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
With the local cigar industry collapsing and federal redevelopment funds drying up by the late 1960s, local leaders struggled to find ways to revitalize the historic Ybor City neighborhood. Several proposals sought to convert vacant land and buildings into urban residences, shopping areas, or tourist attractions. For e...
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20231101.en_13208625_85
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
By the early 1970s, very few businesses and residents remained in the formerly bustling commercial center of Ybor City around 7th Avenue, most notably the Columbia Restaurant The northern portion of the neighborhood (now known as V.M. Ybor), which had been separated by I-4, still had a substantial population, but a cle...
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20231101.en_13208625_86
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Starting in the late 1980s, an influx of artists seeking interesting and inexpensive studio quarters began converting long-vacant storefronts along 7th Avenue into studio and gallery space, leading to a period of commercial gentrification.
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20231101.en_13208625_87
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
By the early 1990s, many of these same old brick buildings on 7th Avenue had been converted into bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and other nightlife attractions. The crowds grew until portions of the old neighborhood became a nighttime carnival, especially on weekends. The city built parking garages and closed 7th Ave....
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20231101.en_13208625_88
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Despite the positive aspects, some residents and leaders became concerned about the disruption from the revelry and traffic. Since around 2000, the City of Tampa has encouraged a broader emphasis in development. A family-oriented shopping complex and movie theater (Centro Ybor) has opened in the former Centro Español ...
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20231101.en_13208625_89
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The recovery has not impacted different portions of historic Ybor City equally nor at the same rate. While the once-abandoned commercial district south of Interstate 4 underwent much redevelopment during the 1990s, populated areas north of I-4 and east of 22nd St. did not. Despite years of public and private attempts t...
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20231101.en_13208625_90
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
From 2000 to 2009, gentrification and redevelopment slowly began to spread to the current V.M. Ybor neighborhood locatednorth and west of the Ybor City Historic District. During the period, the poverty rate in this area dropped from over 40% to about 13%.
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20231101.en_13208625_91
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Most Tampa cigar factories were made of wood and by 2018, only two such structures remained: the Oliva factory, totally renovated and converted into apartments, and the Salvador Rodriguez Co. on 22nd St. S. in the Palmetto Beach area, now an office building.
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20231101.en_13208625_92
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
The local museum is the Ybor City Museum State Park in the former Ferlita Bakery building (originally La Joven Francesca) building on 9th Avenue. Tours of the gardens and the "casitas" (small homes of cigar company workers) are provided by a ranger. Exhibits, period photos and a video cover the founding of Ybor City an...
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20231101.en_13208625_93
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
In July 2018 the Tampa Bay Rays announced their plans to build their new stadium in Ybor city. In December 2018 the team announced that the Ybor City location was no longer viable.
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20231101.en_13208625_94
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
As of 2023, one cigar factory was still in operation in Ybor City, the J. C. Newman Cigar Company, which moved to Tampa from Ohio in 1954 and took over the previous Regensburg cigar factory. The company was continuing to utilize some antique, hand-operated ARENCO and American Machine and Foundry cigarmaking machines fr...
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20231101.en_13208625_95
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
University of South Florida: Ybor City Oral History Project Interviews of notable people in the history of Ybor City
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20231101.en_13208625_96
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Historic Ybor City Walking Tour Dr. Gary Mormino, USF Department of History, explains the significance of various historical spots on location
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20231101.en_13208625_97
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
Burgert Brothers Ybor Collection An interactive map of Ybor City where historic photos were taken by the Burgert Brothers
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20231101.en_13208625_98
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Ybor%20City
History of Ybor City
“Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
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20231101.en_13208626_0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo%20Sim%C3%A3o
Paulo Simão
Paulo Simão (born April 27, 1976) is a Portuguese basketball player, who plays for CF Belenenses. He has played for the Portugal national basketball team.
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