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mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military science fiction | David Drake wrote stories about future mercenaries, including the Hammer's Slammers series (1979), which follows the career of a future mercenary tank regiment. Drake's series which "helped initiate a fashion for sf about mercenaries", including The Warrior's Apprentice (1986) by Lois McMaster Bujold.
A twist was intro... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | Summary of military service around the world: In this summary, 195 countries are included.
No enforced conscription: The following 107 countries and territories have been identified as having no enforced conscription:
Both compulsory and voluntary military service: The following countries and regions have been identi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | This law has not been amended since it came into effect. Military service is normally performed in the regular armed forces but the 1984 law does allow for conscription into the reserve forces in times of national emergency.
Citizens of the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, as of 1997 and 1999, res... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | New Zealand: Conscription of men into the armed forces of New Zealand came into effect in two periods, from 1912 to 1930 and from 1940 until it was abolished in 1972.
North Macedonia: North Macedonia abolished compulsory military service as of October 2006.
Pakistan: Like India, Pakistan has always maintained a purel... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | With insufficient volunteers coming in by 1863, the Lincoln Administration was forced to begin drafting despite widespread complaints that it was unconstitutional and undermined states' rights (some states had conscripted men up to this point, but not the federal government). In July 1863, New York City erupted in the ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | Finland: Finland has mandatory military service for men of a minimum duration of five and half months (165 days); depending on the assigned position: those trained as officers or NCOs serve for eleven and half months (347 days), specialist troops serve for eight and half (255 days) or eleven and half months, while rank... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | Amnesty International was also concerned that the determination of conscientious objector status fell under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence, which breaches international standards that stipulate that the entire institution of alternative service should have a civilian character. A similar framework was late... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | In Norway, certain voluntary specialist training programs and courses entail extended conscription of one to eight years. Pacifists and conscientious objectors can apply for non-military service, which lasts 12 months.
Russia: The conscription system was introduced into Imperial Russia by Dmitry Milyutin on 1 January ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military service | Thailand: The Military Service Act B.E. 2497 (1954) states that all male citizens of Thailand are obliged to serve in the military upon reaching 21 years of age. High school students have the option of enrolling in the three-year Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) during Matthayom 4–6 (i.e., Grade 10–12). ROTC stud... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military sociology | Theory and methodology: Military sociology reflects the diversity of methods employed by sociology itself. These include large-scale data analysis, participant observation, social network analysis, survey research, comparative history, case studies etc. The methods of military sociology also include philosophical persp... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military sociology | (Planning for this contingency can be especially difficult.) In other military families with only one active-duty-parent, the other parent is less likely to stay at home with children as in the past. Rather, they are more likely to find employment and/or attend college, and therefore find constant relocations more stre... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military sociology | In 2021, 8% of female military personnel experienced unwanted sexual contact. This was the highest percentage since the DoD began this data collection in 2004. Of an estimated 35,900 total sexual assaults, only 7,260 were reported. The reporting rate was 20%, which had fallen from 30% in 2018. Only 42% of cases resulte... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military sociology | 2008. “Sociology in Military Officer Education.” Armed Forces & Society, vol. 35: pp. 3–15. [6]
Ender, Morten; Ryan Kelty and Irving Smith. 2008. “Sociology at West Point.” Armed Forces & Society, vol. 35: pp. 49–70. [7]
Kawano, Hitoshi. 2008. “The Expanding role of Sociology at Japan National Defense Academy: From Not... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military specialism | Overview: Commonly military occupations are specific to the Arm, Service or Branch of the armed forces because of the different requirements of the personnel to operate in different environments, using different technologies and working within different operational systems.
The general term of reference to service pers... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | Fundamentals: Military strategy is the planning and execution of the contest between groups of armed adversaries. It is a subdiscipline of warfare and of foreign policy, and a principal tool to secure national interests. Its perspective is larger than military tactics, which involve the disposition and manoeuvre of uni... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | One of these strategies was shown in the battle between Greek city states and Persia. The Battle of Thermopylae in which the Greek forces were outnumbered stood as a good military strategy. The Greek allied forces ultimately lost the battle, but the training, use of armor, and location allowed them to defeat many Persi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | The rupture in the enemy lines allowed Napoleon's cavalry to flank both lines and roll them up leaving his opponent no choice but to surrender or flee.
The second strategy used by Napoleon I of France when confronted with two or more enemy armies was the use of the central position. This allowed Napoleon to drive a wed... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | His theory defied popular military thinking of the time, which was strongly in favour of victory in battle, yet World War I would soon demonstrate the flaws of a mindless "strategy of annihilation".
At a time when industrialisation was rapidly changing naval technology, one American strategist, Alfred Thayer Mahan, alm... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | It was not until the relevant technology (in engineering and communications) matured between the wars that the tank and the airplane could be forged into the co-ordinated force needed to truly restore manoeuvre to warfare.
Inter war: In the years following World War I, two of the technologies that had been introduced ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | Through this period, and until the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941, there was no possibility of Britain winning the war alone, and so British Grand Strategy aimed to bring the USA into the war on the allied side. Prime Minister Churchill devoted much of his diplomatic efforts to this goal. In August 1941, at t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | Australian: Australia's historical ties with Britain meant that with the commencement of World War II its armies were sent overseas to contribute to battles in Europe. Fear from the north was so understated that at the outbreak of open warfare with Japan, Australia itself was extremely vulnerable to invasion (possible ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military strategy | Strategic Defense Initiative (also known as "Star Wars") during its 1980s development (Russian: стратегическая оборонная инициатива – СОИ) which became a core part of the strategic doctrine based on Defense containment.
The all-out nuclear World War III between NATO and the Warsaw Pact did not take place. The United St... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military supply-chain management | Terminology: A supply involves the procurement, distribution, maintenance while in storage, and salvage of supplies, including the determination of kind and quantity of supplies. United States Department of Defense definitions refer to a "producer phase" and a "consumer phase":
the producer phase of a military supply ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military tactics | Tactical functions:
Kinetic or firepower: Beginning with the use of melee and missile weapons such as clubs and spears, the kinetic or firepower function of tactics has developed along with technological advances so that the emphasis has shifted over time from the close-range melee and missile weapons to longer-range... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military tactics | Tactics define how soldiers are armed and trained. Thus technology and society influence the development of types of soldiers or warriors through history: Greek hoplite, Roman legionary, medieval knight, Turk-Mongol horse archer, Chinese crossbowman, or an air cavalry trooper. Each – constrained by his weaponry, logist... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military technology | History: This section is divided into the broad cultural developments that affected military technology.
Ancient technology: The first use of stone tools may have begun during the Paleolithic Period. The earliest stone tools are from the site of Lomekwi, Turkana, dating from 3.3 million years ago. Stone tools diversif... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military technology | During the period of Proto-industrialization, newly invented weapons were seen to be used in Mughal India.
Rapid development in military technology had a dramatic impact on armies and navies in the industrialized world in 1740–1914. For land warfare, cavalry faded in importance, while infantry became transformed by the... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military technology | See also: List of military inventions
List of emerging military technologies
Bellifortis, late medieval treatise on military technology.
Materiel
References:
Further reading: Andrade, Tonio. The Gunpowder Age: China, military innovation, and the rise of the West in world history (Princeton UP, 2016).
Black, Jeremy. ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military theory | Use of Military Theory: Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz wrote, 'The primary purpose of any theory is to clarify concepts and ideas that have become, as it were, confused and entangled. Not until terms and concepts have been defined can one hope to make any progress in examining the questions clearly and... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military tradition | In Europe: In Europe, tradition was a principle of military culture that had evolved out of the Middle Ages' concept of chivalry.
Within Europe a wide variety of separate military traditions developed until at least World War I. Subsequently, major political and social changes have tended to break-down the historical c... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military uniform | History: A distinction should be made between uniforms and ethnic dress. If a particular people or culture favoured a distinctive dress style this could easily create the impression of uniformly dressed warriors. The issue is further complicated by the distinctive features (weapons, armour, fighting style and native dr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military uniform | The French grey was probably decided upon, like the Austrian grey, as being a good "service" colour, which could be cheaply manufactured.
During the 18th century the normal military uniform in Europe comprised a standardised form of civilian dress (tricorn hat, long-skirted coat, waistcoat and breeches). One distincti... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military uniform | While certain distinctive features emerged - such as the red pompon worn on the crown of the French sailor's cap, the open fronted jacket of the German Navy or the white round cap of the U.S. Navy - the overall pattern remained standard until the development of specialist working or protective rigs during the Second Wo... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military uniform | The use of steel helmets was by now almost universal and a number of countries adopted their own designs moving away from the German, British, and French models of the First World War. The Italians, Soviets, Japanese, Swiss, Spanish and Portuguese were amongst these. Steel helmets, originally simply items of utilitaria... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military uniform | The Indian Army camouflage uniform consists of shirts, trousers, and cap of a synthetic material. Shirts are buttoned up with two chest pockets with buttoned flaps. Trousers have two pockets, two thigh box pockets, and a back pocket. The Indian Army Jungle camouflage dress features a jungle camouflage pattern and is de... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military uniform | The U.S. Army is still in transition between the old ACU pattern and the new OCP pattern. The U.S. Military uses different camo patterns when deployed in different combat zones (in theater). U.S. Army mostly uses the Multi-Cam pattern in Iraq and Afghanistan, but is subject to change due to the new OCP uniform being is... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military uniform | Logistics: Mass-produced uniforms are a good way to equip thousands of soldiers quickly and efficiently. Uniforms in standard sizes and designs are also easier to replace on campaign. As an example, English levies raised for service in Ireland or the Continent during the 17th century came to be provided with clothing p... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military volunteer | United States: In the United States troops raised as state militia were always described as "volunteers", even when recruited by conscription. Both US volunteers and regulars were referred to as "U.S." troops. The rank of an officer in a volunteer unit was separate from his rank (if any) as a regular, and usually highe... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military–industrial complex | Etymology: U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower originally coined the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961:
A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Military–industrial complex | In 2011, the United States spent more (in absolute numbers) on its military than the next 13 countries combined.
The military budget of the United States for the 2009 fiscal year was $515.4 billion. Adding emergency discretionary spending and supplemental spending brings the sum to $651.2 billion. This does not include... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | Etymology: Militia derives from Latin roots:
miles /miːles/ : soldier
-itia /iːtia/ : a state, activity, quality or condition of being
militia /mil:iːtia/: Military service
The word militia dates back to ancient Rome, and more recently to at least 1590 when it was recorded in a book by Sir John Smythe, Certain Discour... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | Katibat al Haydariyah is its own distinct organization that decries the Bahraini government, but Canada and the United Kingdom listed it as an alias for the larger Al-Ashtar Brigades (or the Saraya al Ashtar). After four years, the militia group reemerged on social media in October 2019, to threaten new attacks on the ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | This arrangement was unique in the context of the war as in Latvia, which otherwise shared a common fate with Estonia, there was no organisation of this kind.
Ethiopia: The People's Militia was established in 1975 under the Derg regime's Proclamation No 71, used to assist police forces and protect farms and property. ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | Shri Parshotam Kumar, resident of district Rajouri is a farmer by profession and Village Defence Committee Member was awarded Shaurya Chakra, a gallantry award. Shri Parshotam Kumar in August 2023, while in the jungle with his family collecting fire wood, he spotted two suspicious armed individuals with rucksacks resti... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | Montenegro: In 1910 King Nicholas I of Montenegro proclaimed that all male citizens were members of a national militia and had both a right and a duty to own at least one Gasser Pattern revolver under penalty of law.
The official reason for the King's decree was to create an armed populace that would deter neighbouring... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | Belarus) the title remains unchanged. In Russia itself the "militia' became "police" (in Russian: Полиция, Politsiya) in March 2011.
Sri Lanka: The first militias formed in Sri Lanka were by Lankan Kings, who raised militia armies for their military campaigns both within and outside the island. This was due to the rea... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | These were formed into trained band regiments, particularly in the City of London, where the Artillery Ground was used for training. The trained bands performed an important role in the English Civil War on the side of parliament, in marching to raise the siege of Gloucester (5 September 1643). Except for the London tr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | Scottish militia: In the late 17th century, numerous individuals in the Kingdom of Scotland (then in a personal union with the Kingdom of England) called for the resurrection of a Scottish militia, with the understated aim of protecting the rights of Scots in Great Britain. After Scotland became part of the Kingdom of ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | With the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution, control of the army and the power to direct the militia of the states was concurrently delegated to the federal Congress. The Militia Clauses gave Congress authority for "organizing, arming, and disciplining" the milit... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Militia | The Non-Aligned Yugoslavia was concerned about eventual aggression from any of the superpowers, especially by the Warsaw Pact after the Prague Spring, so the Territorial Defense Forces were formed as an integral part of the total war military doctrine called Total National Defense. Those forces corresponded to military... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Ming Dynasty Army | Background: The Ming emperors from Hongwu to Zhengde continued policies of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty such as hereditary military institutions, dressing themselves and their guards in Mongol-style clothing and hats, promoting archery and horseback riding, and having large numbers of Mongols serve in the Ming military.... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Ming Dynasty Army | To counter this, subsidies were granted to serving soldiers in an attempt to lower the desertion rate of soldiers serving in the family and help maintain a connection between the serving soldier's immediate family with their ancestral one. The subsidy gave a reason for the immediate family members of the soldier to reg... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Ming Dynasty Army | Mongol soldiers and leaders were never given independent control and always answered to a Chinese general, however the Chinese supervisory role was mostly a nominal one, so Mongol troops behaved as though they were independent mercenaries or personal retinues. This relationship lasted throughout the entire dynasty, and... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Ming Dynasty Army | The Ming marshal Cai was one such victim. An account from the enemy side states, "Our troops used fire tubes to shoot and fell him, and the great army quickly lifted him and carried him back to his fortifications." It is possible that Chinese armour had some success in blocking musket balls later on during the Ming dyn... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Missile defense | Missile defense categories: Missile defense can be divided into categories based on various characteristics: type/range of missile intercepted, the trajectory phase where the intercept occurs, and whether intercepted inside or outside the Earth's atmosphere:
Type/range of missile intercepted: These types/ranges includ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Missile defense | The actual warhead may simply pass by undetected, or rejected as a threat.
Cooled shrouds: Another common countermeasure used to fool missile defense systems are the implementation of cooled shrouds surrounding attacking missiles. This method covers the entire missile in a steel containment filled with liquid oxygen, ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Missile defense | In the 1950s, the first United States anti-ballistic missile system was the Nike Hercules, which had the ability to intercept incoming short-range ballistic missiles, but not intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) or ICBMs. This was followed by the Nike Zeus, which was capable of intercepting ICBMs by using a nu... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Missile defense | As a result, the only Safeguard system that was deployed was to defend the LGM-30 Minuteman ICBMs near Grand Forks, North Dakota. However, it was deactivated in 1976 after being operational for less than four months due to a changing political climate plus concern over limited effectiveness, low strategic value, and hi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Missile defense | The focal point for consultation on full-scale missile defense is the Reinforced Executive Working Group. The CNAD is responsible for conducting technical studies and reporting the outcome to the Group.
The NRC Ad hoc Working Group on TMD is the steering body for NATO-Russia cooperation on theater missile defense.
In S... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mobilization | History:
Roman Republic: The Roman Republic was able to mobilize at various times between 6% (81–83 BCE) to as much as 10% (210s BCE) of the total Roman population, in emergencies and for short periods of time. This included poorly-trained militia.
Modern era: The Confederate States of America is estimated to have m... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mobilization | A unique solution of perpetuations was instituted, and mobilization during the Second World War did not repeat Sir Sam Hughes' model, which has been described by historians as being more closely akin to ancient Scottish clans assembling for battle than a modern, industrialized nation preparing for war.
"Colonials" ser... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Modern warfare | History: Modern warfare has its beginnings to the early modern period and multiple conflicts have been fought from the 1500s with modernized military techniques and designs. Major wars in the specific era were the Thirty Years' War, Seven Years' War, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, World War II, Cold War and the War ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Modern warfare | This developed in the Vietnam War into riverine warfare (brown water navy), in intertidal and river areas. Irregular warfare makes this sort of combat more likely in the future.
Network-centric: Network-centric warfare is essentially a new military doctrine made possible by the Information Age. Weapons platforms, sens... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Morale | Definition: Military history experts have not agreed on a precise definition of "morale". Clausewitz's comments on the subject have been described as "deliberately vague" by modern scholars. George Francis Robert Henderson, a widely read military author of the pre-World War I era, viewed morale as related to the instin... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mosaic Warfare | Overview: The Internet of Military Things encompasses a large range of devices that possess intelligent physical sensing, learning, and actuation capabilities through virtual or cyber interfaces that are integrated into systems. These devices include items such as sensors, vehicles, robots, UAVs, human-wearable devices... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mosaic Warfare | Therefore, individual components can learn, adapt, and interact with each other locally as well as update behaviors and characteristics automatically and dynamically on a global scale to suit the operation as the landscape of warfare constantly evolves. In the context of IoT, the incorporation of artificial intelligenc... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mosaic Warfare | See also: Internet of Autonomous Things
Internet of Things
Smart munitions
Edge computing
Biometrics
Cyberwarfare
Further reading: Suri, Niranjan; Tortonesi, Mauro; Michaelis, James; Budulas, Peter; Benincasa, Giacomo; Russell, Stephen; Stefanelli, Cesare; Winkler, Robert (2016). "Analyzing the applicability of Intern... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Motorized infantry | Operations: As defined by the United States Army, motorization is "the use of unarmored wheeled vehicles for the transportation of combat units." Motorizing infantry is the first stage towards the mechanization of an army. Civilian trucks are often readily adaptable to military uses of transporting soldiers, towing gu... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mountain warfare | History:
Second Punic War: In 218 BC, the Carthaginian army commander Hannibal marched troops, cavalry and African elephants across the Alps in an effort to conquer Rome by approaching it from north of the Italian Peninsula. The Roman government was complacent because the Alps were viewed as a secure natural obstacle... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mounted archer | Basic features: Since using a bow requires the rider to let go of the reins with both hands, horse archers need superb equestrian skills if they are to shoot on the move. The natives of large grassland areas used horse archery for hunting, for protecting their herds, and for war. Horse archery was for many groups a bas... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mounted archer | In some instances, mounted crossbowmen could also reload and fire continuously on horseback if they used specific "weaker" crossbows that could be reloaded easily, as mentioned in the 13th-century Norwegian educational text Konungs skuggsjá. The invention of spanning mechanisms such as the goat's foot lever and the cra... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mounted archer | The next competition is very similar but is known as the double shot which features one target in the first 30m, slightly angled forwards, and a second target in the last 30m, slightly angled backwards.
The final competition for the static targets is the serial shot which consists of five targets evenly spaced along a ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Mouse-holing | Use: Mouse-holing began to appear in military tactical manuals during World War II. The tactic allows combatants to move around an urban battlefield under cover without needing to expose themselves to enemy fire or observation. A typical passage is large enough for a single file of soldiers. Large unrestricted holes ca... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Multilateralism | Definitions: Multilateralism, in the form of membership in international institutions, serves to bind powerful nations, discourage unilateralism, and gives small powers a voice and influence that they could not otherwise exercise. For a small power to influence a great power, the Lilliputian strategy of small countries... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Multilateralism | Rather than going it alone or going it with others, the administration opted for intensive one-on-one relationships with handpicked countries that maximized the U.S. capacity to achieve its objectives.
Another challenge in global governance through multilateralism involves national sovereignty. Regardless of the erosio... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Napoleonic weaponry and warfare | Movement: One of Napoleon's greatest advantages was the speed of his troop movements. Napoleon insisted on extreme speed when conducting the marches, movements, and attacks of his army. He claimed that "loss of time is irreparable in war... I may lose a battle but I should never lose a minute." Many factors contributed... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Napoleonic weaponry and warfare | Used during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, the Charleville musket was a .69 calibre, (sometimes .70 or .71) 5-foot-long (1.5 m), muzzle-loading, smoothbore musket. Properly trained French infantry were expected to be able to fire three volleys a minute. A trained soldier could hit a man sized target at 100 ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval strategy | Principles: The great aims of a fleet in war must be to keep the coast of its own country free from attack, to secure the freedom of its trade, and to destroy the enemy's fleet or confine it to port. The first and second of these aims can be attained by the successful achievement of the third – the destruction or paral... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval strategy | This ship reached a speed of 21 knots, one of the fastest at the time; this warship also had advancements in weaponry that no other nation's navy had at the time. With this, the arms race changed to which nation could build the most of those newly made warships. With these new, heavily armed ships the Allies had more o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval tactics | Key concepts: A central concept in Western modern naval fleet warfare is battlespace: a zone around a naval force within which a commander is confident of detecting, tracking, engaging and destroying threats before they pose a danger. As in all forms of warfare, a critical objective is to detect the enemy while avoidin... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval tactics | The war demonstrated the importance of naval airborne early warning (AEW). Vital to British success was the protection of the two Royal Navy aircraft carriers, HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible. In 1982, the Royal Navy had effectively zero over-the-horizon radar capability, so to protect the British naval taskforce several... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval warfare | History: Mankind has fought battles on the sea for more than 3,000 years. Even in the interior of large landmasses, transportation before the advent of extensive railways was largely dependent upon rivers, lakes, canals, and other navigable waterways.
The latter were crucial in the development of the modern world in th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval warfare | In the twilight of the Roman Empire in the late 4th century, examples include that of Emperor Majorian, who, with the help of Constantinople, mustered a large fleet in a failed effort to expel the Germanic invaders from their recently conquered African territories, and a defeat of an Ostrogothic fleet at Sena Gallica i... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval warfare | After all of the troops had boarded the ships on the coast, the Yuan army battled the Javanese fleet. After repelling it, they sailed back to Quanzhou. Javanese naval commander Aria Adikara intercepted a further Mongol invasion.: 145 : 107–110 Although with only scarce information, travellers passing the region, such ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval warfare | The 3rd-century writer Zhang Yan asserted that the people of the Warring States period named the boats this way because halberd blades were actually fixed and attached to the hull of the ship in order to rip into the hull of another ship while ramming, to stab enemies in the water that had fallen overboard and were swi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval warfare | The Qing navy proved woefully undermatched during the First and Second Opium Wars, leaving China open to de facto foreign domination; portions of the Chinese coastline were placed under Western and Japanese spheres of influence. The Qing government responded to its defeat in the Opium Wars by attempting to modernize th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval warfare | 21st century: At the present time, large naval wars are seldom-seen affairs, since nations with substantial navies rarely fight each other; most wars are civil wars or some form of asymmetrical warfare, fought on land, sometimes with the involvement of military aircraft. The main function of the modern navy is to explo... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Naval warfare | Campbell, John. Naval Weapons of World War Two (Naval Institute Press, 1985).
Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (1963) short version of his 13 volume history.
O'Hara, Vincent. The German Fleet at War, 1939–1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2013).
Rosk... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Navy | Etymology and meanings: First attested in English in the early 14th century, the word "navy" came via Old French navie, "fleet of ships", from the Latin navigium, "a vessel, a ship, bark, boat", from navis, "ship". The word "naval" came from Latin navalis, "pertaining to ship"; cf. Greek ναῦς (naus), "ship", ναύτης (na... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Navy | First at Taranto in 1940 and then at Pearl Harbor in 1941, the carrier demonstrated its ability to strike decisively at enemy ships out of sight and range of surface vessels. The Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) was arguably the largest naval battle in history; it was also the last battle in which battleships played a signi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Navy | Ships may be combined into squadrons or flotillas, which may be formed into fleets. The largest unit size may be the whole Navy or Admiralty.
A task force can be assembled using ships from different fleets for an operational task.
Personnel: Despite their acceptance in many areas of naval service, female sailors were ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Network-centric warfare | Background and history: In 1996, Admiral William Owens introduced the concept of a 'system of systems' in a paper published by the Institute for National Security Studies in the United States. He described a system of intelligence sensors, command and control systems, and precision weapons that provided situational awa... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Network-centric warfare | Within the Alliance the NATO Interoperability Standards and Profiles (NISP) provides the necessary guidance and technical components to support project implementations and Federated Mission Networking. Individual Standardization Agreements are the coordinating vehicle for establishing shared technical standards among N... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | New generation warfare | Terminology: The term new generation warfare was first introduced in Russian (Война нового поколения) in 2013, as synonyms for grey zone and hybrid warfare in the Gerasimov doctrine. These are all terms that refer to modern military theories of warfare that go beyond conventional warfare. The terms began to spread and ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | New generation warfare | Putin has stated that "the collapse of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century." Ever since, Putin has labored to reestablish Russia as a world power and dominance in Eastern Europe, and pushed to restructure the armed forces, and introduced new tactics in the 2000 Second Chechen War.
... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | New generation warfare | The strong governmental control over the media gives it a direct pipeline to influence public opinion in the country. Public support of the media is very high, with 88% believing that Europe and the United States are involved in an "information war" to manipulate Russian media, while the Russian government merely repor... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | New generation warfare | ISBN 978-0-19-829161-9. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995). Impunity and human rights in international law and practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508136-6.
Schmitz, David F. (1999). "Cold War (1945–91): Causes". In Whiteclay Chambers, John (ed.). Col... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Night combat | Effects of night: The most obvious effect of darkness is reduced visibility. This affects a soldier's ability to observe friendly troop movements, understand terrain, and especially affects perception of enemy movements and positions. Officers find that darkness hampers many aspects of command, including their ability ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Nuclear strategy | Nuclear deterrent composition: The doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD) assumes that a nuclear deterrent force must be credible and survivable. That is, each deterrent force must survive a first strike with sufficient capability to effectively destroy the other country in a second strike. Therefore, a first str... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Nuclear warfare | Types of nuclear warfare: Nuclear warfare scenarios are usually divided into two groups, each with different effects and potentially fought with different types of nuclear armaments.
The first, a limited nuclear war (sometimes attack or exchange), refers to the controlled use of nuclear weapons, whereby the implicit th... |
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