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Khalid ibn al-Walid
pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2. Friedmann, Yohanan, ed. (1992). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XII: The Battle of al-Qādisīyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0733-2. Gil, Moshe (1997) [1992]. A H...
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Khalid ibn al-Walid
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Mulder, Stephennie (2014). "Seeing the Light: Enacting the Divine at Three Medieval Syrian Shrines". In Roxburgh, David J. (ed.). Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Hol...
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Kill zone
Practice: Ambush: The kill zone is an element of point ambush in which a military unit targets a single area with offensive fire such as mines, demolitions and section-level weapons. The kill zone may be bordered by obstacles, traps or indirect fire (artillery or mortars) to keep the enemy from escaping. In an area a...
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Lanchester's laws
Lanchester's linear law: For ancient combat, between phalanxes of soldiers with spears for example, one soldier could only ever fight exactly one other soldier at a time. If each soldier kills, and is killed by, exactly one other, then the number of soldiers remaining at the end of the battle is simply the difference b...
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Lanchester's laws
: 7-5–7-8  Lanchester's laws have also been used to model guerrilla warfare. Attempts have been made to apply Lanchester's laws to conflicts between animal groups. Examples include tests with chimpanzees and ants. The chimpanzee application was relatively successful. A study of Australian meat ants and Argentine ants c...
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Lanchester's laws
N-Squared Law: An Examination of one of the Mathematical Theories behind the Dreadnought Battleship Naval Weapons of the World Dupuy, Col T N (1979). Numbers, Predictions and War. Macdonald and Jane's. Helmbold, Robert L. (14 February 1961a). Lanchester Parameters for Some Battles of the Last Two Hundred Years. CORG St...
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Land warfare
Land forces: Land forces include personnel, weapons platforms, vehicles, and support elements operating on land to accomplish assigned missions and tasks. Infantry: Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units. However, they may be transported to the battlefield by sh...
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Landing craft
History: In the days of sail, the ship's boats were used as landing craft. These utility boats were sufficient, if inefficient, in an era when Marines were effectively light infantry, participating mostly in small-scale campaigns in far-flung colonies against less well-equipped indigenous opponents. In order to support...
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Landing craft
Eight weeks later the craft was doing trials on the River Clyde. All landing craft designs must find a compromise between two divergent priorities; the qualities that make a good sea boat are opposite to those that make a craft suitable for beaching. The craft had a hull built of double-diagonal mahogany planking. The ...
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Landing craft
The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such a high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an aircraft carrier was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at Newport News,...
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Landing craft
The Fairmile H Landing Craft Support (Large) had armour added to its wooden hull and a turret with an anti-tank gun fitted. The LCS(L) Mark 1 had a Daimler armoured car turret with its QF 2–pdr (40 mm) gun. The Mark 2 had a QF 6–pdr (57 mm) anti–tank gun. The American Landing Craft Support was larger, each was armed wi...
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Landing craft
With a crew of 20 plus, they could carry food for 800 for a week and provide 1,600 hot and 800 cold meals a day, including freshly baked bread. See also: Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy LCM-1E Mark 8 Landing Craft Tank Ramped craft logistic Notes: References: Navy Fact File: Landing Craft, Air Cushioned Archiv...
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Law enforcement
History: Law enforcement organizations existed in ancient times, such as prefects in ancient China, paqūdus in Babylonia, curaca in the Inca Empire, vigiles in the Roman Empire, and Medjay in ancient Egypt. Who law enforcers were and reported to depended on the civilization and often changed over time, but they were ty...
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Law of war
Early sources and history: The first traces of a law of war come from the Babylonians. It is the Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon, which in 1750 B.C., explains its laws imposing a code of conduct in the event of war: I prescribe these laws so that the strong do not oppress the weak. In ancient India, the Mahabharata ...
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Law of war
In any case, the very idea of a right to war is based on an idea of war that can be defined as an armed conflict, limited in space, limited in time, and by its objectives. War begins with a declaration (of war), ends with a treaty (of peace) or surrender agreement, an act of sharing, etc. Principles of the laws of war...
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Law of war
At that point, an unlawful combatant may be interrogated, tried, imprisoned, and even executed for their violation of the laws of war pursuant to the domestic law of their captor, but they are still entitled to certain additional protections, including that they be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall no...
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Law of war
(2013), Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms, Routledge Moreno-Ocampo, Luis (9 February 2006), OTP letter to senders re Iraq (PDF), International Criminal Court Moseley, Alex (2009), "Just War Theory", The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000), Doc...
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Leapfrogging (infantry)
Example of tactic: A squad (2–3 fireteams) in an urban combat zone must advance to a building 100 feet away, crossing an intersection they believe might be in enemy rifle sights from elevated buildings. If the team simply made a run for it, they expose themselves to potential enemy fire without protection. This is wher...
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Limited war
Examples: American Indians: Many American Indians practiced limited warfare or similar behaviors. Eastern groups at the time of contact with Europeans often would not kill all enemies but would capture many for adoption to replenish their own populations. That is related to mourning wars. The Aztec did flower wars to...
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List of established military terms
Administrative (all arms): Access control Cantonment: a temporary or semi-permanent military quarters; in South Asia, the term cantonment also describes permanent military stations. Chief of defence Cloak and Dagger Combat information center Command (military formation) Command center Command and control Commander-in-c...
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List of established military terms
Raid Rank: a single line of soldiers. Reconnaissance Reconnoitre: to go to an area (reconnoitering) to find out information of the exact location of an enemy force. Retreat: withdrawal of troops from a battlefield (can be either orderly or unorderly; fighting or by rout). Rout: disorderly withdrawal of troops from a ba...
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List of established military terms
Flèche: an arrow shaped outwork, smaller than a ravelin or a lunette, with 2 faces with a parapet and an open gorge Fort Fortification Fortress Gabion: a large basket filled with earth, used to form a temporary parapet for artillery Glacis: a bank of earth sloping away from the fort, to protect it from direct artillery...
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List of established military terms
Flight (military unit) Operational: Airspeed alive: Airspeed indicator showing increasing speed. Smoke in the air: used by pilots/aircrew for locked-on incoming missiles at visual range. Sortie: used by air forces to indicate an aircraft mission count (flew seven sorties) or in the sense of a departure (the aircraft s...
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List of foreign volunteers
Mixed nationality units: Historic: 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot. Composed of 'foreign Protestants'. Boer foreign volunteers Hohenlohe Regiment of France during the Bourbon Restoration. International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War Islamic Legion Kenpeitai Auxiliary units consisted of regional ethnic force...
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List of foreign volunteers
Twenty-four Filipinos served in the French Army during World War I. Some Americans served in the Philippine National Guard. Filipinos fought on both sides of the Spanish Civil War. During the Pacific War, Filipinos served in various pro-Japanese militias: The Bisigbakal ñg Tagala (Tagalog "Iron Arm of Tagala") was form...
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List of foreign volunteers
The Rhodesian Army accepted foreign volunteers, almost all of whom were required to speak English, as they were integrated into regular units (usually the Rhodesian Light Infantry) alongside locally based soldiers. The exception was 7 Independent Company, a short-lived unit made up entirely of French-speaking personnel...
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List of military occupations
Contemporary occupations: Historical occupations: Events before the Hague Convention of 1907 are out of scope. 1907–1919 (miscellaneous): World War I and immediate aftermath: 1920–1946 (miscellaneous): World War II: build up and immediate aftermath: 1947–1959: 1960–1979: 1980–1999: 2000–2019: 2020–pr...
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List of military operations
World War I: See also List of military engagements of World War I Albion (1917) — German capture of Oesel, Dagö and Moon Islands (now Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhu). Hush (1917) — Planned Allied amphibious landing on the Belgian coast. Kaiserschlacht ('Kaiser's battle') (1918) — German spring offensive using armies r...
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List of military operations
Dingo (1977) — Rhodesian attack on camps in Mozambique. Tangent (1977–1980) / — Operations by Rhodesian security forces against insurgents in Matabeleland. Favour (1978–1980) / — Training of former insurgents to serve as security force auxiliaries in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. Reindeer (1978) — South African airborne attac...
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List of military operations
bombing of the Ho Chi Minh trail Bolo (1967) — Decoy mission to disguise the electronic signature of combat aircraft. Chopper (1962) — Major air mobile offensive near Saigon. Cedar Falls (1967) — Attack on National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NVA or Viet Cong) positions in Bến Cát (the Iron Triangle...
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List of military operations
Ranch Hand (1961–71) — Spraying of herbicides (including Agent Orange) by aircraft and ground forces. Trail Dust Rolling Thunder (1967–68) — Bombing of North Vietnam Sealords (1968) — Mekong Delta and inland waterways campaign by the U.S. Navy in Vietnam Starlite (1965) — United States Marine Corps actions near ...
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List of military operations
Operation Swift Retort (2019) — Pakistan Air Force retaliatory air operation during the 2019 conflict with India. Sri Lankan Civil War: Vadamarachchi Operation (1997) — military offensive carried out by the Sri Lankan military Operation Riviresa (1995) — operation launched by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces to capture ...
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List of military operations
Spitfire — Evacuation of foreign nationals from East Timor by Australian defence assets, as a result of post-referendum violence. Toucan — Canada's contribution to the United Nations' International Force in East Timor (INTERFET) and the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) Warden — Mili...
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List of military operations
Desert Storm (1991) — Gulf War Artimon — French Navy enforcement of UN resolutions 661 and 665 during the Gulf War Daguet ("Brocket deer") — French codename for operations during the Gulf War Damask — Royal Australian Navy deployment to the Persian Gulf. Desert Sabre — The ground campaign which began on 24 February ...
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List of military operations
Laverda (2003) — London Metropolitan Police surveillance operations against Islamist demonstrations. Liberty Shield (2003) — Department of Homeland Security operations to enhance security at US installations, and to detain selected foreign nationals. NYShield (2003) — New York state plan to secure transport centres and...
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List of military operations
Central (1998) — Canada's assistance to Central America after the devastation of Hurricane Mitch. Anode (2000) — Australian military contribution as part of the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands. Assistance (1997) — Canadian assistance to Manitoba after major flooding of the Red River. Hajji Baba (1...
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List of military strategies and concepts
Concepts: Economic concepts: Salaries – Always pay your troops on time. Asymmetric costs – ensure the cost of enemy losses (or objectives) is at least an order of magnitude higher than the costs of attacking. Budget like a business – Ensure there is sufficient funds and revenue streams to finish the war. Strategic c...
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List of military strategies and concepts
Exhaustion – A strategy that seeks to erode the will or resources of a country Feint – A maneuver designed to distract or mislead, done by giving the impression that a certain maneuver will take place, while in fact another, or even none, will. Flanking maneuver – Involves attacking the opponent from the side, or rear...
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List of military writers
A: Pierre Emmanuel Albert, Baron Ducasse Stephen Ambrose Raymond Aron B: Andrew Bacevich Ali Bader Iraq war Bao Ninh – The Sorrow of War (about the Vietnam War) Thomas P.M. Barnett Alberto Bayo – Latin American revolutionary, A Manual of Guerrilla Warfare Marc Becker Antony Beevor – several books on the Second World W...
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List of military writers
Taylor Wallace Terry Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War Eduard Totleben Hugh Trenchard Yamamoto Tsunetomo – Hagakure Barbara Tuchman – historian Mikhail Tukhachevsky U: Matthew Uttley V: Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban Vegetius Julius von Verdy du Vernois – 19th-century general and theorist Võ Nguyên Giáp ...
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List of sieges
Ancient: Before 1000 BC: Siege of Aratta (c. 2600 BC) this siege is semi or entirely mythical. Siege of Uruk (c. 2580 BC) Siege of Qabra (1780 BC) Siege of Hiritum (1764 BC) Siege of Larsa (1763 BC) Siege of Avaris (c. 1550 BC) Siege of Sharuhen (c. 1530 BC) Siege of Megiddo (c. 1457 BC) Siege of Jericho (c. 1400 BC)...
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List of sieges
to 5th century: 1st century: Siege of Uspe (49) Siege of Camulodunum (60–61) Siege of Yodfat (67) – First Jewish–Roman War Siege of Gush Halav (67) – First Jewish–Roman War Zealot Temple Siege (68) – First Jewish–Roman War Siege of Jerusalem (70) – the Roman siege by Titus Siege of Masada (72–73 or 73–74) – First Jew...
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List of sieges
of Baghdad (865) – Abbasid civil war (865–866) Siege of Ragusa (866–868) – Arab–Byzantine Wars Siege of Syracuse (868) – Muslim conquest of Sicily Siege of Dumbarton (870) – Viking expansion Siege of Melite (870) – Muslim conquest of Sicily Siege of Bari (870–871) – Frankish conquest of the Emirate of Bari Siege of Sa...
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List of sieges
– Part of the wars between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I and the Northern Italy cities Siege of Harim (1164) Siege of Banias (1164) Siege of Alexandria (1167) – Crusader invasions of Egypt Siege of Wexford (1169) – the first major clash of the Norman invasion of Ireland Siege of Damietta (1169) – Crusader invasions of...
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List of sieges
Siege of Bilär (1236) – Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Siege of Córdoba (1236) – Reconquista Siege of Ryazan (1237) – Mongol invasion of Rus' Siege of Kolomna (1237–1238) – Mongol invasion of Rus' Siege of Moscow (1238) – Mongol invasion of Rus' Siege of Vladimir (1238) – Mongol invasion of Rus' Siege of Kozelsk (12...
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List of sieges
Siege of Nicomedia (1333–1337) – Byzantine-Ottoman Wars Siege of Kanegasaki (1337) Siege of Kuromaru (1339) Siege of Tournai (1340) – Part of the Hundred Years' War Siege of Vannes (1342) – Part of the Hundred Years' War Siege of Hennebont (1342) – Part of the Hundred Years' War Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344) – Reconq...
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List of sieges
Longest siege in British history. Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461–63) Siege of Hostalric (1462) – Catalan Civil War Eighth Siege of Gibraltar (1462), by a Castilian army in the Reconquista Siege of Mytilene (1462) Siege of Barcelona (1462) – Catalan Civil War Siege of Jajce (1463) Siege of Jajce (1464) Siege of Barcelona (...
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List of sieges
Dizier (1544) – Italian War of 1542–46 Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46) – Italian War of 1542–46 Siege of Ryūgasaki (1545) Siege of Takatō (1545) Siege of Kawagoe Castle (1545–1546) Second siege of Diu (1546) Siege of Uchiyama (1546) Siege of Shika Castle (1546–1547) Siege of Van (1548) – Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55) Sieg...
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List of sieges
War Siege of Weissenstein (1581) - Livonian War Siege of Pskov (1581–1582) – Livonian War Siege of Niezijl (1581) – Eighty Years' War Siege of Takamatsu (1582) Siege of Takatō (1582) Siege of Uozu (1582) Siege of Lochem (1582) – Eighty Years' War Siege of Lier (1582) – Eighty Years' War Siege of Eindhoven (1583) – Eig...
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List of sieges
(1602) – Polish–Swedish War (1600–11) Siege of Weissenstein (1602) – Polish–Swedish War (1600–11) Siege of Dunboy (1602) – Nine Years' War (Ireland) Siege of Grave (1602) – Eighty Years' War Siege of Buda (1602–1603) – Long Turkish War Siege of Sluis (1604) – Eighty Years' War Siege of Weissenstein (1604) – Polish–Swed...
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List of sieges
– Eighty Years' War Siege of Leucate (1637) – Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) Siege of Hara Castle (1637–1638) Siege of Azov (1637–1642) – Part of Russo-Turkish Wars Siege of Saint-Omer (1638) – Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638) – Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) Battle of Breisach (1638) – Thirty Year...
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List of sieges
Swedes defeated by Danish and Dutch defenders Siege of Kolding (1658) – Second Northern War Siege of Lyakhavichy (1660) – Russo-Polish War (1654–67) Siege of Fort Zeelandia (1661–1662) – Sino-Dutch conflicts Siege of Érsekújvár (1663) – Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) Siege of Hlukhiv (1664) – Russo-Polish War (1654–67)...
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List of sieges
Augustine (1702) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Andernach (1702) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Governolo (1702) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Neubourg (1703) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Kehl (1703) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Bonn (1703) – War of the Spanish Su...
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List of sieges
of Aren fort (1711) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Bouchain (1711) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Venasque (1711) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Stralsund (1711–15) – Great Northern War Siege of Castel-Leon (1711) – War of the Spanish Succession Siege of Cardona (1711) – War of the Spanish...
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List of sieges
– Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Siege of Azov (1736) – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Siege of Banja Luka (1737) – Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739) Siege of Ochakov (1737) – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738) Siege of Mehadia (1738) – Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739) Siege of Orsova (1738) – Austro-...
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List of sieges
Siege of Schweidnitz (1762) – Seven Years' War Siege of Almeida (1762) – Seven Years' War Siege of Cassel (1762) – Seven Years' War Siege of Ambur (1767) – First Anglo-Mysore War Siege of Khotyn (1769) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Siege of Bender (1770) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Siege of Giurgevo (1771) – Russ...
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List of sieges
French besieging Siege of Kehl (1796–97) – War of the First Coalition Siege of Hüningen (1796–97) – War of the First Coalition Siege of Port of Spain (1797), during the Anglo-Spanish War Siege of San Juan de Puerto Rico (1797), during the Anglo-Spanish War Siege of Malta (1798–1800), during the French Revolutionary War...
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List of sieges
Philip (1815) – War of 1812 Siege of Ancona (1815) – Neapolitan War Siege of Gaeta (1815) – Neapolitan War Siege of Cartagena de Indias (es) (1815) – Spanish American wars of independence First siege of Angostura (es) (1817) – Spanish American wars of independence Siege of Barcelona (1817) – Spanish American wars of in...
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List of sieges
Siege of Eshowe (1879) – Anglo–Zulu War Fifth siege of El Callao (1880) – Chilean naval blockade and bombardment of El Callao (Peru), during the War of the Pacific Siege of Miraflores (1880) – Chilean siege of Lima (Peru), during the War of the Pacific Siege of Marabastad (1881) – First Boer War Siege of Khartoum (1884...
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List of sieges
Siege of Beirut (1982) – 1982 Lebanon War Siege of Urgun (1983–84) – Soviet–Afghan War Badaber uprising (1985) – Soviet–Afghan War War of the Camps (1985–88) – Lebanese Civil War Siege of Basra (1987) – Iran–Iraq War Siege of Jeffna (1987) – Sri Lankan Civil War Battle of Kokavil (1990) – Sri Lankan Civil War First Bat...
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List of sieges
Mali War Siege of Kawkareik (2022) – Myanmar civil war (2021–present) Siege of Ti Bwar (2022) Myanmar civil war (2021–present) Blockade of the Republic of Artsakh (2022–2023) - aftermath of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War Siege of Paraskoviivka (2023) – Russo-Ukrainian War (2022) Siege of El Obeid (2023) - War in Sudan...
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List of war crimes
1899–1902 Second Boer War: The term "concentration camp" was used to describe camps operated by the British Empire in South Africa during the Second Boer War in the years 1900–1902. As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "scorched earth" policy, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibl...
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List of war crimes
Spanish mutilations of captured Moroccans were reported, including castration and severing heads, noses and ears, which were collected by Spanish legionnaries as war trophies and worn as necklaces or spiked on bayonets. On August 9, 1921, the Massacre of Monte Arruit occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Arm...
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List of war crimes
Decapitated heads were raised on sticks, bodies were gruesomely disemboweled, and body parts were taken as 'souvenirs'; Vietnamese soldiers of all political colors also committed such acts. The non-communist nationalist singer, Phạm Duy, wrote a bone-chilling ballad about the mothers of Gio Linh village in central Viet...
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List of war crimes
Mau Mau racked up 1,819 murders of their fellow Africans, though again this number excludes the many additional hundreds who 'disappeared', whose bodies were never found. 1954–1962: Algerian War: The insurgency began in 1945 and was revived in 1954, winning independence in the early 1960s. The French army killed thous...
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List of war crimes
27): Almost 20 years of fighting... has killed half a million people. Many of the dead are children... The LRA [a cannibalism cult] kidnaps children and forces them to join its ranks. And so, incredibly, children are not only the main victims of this war, but also its unwilling perpetrators... The girls told me they h...
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List of war crimes
According to various media reports, between 1,000 and 1,200 Lebanese citizens (including Hezbollah fighters) were reported dead; there were between 1,500 and 2,500 people wounded and over 1,000,000 were temporarily displaced. Over 150 Israelis were killed (120 military); thousands wounded; and 300,000–500,000 were disp...
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List of war crimes
International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
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Lists of battles
Alphabetical list: List of battles (alphabetical) Chronological: By era: List of battles before 301 List of battles 301–1300 List of battles 1301–1600 List of battles 1601–1800 List of battles 1801–1900 List of battles 1901–2000 List of battles in the 21st century By war: List of battles of the Eighty Years' War (1...
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Lists of weapons
By time period: List of medieval weapons List of premodern combat weapons List of American Civil War weapons List of World War I weapons List of World War II weapons List of ship classes of World War II List of Korean War weapons List of Vietnam War weapons List of 20th-century weapons By type: List of anti-aircraft w...
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Loitering munition
History: First development and terminology: Initially, loitering munitions were not referred to as such but rather as "suicide UAVs" or "loitering missiles". Different sources point at different projects as originating the weapon category. The failed US AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow program or the 1980s initial Israeli Delil...
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Loitering munition
The following table compares similar size-class cruise missiles, loitering munitions, and UCAVS: Whereas some cruise missiles, such as the Block IV Tomahawk, have the ability to loiter and have some sensory and remote control features, their primary mission is typically strike and not target acquisition. Cruise missil...
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Loss-of-strength gradient
Decreasing relevance: Boulding also argued that the loss-of-strength gradient was becoming less relevant in modern warfare due to easier transportation and the rise of strategic air and missile power. He claimed that a 20th-century "military revolution" allowed for a "substantial diminution in the cost of transportatio...
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Low-intensity conflict
Official definitions: United States: Low-intensity conflict is defined by the US Army as: ... a political-military confrontation between contending states or groups below conventional war and above the routine, peaceful competition among states. It frequently involves protracted struggles of competing principles and...
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Low-intensity conflict
Investigations also revealed significant collusion between British state forces and loyalist paramilitaries, and furthermore loyalist paramilitaries such as the Glenanne gang included serving members of the Ulster Defense Regiment and Royal Ulster Constabulary. Guerrilla warfare: the main challenge to low-intensity wa...
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Low-intensity conflict
A primary consideration is to avoid depending on fixed bases and depots, which are comparatively easy for conventional units to locate and destroy. Mobility and speed are the keys; wherever possible, the guerrilla must live off the land or draw support from the civil population in which it is embedded. In that sense, "...
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Low-intensity conflict
Specialist units can be used profitably, including commando squads, long range reconnaissance, "hunter-killer" patrols, defectors who can track or persuade their former colleagues like the Kit Carson units in Vietnam, and paramilitary style groups. Strict control must be kept over specialist units to prevent the emerge...
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Main operating base
Former MOBs in Afghanistan: Kandahar International Airport, Helmand Province. Camp Bastion, Helmand Province. Bagram Airfield, Parwan Province. MOB Price, Helmand Province. MOB Lashkar Gah used to be home to the 4th Mechanized Brigade (‘Black Rats’) headquarters. See also: List of established military terms == Refer...
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Maneuver warfare
Concepts: Although most battles between established armies have historically been fought based on attrition warfare strategies, many military doctrines and cultures are based on replete historical examples of maneuver warfare. The view on attrition warfare involves moving masses of men and materiel against enemy strong...
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Maneuver warfare
The results of that review were seen in the Franco-Prussian War. Mechanization: In the mid-19th century, various forms of mechanized transport were introduced, starting with trains running on steam power. That resulted in significant logistic improvements. Opposing armies were no longer limited in speed by the pace o...
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Marching fire
History: The French military tactician Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, wrote dismissively about a Prussian tactic he called "marching fire". In the late 18th century he witnessed a Prussian Army maneuver in which advancing troops formed themselves into a battle line of two ranks. In alternating fashion, on...
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Marines
History: In the early days of naval warfare, there was little distinction between sailors and soldiers on a warship. The oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman ships had to be capable of fighting the rowers of opposing ships hand-to-hand; though hoplites began appearing on Greek ships specifically for the boarding ...
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Marines
Several authors have written a number of articles in various Canadian professional military journals since 2019 proposing/discussing the creation of a Canadian Arctic amphibious capability, including the adaption of one to three Canadian Army infantry battalions to provide the required landing forces. Chile: The Chile...
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Marines
Its soldiers are called Lagunari and they are the Italian Army Marines. Japan: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade – Japanese marines tasked with offensive amphibious assault to retake islands. The unit was first formed in 2018 and was the first unit of its kind created since the demili...
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Marines
Saudi Arabia: The Royal Saudi Navy maintains two, 1,500-man marine brigades consisting of three battalions each. The brigades are assigned to the Western Fleet headquartered in Jeddah and the Eastern Fleet headquartered in Jubail. South Africa: South Africa has not had a dedicated marine branch of its military since t...
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Marines
Australia: Several of the Colonial navies of Australia raised volunteer naval infantry and naval militia brigades in the second half of the 19th century. Following the Federation of Australia they were combined into the Commonwealth Naval Militia. With the formation of the Royal Australian Navy in 1911 they were rename...
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Marines
Throughout these changes in title, these troops continued to be part of the French Army. Gran Colombia: The Federation of Gran Colombia Marines were formed in 1822 and were disbanded in 1829, Personnel were mostly from Venezuela. Germany: German Empire: During the German Imperial era, three ‘sea battalions’ or Seebat...
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Marines
The first was a small unit which existed from 1808 to 12 October 1810, the second was more substantial and existed from May 1814 to 20 August 1816. The Royal Naval Division was part of the Royal Navy in the First World War. In 1914, the shortage of ground forces for the Western Front led to the creation of the Division...
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Martial law
Overview: Despite the fact that it has been declared frequently throughout history, martial law is still often described as largely elusive as a legal entity. References to martial law date back to 1628 England, when Sir Matthew Hale described martial law as, "no Law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a Law...
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Martial law
When in martial law, the military gained all powers of the state, including to dissolve the parliament and suspend the constitution as it did in its fifth announcement. Under martial law, the only legal framework within the Egyptian territory was the numbered announcements from the military. These announcements could f...
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Martial law
The accused is then placed on remand or bail and required to report to the police or the court on a regular basis, sometimes every day. There are examples of this system being used to intimidate or coerce individuals in civil litigations. Myanmar: On 1 February 2021, democratically elected members of Myanmar, known as...
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Martial law
On 23 May 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law throughout the main southern island of Mindanao, through Proclamation No. 216, due to the attack of Maute Group in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur. It was announced in a briefing in Moscow by Secretary Ernesto Abella, and was in effect until December 2019. Pola...
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Martial law
The President decides on the declaration of martial law and then Verkhovna Rada must approve it. Martial law was first declared in Ukraine in 2018 and as a response to Russian hostilities. On 26 November 2018, lawmakers in the Verkhovna Rada overwhelmingly backed President Petro Poroshenko's imposition of martial law a...
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Martial music
Types: March music: The notion of march music began to be borrowed from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. The Ottomans were believed to have introduced the first military bands in the thirteenth century, called mehter or Janissary bands. The music is characterized by an often shrill sound combining bass drums, ...
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Materiel
Military: In a military context, the term materiel refers either to the specific needs (excluding manpower) of a force to complete a specific mission, or the general sense of the needs (excluding manpower) of a functioning army. An important category of materiel is commonly referred to as ordnance, especially concernin...
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Mechanized infantry
History: As early as 1915 the British instigated a tracked vehicle that could carry 50 equipped troops under armour but the project got no further than trials before cancellation. Some of the first mechanized infantry were German assault teams mounted on A7V tanks during World War I. The vehicles were extra-large to le...
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Mechanized infantry
For example, in the period before the formation and in the initial period of the formation of the motorized rifle troops: BTR-40 – in the period from 1950 to 1960s, 8,500 units were produced BTR-50 — 1954 to 1970s – 6,500 pieces BTR-152 — 1947 to 1962 – 12,421 pieces BRDM-1 — 1957 to 1966 – 10,000 units One or two mot...
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Mechanized infantry
The latter division showed itself to be far more combat-capable than the former. Having achieved spectacular successes in the offensive with tank-heavy formations during the Six-Day War, the Israel Defense Forces found in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 that a doctrine that relied primarily on tanks and aircraft had proven ...
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Mechanized warfare
World War I: Modern armored warfare began during the First World War of 1914–1918. Strategists wanted to break the tactical, operational and strategic stalemates forced on commanders on the Western Front by the effectiveness of entrenched defensive infantry armed with machine guns – known as trench warfare. Under these...
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Mechanized warfare
Despite the increase in tank numbers, in all countries financial constraints prohibited a full mechanisation of the entire armed ground forces. Necessarily, most of the divisions still consisted of infantry that was not even motorised. As a result, tanks tended to be allotted to special armoured units, where the limite...