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10,600 | Please write an abstract with title: Effect of Time Constant on Speech Enhancement in Hearing Aids Based on Auditory Neural Feedback, and key words: Speech enhancement, Hearing aids, Signal processing algorithms, Attenuation, Auditory system, Signal to noise ratio, Gain. Abstract: The medial olivocochlear neuron feedback loop in the human auditory system plays a critical role in speech-in-noise perception. Recent studies have successfully simulated the mechanism of the neuron feedback and developed corresponding speech enhancement algorithms for hearing applications. These algorithms apply time-varying attenuation to hearing applications by reducing the gain in each frequency band over time. The speed of gain reduction is characterized by a time constant. In hearing applications, it is known that speech intelligibility is related to the gain regulating time constant. However, the effect of the time constant on enhancement performance is unclear. This paper studies its effect on speech intelligibility in hearing aids by incorporating a time constant variable speech enhancement algorithm modified from an existing neuron feedback model into a hearing aid model. The study demonstrates intelligibility improvement of over 30% at SNR between 5 and 10 dB. The longer time constants (≥ 1000 ms) show greater intelligibility improvement (about 20%) at SNR ≤ 10 dB, whilst the shorter time constants show more benefits at SNR > 10 dB. |
10,601 | Please write an abstract with title: Optimal Protection Coordination of Islanded Microgrids Utilizing an Adaptive Virtual Impedance Fault Current Limiter, and key words: Limiting, Short-circuit currents, Optimization methods, Microgrids, Programming, Inverters, Stability analysis. Abstract: Inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) have limited fault current contributions compared to those of synchronous-based DGs. These low fault currents impose challenges on microgrid protection. This paper proposes a sensitive protection scheme for islanded microgrids that adopt droop-based IIDGs as the primary power source. Virtual impedance-fault current limiters (VI-FCLs) are employed in the inverter control scheme to limit IIDGs fault currents and protect inverter switches from overcurrent. The VI-FCLs are adapted to provide sensible fault currents. A two-stage optimization method is proposed to achieve optimal protection coordination (OPC) of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs). Stage I is devoted to short-circuit currents calculation while involving different adaptive VI-FCL characteristics. In Stage II, the OPC problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem to obtain the minimum relays' total operating time while satisfying protection coordination constraints and solved to obtain the optimal DOCRs set groups. The performance of the proposed protection scheme is tested on a radial microgrid. The results confirm that the proposed protection scheme successfully maintains protection coordination using a single set group for a range of fault resistances. |
10,602 | Please write an abstract with title: An Enhanced Approach in Detecting Object Applied to Automotive Traffic Roads Signs, and key words: Image color analysis, Image edge detection, Roads, Information filters, Cameras. Abstract: In this article, we use among and the best-known library is Open Computer Vision we call it for short OpenCV. It is used for image processing, to do all operations we want, to isolate and detect a specific object, which in our case are traffic road signs. We process to find the most efficient methods of detection of traffic road signs. Our objective is to demonstrate the links the elements for optimized and powerful to computer vision algorithms that are easy to use as typing in an image and video processing. Most of the techniques they employed the color selection, edge detection, a region of interest selection, and shapes transformation of detection. Many applications require the recognition of traffic road signs in urban areas. The automation of this task is necessary, for example, ADAS systems, and the application of vision robotics or an autonomous vehicle, consist of recognizing and identifying traffic road signs as quickly as possible with errors to be minimized, in images of their type acquired by an embedded camera on board a vehicle. |
10,603 | Please write an abstract with title: Self adaptive software technology for robotics, and key words: Computer architecture, Robustness, Application software, Intelligent robots, Software systems, Software performance, Runtime environment, Computer languages, Learning systems, Sun. Abstract: Software systems are operating in an environment that is not well defined or predictable. Therefore, the software systems should be robustly performed to meet various user requirements in the complex and often hostile environment. The problem is significant in robot applications. The robot has to serve without human's interrupt without trouble caused by unexpected situations. Thus, this paper at first presents a self adaptive approach for software robustness and proposes the research framework for self adaptive robot. |
10,604 | Please write an abstract with title: Soft-error detection using control flow assertions, and key words: Hardware, Application software, Fault detection, Costs, Automatic control, Biomedical computing, Electromagnetic transients, Single event transient, Space technology, Redundancy. Abstract: Over the last few years, an increasing number of safety-critical tasks have been demanded of computer systems. In this paper, a software-based approach for developing safety-critical applications is analyzed. The technique is based on the introduction of additional executable assertions to check the correct execution of the program control flow. By applying the proposed technique, several benchmark applications have been hardened against transient errors. Fault injection campaigns have been performed to evaluate the fault detection capability of the proposed technique in comparison with state-of-the-art alternative assertion-based methods. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is far more effective than the other considered techniques in terms of fault detection capability, at the cost of a limited increase in memory requirements and in performance overhead. |
10,605 | Please write an abstract with title: Design of English online teaching assistant system based on deep learning, and key words: Training, Deep learning, Mechatronics, Automation, Convolution, Multimedia systems, Neural networks. Abstract: In order to improve the resource training efficiency and login success rate of English online teaching assistant system, this paper proposes and designs an English online teaching assistant system based on deep learning. The overall structure of the system is designed in the web environment. The hardware of the system mainly includes the system login module, the homework function module and the examination information management module, so as to enhance the role of the system in English online teaching. In the software part of the system, convolution neural network in deep learning is used to train English online teaching resources to improve the quality of English online teaching resources. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional system, the training efficiency and login success rate of the proposed method are improved, so the application performance of the designed system is strong. |
10,606 | Please write an abstract with title: CPS Attack Detection of Ships using Particle Filter, and key words: Automation, Estimation, Markov processes, Predictive models, Cyber-physical systems, Particle filters, Real-time systems. Abstract: In this paper, a method based on particle filter (PF) is proposed to detect the attack on cyber-physical Systems (CPS) of ships. Considering that CPS usually has state delay and Markov property, this paper estimates the markov jumping parameters of the time-series amplified system by particle filter, and estimates the system state by using Kalman filter. The residual evaluation function is designed to detect whether the attack exists. The above method is verified by the real ship data, which proves that the method can be used in the actual CPS attack detection and shows a good detection effect. |
10,607 | Please write an abstract with title: A Novel Topology of Modular Multilevel Bidirectional Non-Isolated dc-dc Converter, and key words: Renewable energy sources, Modulation, DC-DC power converters, Power electronics, Hybrid power systems, Topology, Steady-state. Abstract: The paradigm of smart grids has been continuously addressing new challenges in terms of power electronics converters, for instance, to deal with technologies like renewables, electric mobility, energy storage, and hybrid power grids. Allied with this context, a novel topology of modular multilevel bidirectional (MMB) non-isolated dc-dc converter is proposed in this paper. Taking into consideration the nature of the proposed MMB dc-dc converter, it is appropriated to operate as back-end converter linked to front-end ac-dc converters based on cascade structures, i.e., with more than one dc-link. As unique features, the proposed MMB dc-dc converter can operate with five-voltage levels, allowing to reduce the voltage stress in each semiconductor, and it is controlled based on the interleaved principle of operation, although it is not an interleaved converter. A dedicated pulse-width modulation, as well as voltage and current control strategies, are proposed and clearly explained along the paper. The claimed distinctive features of the proposed MMB dc-dc converter are supported by analytic description and by computer simulation validation, considering steady-state and transient-state operations in relevant conditions of the dc interfaces. |
10,608 | Please write an abstract with title: Experimental validation of robust non-linear state observers for autonomous surface vehicles equipped with position sensors, and key words: Simulation, Estimation, Observers, Position measurement, Sensors, Velocity measurement, Vehicle dynamics. Abstract: This paper describes the application and experimental validation of two different extended state observers for autonomous surface vehicles. Only the vessel position and orientation are assumed to be measured, being both estimators able to recover, not only the velocities, but also the so-called lumped generalised disturbance, which groups both environmental disturbances and nonlinear/unmodelled vessel dynamics. The experimental platform and the open-loop experiments performed to assess and validate the performance of both estimators are described. The experimental results confirm the prospects given by their previously published simulation results, though some room for improvement is detected in the estimation of the state dynamics. |
10,609 | Please write an abstract with title: Shunt active power filter based on flying capacitor multilevel inverter for harmonic mitigation, and key words: Vibrations, Reactive power, Capacitors, Power quality, Harmonic analysis, Active filters, Multilevel inverters. Abstract: Power electronic systems offer highly nonlinear characteristics. In order to overcome this problem, a recent topology of three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) based on flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMI) is developed. This research study is aimed to improve the power quality by compensating harmonics and reactive power required by a nonlinear load. Simulation results of our proposed topology compared With the classical one are given to demonstrate that the use of the FCMI enhances the system performances. In fact, the power quality is improved with a minimum switching losses and the total harmonic distortion of the grid-side current is reduced to a value that satisfying the IEEE standard limits. |
10,610 | Please write an abstract with title: Influence of preprocessing techniques on pulse pressure velocity determination, and key words: Heart rate, Time-frequency analysis, Shape, Pulse measurements, Cutoff frequency, Low-pass filters, Filtering algorithms. Abstract: Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is measured and utilized in many clinical applications. Recently, a wide research has been led to develop a cuff-less and continuous blood pressure method basing on PWV. However, in this application a decision on choosing an appropriate fiducial point of pulse wave (PW) waveform is necessary and substantial. It would allow to measure time parameters necessary to determine PWV. An influence of sampling frequency and other preprocessing algorithms on an accuracy of fiducial points determination are discussed in the paper. |
10,611 | Please write an abstract with title: Analysis of Several Electromagnetic Band Gap Topologies for Reducing Simultaneous Switching Noise, and key words: Simulation, Bandwidth, Switches, Metamaterials, Topology, Impedance, Electric fields, Periodic structures, Network analyzers, Finite element analysis, Electromagnetic devices, Photonic band gap. Abstract: In the case of high-speed PCB design, the use of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure technology is useful in reducing simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in high-frequency applications. In high-frequency processes, parasitic filters are ineffective. Conducted emission is reduced by including the planar EBG structure into PCB plane layers. Various planar structures are taken and simulated in this research, including LC type, Z-Bridge with embedded double square, L-Bridge with slit type, alternating impedance, slit type EBG, Triple square type, and two topology type structures. A frequency sweep of 0 GHz to 10 GHz is used with a FEM solution. Theoretical calculations of the structures are performed and compared to simulation results, which show that they are very similar. Based on the best bandwidth and noise depth, the L-Bridge with slit and Triple square type cases were chosen, constructed, and analyzed using a vector network analyzer; it was discovered that the noise depth and bandwidth are in good accord. In addition, the AC analysis-Electric Field distribution for power and ground planes is explored, and the maximum and minimum field levels may be understood as a consequence. |
10,612 | Please write an abstract with title: A phase-preserving imaging algorithm for azimuth multi-channel spaceborne SAR data processing, and key words: azimuth multi-channel spaceborne SAR, filtering reconstruction, phase-preserving, CS algorithm. Abstract: Azimuth multi-channels is widely used for high-resolution and wide-swath recently, especially for the purpose of interferometry processing. However, due to the reconstruction of non-uniformly azimuth signal, the classical phase-preserving algorithm does not work well. In this paper, a phase-preserving imaging algorithm for azimuth multi-channel spaceborne SAR data processing is proposed. Firstly, combined with the reconstruction operation, the effect on phase-preserving accuracy is analyzed in detail, with the discussion of the equivalent phase center position. Then, the novel phase-preserving algorithm is addressed, which can accurately compensate the phase errors, including the constant phase term, the linear phase term introduced by the shifting zero-Doppler frequency, the residual cubic phase error along range direction, and the nonuniform sampling phase error after range-compression. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. |
10,613 | Please write an abstract with title: On exploiting long range dependence of network traffic in measuring cross traffic on an end-to-end basis, and key words: Telecommunication traffic, Intelligent networks, Traffic control, Probes, Time measurement, Interpolation, Reconstruction algorithms, Fractals, Helium, Computer science. Abstract: In this paper we present three theoretically grounded methods: prediction, reconstruction and interpolation, for measuring cross traffic on the bottleneck link of an end-to-end path. The objective is to infer cross traffic as accurately as possible, while not injecting a significant amount of probe packets into the network. In the prediction-based method, we take advantage of the LRD characteristic of the cross traffic to predict the future traffic based on the recent information obtained by probe packets. In the reconstruction method, we rebuild the entire cross traffic process with the information obtained by probe packets. In the interpolation method, we periodically send closely-spaced probe packet pairs to sample cross traffic of the bottleneck link, and infer cross traffic between two sampling points using interpolation. The simulation study indicates that (i) the prediction-based and reconstruction methods can give good mean measurement of cross traffic, while the interpolation method usually captures the instantaneous value of cross traffic better; and (ii) all three methods are adaptive to the dynamic change of cross traffic and are quite robust in the presence of multiple bottleneck links on an end-to-end path. |
10,614 | Please write an abstract with title: Man in the Middle Attack Mitigation in LoRaWAN, and key words: Protocols, Power demand, Wireless networks, Physical layer, Performance analysis, Internet of Things, Cryptography. Abstract: LoRaWAN is a protocol for wireless communication related to the Internet of Things (IoT), that belongs to the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocol family. LoRa technology is used for communication to long distances at a low cost of power consumption. This protocol is able to transfer tiny amounts or a few bytes of data over the network effectively at a regular time interval. Several previous works focus on the performance analysis compared to the security of the protocol. LoRaWAN v1.1 has been significant development to the protocol definition and some new security-related features and improvements. But, some vulnerability still exists in the previous version has not been mitigated. This project paper discusses in detail about the Man in the Middle (MitM) attack taking place in LoRaWAN physical layer during the encrypted communication between two peer modules over the wireless network. The attacker is able to capture, analyse, decode and modify the data (payload). As a proof of concept, the attack is carried out on a controlled LoRaWAN environment using the testbed. A novel mitigation technique is proposed against the attack by a GCM cryptographic algorithm implementation so that the attacks can be mitigated. Finally, the mitigation technique is implemented, tested and the results are presented. |
10,615 | Please write an abstract with title: Segmentation of Brain Tumors MRI Images using a Nonparametric Method, and key words: Image segmentation, Brain, Electronic learning, Magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetic resonance, Density functional theory, Probability distribution. Abstract: Parzen window technology was used to segment a set of magnetic resonance brain images, which are segmentation by the threshold of the image to identify tumors in the brain. This hypothesis indicates that the gray level contains two or more values and that there is a marginal value to separate them, so that the area where the gray level is below the minimum cut value is Background and the value of the area where the gray level is higher than the minimum cut value is objects, and vice versa. Finding the threshold limit is by finding the density function of gray image data by dividing the original image into levels that represent the level of the object (the image being determined) and the background of the image. Through these levels, the density function is calculated by using the function of Gaussian Epanechnikov, and other functions in order to determine the threshold limit on which the image is divided. |
10,616 | Please write an abstract with title: Towards Pattern-Based Change Verification Framework for Cloud-Enabled Healthcare Component-Based, and key words: Cloud computing, Medical services, Testing, Reliability, Fault detection, Electronic mail, Organizations. Abstract: To survive in the competitive environment, most organizations have adopted component-based software development strategies in the rapid technology advancement era and the proper utilization of cloud-based services. To facilitate the continuous configuration, reduce complexity, and faster system delivery for higher user satisfaction in dynamic scenarios. In cloud services, customers select services from web applications dynamically. Healthcare body sensors are commonly used for diagnosis and monitoring patients continuously for their emergency treatment. The healthcare devices are connected with mobile or laptop etc. on cloud environment with network and frequently change applications. Thus, organizations rely on regression testing during changes and implementation to validate the quality and reliability of the system after the alteration. However, for a large application with limited resources and frequently change component management activities in the cloud computing environment, component-based system verification is difficult and challenging due to irrelevant and redundant test cases and faults. In this study, proposed a test case selection and prioritization framework using a design pattern to increase the faults detection rate. First, we select test cases on frequently accessed components using observer patterns and, secondly, prioritize test cases on adopting some strategies. The proposed framework was validated by an experiment and compared with other techniques (previous faults based and random priority). Hence, experimental results show that the proposed framework successfully verified changes. Subsequently, the proposed framework increases the fault detection rate (i.e., more than 90%) than previous faults based and random priority (i.e., more than 80% respectively). |
10,617 | Please write an abstract with title: Impact of Channel Correlation and Hardware Impairments on Large Intelligent Surfaces-Aided Communication Systems, and key words: Wireless communication, Fading channels, 6G mobile communication, Correlation, Monte Carlo methods, System performance, Probability. Abstract: Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS) are promising in terms of what they can offer to 6G and beyond communication networks. As such, they have recently attracted considerable attention in the research community. This technique allows the operators to control the environment in a strategic way so as to improve the communication system performance. This work studies the effect of hardware impairments (HWIs) on the LIS-Aided wireless communication system under correlated channel conditions. In specific, we look at the impact on the system performance. We also give a deterministic approximation function of the average bit error rate (ABER) for a large number of reflectors and a tight approximation of the outage probability (OP). Extensive Monte Carlo simulations are provided to verify the analytical results, which show that the system performance saturates at a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the HWIs. Moreover, this degradation is exacerbated when the channels demonstrate strong correlation conditions. However, the HWIs have a dominant effect and the correlation impact diminishes with a larger number of reflectors. |
10,618 | Please write an abstract with title: Estimation of Real Ground Effect in Absorber-Based Automotive Measurements: Experimental Validation, and key words: Antenna measurements, Asphalt, Estimation, Tools, Antennas, Automotive engineering, Testing. Abstract: Testing of antennas installed on vehicles are typically performed in large spherical near field systems truncated at or close to the horizon. The spherical scanning surface is usually terminated to a floor covered by absorbing material or to a conductive ground. The two scenarios are considered to either emulate a free-space or a perfect electric conductor (PEC) environment, respectively. The behavior of the vehicle antenna over realistic grounds, such as asphalts and soil, is often a desired information. It has been shown in previous publications that the realistic ground information can be estimated by post-processing using image theory in the post-processing on the free-space response of the vehicle. This technique has been implemented in the AnyGround post-processing tool. In this paper, AnyGround is validated by experimental investigation using scaled automotive measurement scenarios. As AnyGround is an approximation, the limitations and applicability parameters of the methods and the achievable accuracy is investigated. |
10,619 | Please write an abstract with title: Delta-sigma algorithmic analog-to-digital conversion, and key words: Analog-digital conversion, Iterative algorithms, Delta modulation, Delta-sigma modulation, Noise shaping, Algorithm design and analysis, Counting circuits, Large scale integration, Quantization, Digital images. Abstract: Delta-sigma modulation for analog-to-digital conversion resolves a number of bits logarithmic in the number of modulation cycles, and linear in modulation order. As an alternative to higher-order noise shaping, we present an algorithmic scheme that iteratively resamples the modulation residue, by feeding the integrator output back to the input. This yields a bit resolution linear in the number of cycles, similar to an algorithmic analog-to-digital converter. The scheme simplifies the design of the digital decimator to a single shifting counter, and avoids interstage gain errors in conventional algorithmic analog-to-digital converters. Experimental results from an integrated CMOS array of 128 converters show the utility of the design for large-scale parallel quantization in digital imaging and hybrid analog-digital computing. |
10,620 | Please write an abstract with title: Urdu Language-based Assistance App for the Blind and Visually Impaired People, and key words: Legged locomotion, Deep learning, Visualization, Webcams, Shape, Image edge detection, Neural networks. Abstract: In every individual's life, vision is the crucial sense required for safe living. It is estimated that 285 million people are blind worldwide. These visually impaired people face many challenges when walking around or moving through the natural world. They cannot be very productive citizens and are fully or partially dependent on others. We propose a system capable of helping these visually impaired persons by voice output in their native language. We aim to change the visual world into an audio world by informing blind people about the objects in their way around in the Urdu language. To validate, we built three custom datasets, i.e., the object-dataset (cup, glass, book, etc.) containing 5,5446 images, the currency dataset (Pakistani notes) containing 25,626 images, and the day-night dataset containing 640 images. We trained our system using the 71 layers deep ResNet-18 model for evaluating those datasets. For the developed system, we achieved 97.31% accuracy on the object-dataset, 99.27% on the currency dataset, and 98.41% on the day-night dataset. |
10,621 | Please write an abstract with title: Attention-based Graph Neural Network Enabled Method to Predict Short-term Metro Passenger Flow, and key words: Deep learning, Training, Recurrent neural networks, Computational modeling, Predictive models, Graph neural networks, Computational efficiency. Abstract: Effective, accurate, and reliable prediction of short-term metro passenger flow is essential to improving the operational efficiency and passenger travel experience of public transport, as well as enhancing the stakeholder emergency response capability against adverse events. Various deep learning models like the long short-term memory (LSTM) models and the graph convolutional network (GCN) have been implemented to predict short-term metro passenger flow, despite the fact that they are either computationally expensive or less accurate. To strike a balance between computational cost efficiency and accuracy concurrently, this study proposes to consider only adjacent stations and apply an attention-based graph neural network (AGNN) approach to short-term metro passenger flow prediction. The proposed method can effectively improve prediction accuracy compared to the LSTM and GCN based models with a less computational cost. Empirical studies are conducted to validate the proposed method. |
10,622 | Please write an abstract with title: Gait Pattern Analysis with Accelerometer Data From a Smartphone in PAD Patients, and key words: Pain, Acceleration, Accelerometers, Legged locomotion, Diseases, Standards, Sensors. Abstract: Current research shows discrepancies in the gait pattern of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Some studies suggest a change in gait pattern after the manifestation of claudication pain while others found patients with PAD already show a pathological gait, even before the intermittent claudication arises, and no change once the pain manifests. This exploratory research examines what change in gait pattern can be detected once claudication pain arises with the help of an accelerometer embedded in a smartphone. This study aims to contribute to the development of a process to remotely collect accelerometer data in a mobile health application, which then can be used to analyze gait pattern in patients with PAD on a larger scale. The findings of this exploratory study show that processing and analyzing accelerometer data from smartphone for gait analysis is viable and establishes a methodology for collecting and analyzing PAD patients' data. The major limitation of this study is the small sample size that do not provide the necessary reliability of the findings, about gait pattern changes. Further gait data should be collected to help understanding the gait pattern of PAD patients and build an extended dataset to be analyzed at a larger scale. |
10,623 | Please write an abstract with title: Neural network-based approach for the classification of wireless-capsule endoscopic images, and key words: Neural networks, Colon, Endoscopes, Image color analysis, Image texture analysis, Feature extraction, Biomedical imaging, Medical diagnostic imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging, Hemorrhaging. Abstract: The importance of computer-assisted diagnosis in endoscopy is to assist the physician in detecting the status of tissues by characterising the features from the endoscopic image. In this paper schemes have been developed to extract new texture features from the texture spectra in the chromatic and achromatic domains for a selected region of interest from each colour component histogram of images acquired by the new M2A swallowable imaging capsule. The concept of fusion of multiple classifiers dedicated to specific feature parameters and the implementation of an advanced intelligent scheme have been also adopted in this study. The high detection accuracy of the proposed systems provides thus an indication that such intelligent schemes could be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool in capsule endoscopy. |
10,624 | Please write an abstract with title: Teaching of wave propagation phenomena using Matlab GUIs at the Universidad Politecnica of Valencia, and key words: Education, MATLAB, Graphical user interfaces, Electromagnetic propagation, Electromagnetic fields, Electromagnetic wave polarization, Animation, Graphics, Magnetic properties, Magnetic materials. Abstract: The use of interactive graphics and animations is a fundamental tool for teaching electromagnetic concepts, especially for the study of wave propagation, where the propagation properties of waves are hard to understand with oral explanations or simple static chalk drawings on the blackboard. In the classroom, the traditional blackboard, or the more recent use of slides, is increasingly giving way to the use of electronic material for illustrating propagation phenomena. Of the computer tools used to improve electromagnetic teaching, Matlab has been chosen to design several graphical user interfaces (GUI) (see Marchand, P., "Graphics and GUls with Matlab", CRC Press, 1999) that allow the creation of wave propagation animations under user specified conditions. These GUIs have been assessed for the teaching of a subject on electromagnetic fields and waves. The main objectives of the subject are the knowledge of the main parameters of plane and guided waves and the understanding of the main propagation phenomena of these two types of waves. All these contents are taught in weekly classes during a term, amounting to a total of 35 hours. The teaching scenario is presented, the GUIs that have been designed are described, and the improvements in learning results obtained by using the GUIs are presented. |
10,625 | Please write an abstract with title: Distributed MPEG-2 video encoding on Microsoft Windows platform, and key words: Encoding, Code standards, Standards development, MPEG standards, Streaming media, Clocks, Distributed computing, Computer architecture, Costs, Laboratories. Abstract: The MPEG-2 video standard developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) specifies the coded bit stream for high quality digital video. The encoding of MPEG-2 video needs a lot of processor power and mostly depends on the PC's processor and its clock speed. To makes the encoding process faster and better on the Microsoft Windows platform, a distributed computer system architecture can be implemented. By making use of the existing low cost PC inside computer laboratories with LAN, the video encoding processing can be divided to every PC that is idle and can fully utilize them. When each PC finishes the encoding process, the result is sent back to the main PC that distributes the job. Instead of doing the encoding job alone, distributing the whole encoding job to a few PC or more is much better and faster. It also saves a lot of time in carrying out such a heavy-duty process. |
10,626 | Please write an abstract with title: 3D Lightweight Network for Simultaneous Registration and Segmentation of Organs-at-Risk in CT Images of Head and Neck Cancer, and key words: Image segmentation, Computed tomography, Three-dimensional displays, Cancer, Pipelines, Shape, Neck. Abstract: Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is the most effective treatment for head and neck cancer. The successful implementation of IGRT requires accurate delineation of organ-at-risk (OAR) in the computed tomography (CT) images. In routine clinical practice, OARs are manually segmented by oncologists, which is time-consuming, laborious, and subjective. To assist oncologists in OAR contouring, we proposed a three-dimensional (3D) lightweight framework for simultaneous OAR registration and segmentation. The registration network was designed to align a selected OAR template to a new image volume for OAR localization. A region of interest (ROI) selection layer then generated ROIs of OARs from the registration results, which were fed into a multiview segmentation network for accurate OAR segmentation. To improve the performance of registration and segmentation networks, a centre distance loss was designed for the registration network, an ROI classification branch was employed for the segmentation network, and further, context information was incorporated to iteratively promote both networks’ performance. The segmentation results were further refined with shape information for final delineation. We evaluated registration and segmentation performances of the proposed framework using three datasets. On the internal dataset, the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of registration and segmentation was 69.7% and 79.6%, respectively. In addition, our framework was evaluated on two external datasets and gained satisfactory performance. These results showed that the 3D lightweight framework achieved fast, accurate and robust registration and segmentation of OARs in head and neck cancer. The proposed framework has the potential of assisting oncologists in OAR delineation. |
10,627 | Please write an abstract with title: 3D Full-field Deformation Measurement using Stereo Vision, and key words: Three-dimensional displays, Correlation, Transducers, Mortar, Digital images, Current measurement, Measurement techniques. Abstract: Measuring 3D deformation and strain are crucial parameters in structural engineering applications both at the construction and operational stages. Precise 3D full-field measurements are useful in structural optimization, damage detection and retrofitting. Digital Image Correlation is a non-contact optic-based measurement technique that is proven to be an ideal candidate in this regard. It has the potential to become a cheap, simple, and precise solution for deformation measurement. However, the currently available Digital Image Correlation measuring systems require expensive dedicated software packages and physical resources which are difficult to access. Therefore, there is a need to develop a cost-effective measuring technique to effectively use it in the local context. This research focuses on the development and validation of a precise non-contact-based deformation measurement technique. In the proposed method, 3D full-field deformation of the deforming object is measured by processing stereo photographs taken with commonly available digital cameras using the image processing toolbox available in the MATLAB commercial package. Further, the proposed method is enhanced by developing it as a standalone application, which can be installed and conveniently used by any technician. Capability of using the developed application in common civil engineering laboratory experiments has been demonstrated. |
10,628 | Please write an abstract with title: A morphological dominant points detection and its cellular implementation, and key words: Level set, Morphology, Skeleton, Image processing, Gray-scale, Network address translation, Application software, Image matching, Motion analysis, Image registration. Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of detection of dominant points also called interest points or key points in the literature. We present a new algorithm to compute dominant points on a gray level image. It is founded on mathematical morphology, and it is adapted to SIMD cellular, level sets based, Boolean computation. It is also compliant with the morphological scale-space framework. Cellular implementation and results are presented. |
10,629 | Please write an abstract with title: The Cassini solar conjunction experiment: a new test of general relativity, and key words: Testing, Calibration, Sun, Tensile stress, Gravity, Frequency measurement, Space vehicles, Fluctuations, Corona, RF signals. Abstract: During the Cassini solar conjunction experiment, radio-metric data have been used to measure the space components of the sun's metric tensor. In the parameterized post-newtonian formalism, this quantity is controlled by a parameter (/spl gamma/) which is unity in General Relativity but may assume slightly different values in other metric theories of gravity. The measurement of /spl gamma/ with Cassini is based upon a new observable quantity: the frequency shift induced on a radio wave when the spacecraft is near solar conjunction. The calibration of the large frequency fluctuations induced by the solar corona, necessary in order to guarantee the required signal stability, is performed using the novel Cassini radio frequency system, based on a multifrequency link. In this paper the operations performed and the results obtained from the preliminary analysis of the June-July 2002 Cassini solar conjunction data are described. The multifrequency link plasma calibration scheme is also illustrated along with the techniques for the reduction of the non-dispersive, tropospheric effects. The high quality of the calibrated Doppler data indicates that the experiment provides a high accuracy test of general relativity. |
10,630 | Please write an abstract with title: A Maximum Logarithmic Maximum <i>a Posteriori</i> Probability Based Soft-Input Soft-Output Detector for the Coded Spatial Modulation Systems, and key words: Detectors, Symbols, Computer architecture, MIMO communication, Indexes, Modulation, Iterative decoding. Abstract: Soft-input soft-output (SISO) detector for the iterative detection and decoding of coded spatial modulation (SM) signals needs to compute the extrinsic bit log-likelihood ratio (LLR) associated with each detected bit. The maximum logarithmic maximum a posteriori (max-log-MAP) detector is known to perform closely to the optimal logarithmic maximum a posteriori (log-MAP) detector with much lower computational complexity. In this paper, we first apply several mathematical tricks to derive a new and low-complexity algorithm for the max-log-MAP detector. The proposed algorithm features a new tree pruning technique to visit few lattice points and a smart list administration technique to retain a max-log-MAP detector. By following the proposed algorithm, we then design a hardware architecture for SISO detection of coded SM signals over the scenario of 64-QAM symbols, 8 transmit antennas, and 4 receive antennas. Under the TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology, the VLSI implementation results reveal that our architecture requires 46.4K gates and leads to detection throughput 450 Mbps, while operating at clock frequency 400 MHz and consuming power 46 mW. Being the first hardware architecture for SISO detection of coded SM signals, our proposed low-cost max-log-MAP detector is very attractive. |
10,631 | Please write an abstract with title: Correlation Graph Convolutional Network for Pedestrian Attribute Recognition, and key words: Correlation, Task analysis, Lighting, Image resolution, Hair, Surveillance, Manifolds. Abstract: The pedestrian attribute recognition aims at generating the structured description of pedestrian, which plays an important role in surveillance. However, it is difficult to achieve accurate recognition results due to diverse illumination, partial body occlusion and limited resolutions. Therefore, this paper proposes a comprehensive relationship framework for comprehensively describing and utilizing relations among attributes, describing different type of relations in the same dimension, and implementing complex transfers of relations in a GCN manner. This framework is named Correlation Graph Convolutional Network (CGCN). Based on the proposed framework, the feature vectors are built to associate attributes with image features and generate different relation matrices through self-attention among different feature vectors, describing different attribute relations. Then, we conduct multi-layer transfer of attribute relations by means of graph convolution, realizing complex utilization of attribute relations. In addition, the relations among attributes are fully exploited and two types of relations, namely the explicit and implicit relations, are proposed to be integrate into the proposed comprehensive relationship framework. The experimental results on RAP and PETA demonstrate that the recognition performance of the proposed CGCN can obviously outperform the state-of-the-arts, and moreover, the CGCN can achieve a better synergy with different relations. |
10,632 | Please write an abstract with title: Annealing phenomena in ion implanted bubble circuits, and key words: Annealing, Circuits, Temperature, Anisotropic magnetoresistance, Garnet films, Magnetic resonance, Magnetic field measurement, Stress measurement, Lattices. Abstract: The effects of annealing in air on the static and propagation properties of implanted bubble garnet films have been investigated at temperatures up to 600°C. Regular implanted profiles with thicknesses in the range of 0.5 to 0.6 μm have been created by using H+ or He + Ne ions. The capping layer effect responsible for the increase in the bubble collapse field rises monotonically with temperature. X rays and ferromagnetic resonance measurements show a regular decrease of lattice parameter change and stress induced anisotropy with increasing temperatures. The loss of propagation appears to occur when the stress induced anisotropy is no longer sufficient to force the magnetization to lie in the plane of the film. |
10,633 | Please write an abstract with title: A simple optimally unbiased MA filter for timekeeping, and key words: Nonlinear filters, Kalman filters, Synchronization, Clocks, Delay estimation, Delay effects, Kernel, Frequency, Stochastic resonance, Noise reduction. Abstract: In this paper, we address the design of an optimally unbiased moving average (MA) filter for time error online estimating and synchronization in Global Positioning System (GPS)-based timekeeping. We proceed from the slowly changing nature of a time error generated by a local clock, assuming its function to be linear for N points in the average. Employing the inherent property of a simple MA to produce the lowest noise for the given averaging interval and using linear regression as a proper stochastic approximation to evaluate the bias, we find the optimal weighting coefficients. The designed optimally unbiased MA filter and its improved modification produce two times more noise than a simple MA when N /spl Gt/ 1. Both the numerical simulation and the filtering of the real GPS-based time error processes are provided and discussed in detail. |
10,634 | Please write an abstract with title: GSM and DCS SiGe BiCMOS mixer ICs with wide LO power range, and key words: GSM, Distributed control, Silicon germanium, Germanium silicon alloys, BiCMOS integrated circuits, Voltage, Noise figure, Driver circuits, Gain measurement, Noise measurement. Abstract: GSM and DCS mixer ICs operating with the LO drive ranging from -35 dBm to -5 dBm and the supply voltage ranging from 2.4 V to 3.6 V are reported in this paper. The measured conversion gain and noise figure of the GSM mixer are 8.9 dB and 10.2 dB, respectively, and those of the DCS mixer are 8.5 dB and 10.9 dB. The GSM mixer IIP3 is 1 dBm, whereas the DCS mixer IIP3 is 4 dBm. A high-gain multistage LO driver and bias currents insensitive to supply voltage variation facilitate the mixer application for commercial mobile terminals. The GSM and DCS mixers were designed and fabricated using 0.25-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process. An integrated GSM (DCS) mixer, comprising a Gilbert core, an LO driver, a limiter, an IF buffer and bias circuits, consumes 28.5 mA from a 3-V battery. The SiGe BiCMOS mixers feature comparable IIP3, higher gain, and lower noise figure than do our previously fabricated Si BiCMOS mixers based on the same topology, and also consume 29% less power. |
10,635 | Please write an abstract with title: Pilot-Based Reception of OFDM with Index Modulation in Block Fading Channel, and key words: Resource management, Modulation, Rayleigh channels, Signal to noise ratio, OFDM, Error probability. Abstract: Bit error probability (BEP) for uncoded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) transmitted over a channel with Rayleigh block fading is considered with account for imperfect channel state information (CSI) obtained from pilot signals. It has been shown that the distributed allocation of the subcarriers of the OFDM-IM subblocks provides a power gain of about 8 dB, but does not produce the diversity effect, and also that a time-frequency resource equivalent to one OFDM-IM subblock is sufficient for pilot signal allocation. Power losses due to imperfect CSI estimation are approximately 0.5 dB for concentrated allocation of subblocks and 1.2 dB for distributed allocation. Proposed analytical BEP formula is based on the maximum-correlation pairs of OFDM-IM subblocks augmented by pilot signal, it slightly exceeds BEP obtained by simulations. |
10,636 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and Evaluation of the infant Cardiac Robotic Surgical System (iCROSS), and key words: Patents, Medical robotics, Instruments, Surgery, Aerospace electronics, Task analysis, Intelligent robots. Abstract: In this study, the infant Cardiac Robotic Surgical System (iCROSS) is developed to assist a surgeon in performing the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure and other infant cardiac surgeries. The iCROSS is a dual-arm robot allowing two surgical instruments to collaborate in a narrow space while keeping a sufficiently large workspace. Compared with the existing surgical robotic systems, the iCROSS meets the specific requirements of infant cardiac surgeries. Its feasibility has been validated through several teleoperated tasks performed in the experiment. In particular, the iCROSS is able to perform surgical ligation successfully within one minute. |
10,637 | Please write an abstract with title: A testing procedure at wafer level for micro electrodes using a gel, and key words: Testing, Microelectrodes, Electrodes, Probes, Biomedical measurements, Impedance, Costs, Quality control, Packaging, Biosensors. Abstract: We demonstrate a novel 3-point impedance measurement procedure for microelectrodes. The concept is based on the use of a saline gel and enables relatively fast measurement at wafer level. In this study, measurements were first carried out with a saline gel as electrolyte, and then compared to a reference measurement with a conventional saline solution as electrolyte. The impedance as function of frequency was investigated for two different electrode sizes, and showed good agreement between both electrolytes. The testing procedure described in this paper can be applied to e.g. biomedical microsystems that must interact with a wet environment. |
10,638 | Please write an abstract with title: Use of a Genetic Algorithm for Neuron Model Specification, and key words: Genetic algorithms, Neurons, Biomedical measurements, Biological system modeling, Biological cells, Decoding, Biomembranes, Biomedical computing, Biomedical engineering, Biological information theory. Abstract: We have used a genetic algorithm (GA) to develop simple firing neuron models consisting of a single compartment with one inward and one outward current. The GA not only chooses the model parameters, but also chooses the formulation of the ionic currents (i.e. single-variable, two-variable, instantaneous, or leak). The fitness function of the GA compares the output of the GA generated models to an I-F curve of a nominal Morris-Lecar (ML) model. Initially, several different classes of models compete among the population. However, the GA converges to a population containing only ML-type firing models with an instantaneous inward and single-variable outward current. Simulations where ML-type models are not allowed in the population are also investigated. This GA approach allows the exploration of a universe of feasible model classes that is less constrained by model formulation assumptions than traditional parameter estimation approaches |
10,639 | Please write an abstract with title: Design of a High-Throughput and Area-Efficient Ultra-Long FFT Processor, and key words: Computer architecture, Random access memory, Hardware, Throughput, Generators, Mathematical model, Parallel processing. Abstract: In recent years, many popular technologies require a highthroughput ultra-long FFT processor, such as the OFDM and FMCW radars. In order to get high throughput, we use the MDC architecture to design the FFT processor. In addition, we added the 2-epoch architecture [1] to reduce the area of FIFOs in the MDC processor. Since the input to the MDC FFT is not in natural order, we need to design a reorder circuit. We proposed a data-scheduling algorithm that allows the reorder circuit to use the least number of memory banks to achieve area reduction. Furthermore, we proposed a twiddle-factorgenerator circuit for the 2-epoch architecture. It can effectively reduce the number of twiddle factors that need to be stored. We designed different specifications of FFT processors using the method described in this paper, and then synthesized using the TSMC 90 nm CMOS technology high-Vt standard cell library. Our processors can operate above 450MHz and the throughput is $P\cdot R$, where P is the parallelism of hardware and the R is the operating frequency. |
10,640 | Please write an abstract with title: Novel Off-board Solution for Predicting Drivers’ Intentions using Probabilistic Classifiers, and key words: Adaptation models, Accelerated aging, Roads, Decision making, Merging, Life estimation, Predictive models. Abstract: Autonomous driving is a challenging research problem for AI. This paper proposes a new approach for predicting drivers' intentions in a highway on-ramp merge situation using a central road-side unit (RSU) with probabilistic classifiers. We demonstrate the advantages of such solution over classic embedded methods. First, we review existing models for modeling and predicting drivers' behaviors at the highway on-ramp situation and show their limitations. Then, we detail our proposed model based on probabilistic classifiers. To evaluate the performance criteria and the prediction time of these models, we conducted a comparative study between the existing probabilistic classifiers, using real-world data provided by the NGSIM database. A comparison between the performances of our solution with an on-board model that uses only embedded vehicle data is also provided. |
10,641 | Please write an abstract with title: Focusing Challenges of Ships With Oscillatory Motions and Long Coherent Processing Interval, and key words: Marine vehicles, Radar imaging, Focusing, Image resolution, Trajectory. Abstract: Ship motions during long coherent processing interval (CPI) have six degrees of freedom, and the oscillatory motions are roughly periodical. The traditional ship imaging methods usually use a short time interval to form an image, while the image quality may suffer from low resolution, poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and scatter scintillation. Using a longer CPI to generate an image may improve the quality but, however, largely increase the focusing difficulty. In this article, we investigate the focusing challenges of oscillatory ships with long CPI. Through analyzing the relative motion between the radar and the ship, the properties of wavenumber domain support (WDS) and point spreading function (PSF) of oscillatory ship imaging are studied. It is illustrated that the WDS is a 3-D sparse curved surface generated by the complex relative motion, with a time-variant energy density, nonparallel spectrum boundaries, and a complex structure. The PSF of an oscillatory ship may have a 3-D resolution but also multiple high-level sidelobes. The relationship between the WDS and the nonideal PSF is illustrated with the projection slice theorem (PST). Moreover, it is discussed that the scatterers distributed on a 3-D ship cannot be focused uniformly on a 2-D imaging plane (IP) due to the variation of the slant-range plane (SRP). The projection relationships of the resolutions and focusing positions between the SRP and the IP are also derived. Simulation results are presented to validate the analyses throughout this article. |
10,642 | Please write an abstract with title: Planar-integrated free-space optical fan-out module for MT-connected fiber ribbons, and key words: Optical fiber testing, Dielectric loss measurement, Optical design, Optical device fabrication, Connectors, Optical diffraction, Design optimization, Optical losses, Dielectric measurements, Loss measurement. Abstract: This paper reports on the design, the fabrication, and the testing of a compact planar-integrated free-space optical 1 /spl rarr/ 4 fan-out module for fiber ribbons with multifiber-terminated connectors. It supports 12 parallel optical channels and consists of a cascade of basic cells with 1 /spl rarr/ 2 fan-out. The module was implemented with surface-relief diffractive-phase elements; design and fabrication of the optical system were optimized for low loss by various measures such as the use of dielectric and silver reflective coatings. In experimental tests, a coupling efficiency of -11.4 dB per fan-out channel was obtained. |
10,643 | Please write an abstract with title: Analysis of Large-scale Automatic Verification Data for Smart Meters in Non-reference Temperature, and key words: Meters, Temperature distribution, Data analysis, System integration, Smart meters, Temperature control, Reliability. Abstract: When an electricity meter is calibrated under the condition of non-reference temperature, it is generally necessary to correct the verification result according to the actual temperature of the verification environment, and then judge whether the electricity meter is qualified. Under the mode of large-scale automatic verification, the space of workplace can reach thousands of square meters, and the temperature distribution is uneven. In order to reduce the cost of controlling verification environment temperature, the effort of trying to broaden the range of verification environment temperature has been always made by researchers. The problem is that it is difficult to make an effective judgment on the batch verification results based on the verification data. Under this circumstance, a data analysis method which helps to ensure weather the verification results are effective is needed. In this paper, the batch electricity meters verification experiment is designed and carried out firstly, then the distribution characteristics of verification data are studied, and the conclusion is obtained that the distribution type of verification data is normal distribution. On this basis, the method based on parameter test is used to analyze the data consistency, which shows that this data analysis method can make auxiliary evaluation on the validity of verification data produced in non-reference temperature environment. The data analysis method described in this paper can be applied to the operation state evaluation of large-scale automatic verification system and can also provide data analysis means for broadening the range of environment temperature for large-scale automatic verification. |
10,644 | Please write an abstract with title: Real-Time Continuous Sign Language Classification using Ensemble of Windows, and key words: Microsoft Windows, Feature extraction, Assistive technology, Gesture recognition, Accelerometers, Motion segmentation, Wearable sensors. Abstract: Sign language recognition using wearable sensors will help in bridging the communication gap between the deaf people who use sign language and the hearing people, who do not understand signing. In this paper, classification of continuously signed sentences in real-time, using multi-modal wearable sensors is considered. Real-time classification requires segmentation of signals on which classification is carried out. Segmentation of signals with fixed window length is convenient, however, not suitable for addressing the variation in signal as static hand postures and dynamic hand motions are performed during signing. Hence, an ensemble of classifiers learned over features extracted from windows of different lengths is proposed to enhance the accuracy with which the continuously signed sentences may be classified. Results for 11 sentences signed from the Indian sign language using data from surface electromyogram and accelerometers placed on both the hands of the signers are presented. The effect of using different classifiers and different window lengths is also studied. The duration required to classify a sentence from the recorded signal segment indicates the real-time nature of the algorithm. The proposed ensemble approach classifies the sentences with higher accuracy as compared to using a single classifier learned on features extracted from fixed-duration windows. |
10,645 | Please write an abstract with title: Development of Ultraviolet down Conversion Filters Based on Scattering Filter Materials, and key words: Scattering, Optical filters, Refractive index, Absorption, Matched filters, Proteins, Laser modes. Abstract: We proposed a novel ultraviolet down conversion filter. It is mainly fabricated based on our scattering filtering materials that can show transparency at specific ultraviolet wavelength owing to refractive index matching. |
10,646 | Please write an abstract with title: An Empirical Exploratory Analysis of Failure Sequences in a Commodity Operating System, and key words: operating systems, failures, patterns. Abstract: A fundamental need for software reliability engineering is to comprehend how software systems fail, which means understanding the dynamics that govern different types of failure manifestation. In this paper, we present an exploratory study on multiple-event failures, looking for systematic patterns of sequences of failures in logs of a commodity operating system. This study is based on real failure data collected from hundreds of computers. The major contribution of this paper is the method proposed to discover patterns of failure sequences and their attributes. The method is generic enough to be applied to any other software system, with minor changes. The empirical findings of this study include 153 different patterns of OS failure sequences discovered, along with statistical analyses of their properties. |
10,647 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling coevolutionary genetic algorithms on two-bit landscapes: partnering strategies, and key words: Genetic algorithms, Evolution (biology), Biological system modeling, Algorithm design and analysis, Organisms, Evolutionary computation, Manufacturing, Information technology, Mechanical engineering, Context modeling. Abstract: Different from standard genetic algorithms where each individual is evaluated separately according to predefined objective function(s), one most notable characteristic of coevolutionary genetic algorithms (CGA) is that evaluation procedures require more than one individual and an individual's fitness is depending on its interactions with its partners. In consequence, the implemented partnering strategies can have significant effects on the dynamical behaviour of CGA as well as their optimization performance. Infinite population models of CGA consisting of two populations coevolving on two-bit landscapes are described and investigated in the context of four well-applied partnering strategies. It is shown that even in these simplest models, the dynamical behaviour of CGA changes dramatically according to different evolutionary scenarios that deserves our attention from the perspective of coevolutionary algorithms designing. |
10,648 | Please write an abstract with title: Key Technologies in Solution-Process OLED Materials, and key words: Performance evaluation, Active matrix technology, Conferences, Organic light emitting diodes, Plastics, Chemicals, Best practices. Abstract: Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation is accelerating the development of materials for the solution-process OLEDs. High-performance small molecules for EML and platform polymers with reduced the molecular weight for HIL/HTL have been developed as the best practice for high-resolution printed OLED panels. Further, deep-red emitter, platform polymer, and no-diffusible p-dopants have been successfully developed that are key materials for improving the performances of OLEDs produced by solution processes. |
10,649 | Please write an abstract with title: Harmonics control of inductive superconducting fault current limiter system with DC reactor, and key words: Control systems, Fault current limiters, Inductors, Power harmonic filters, Power system harmonics, Power system simulation, Bridges, Passive filters, Frequency, Superconducting filters. Abstract: The solutions for the harmonic reduction of the superconducting fault current limiter system was discussed in this paper. The ideal high-T/sub c/ SFCL system with the DC reactor has negligible influence on the power system under normal operations. However the high-order harmonic currents are generated from the 6-pulse bridge configuration. Passive filter techniques employ tuned LC filters at 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonic frequencies. The harmonic currents can be eliminated using the tuned LC filter and the special bridge configuration. Simulation results are given to validate the harmonic isolation feature at harmonic frequencies and also demonstrate the harmonic filtering process to meet IEEE 519 harmonic standards. |
10,650 | Please write an abstract with title: Low complexity 2D projection-based channel estimators for MC-CDMA, and key words: Multicarrier code division multiple access, OFDM, Multiaccess communication, Interpolation, Channel estimation, Robustness, Filtering, Quadrature phase shift keying, Telecommunications, Research and development. Abstract: We compare here low complexity, two dimensional channel estimators for MC-CDMA, which use projection to perform filtering and/or interpolation. The principle is to project a first channel estimate obtained from pilot symbols onto a subspace where lies most of the channel energy, thus performing rank reduction. For advanced schemes we study here, the projection subspace can be robustly derived from singular value decomposition (SVD). Simple schemes, namely sample and hold and linear interpolation can be viewed also as projection schemes, with easy projection subspaces. This generalization makes SVD based algorithms easier to understand. The advanced schemes have a very low complexity, their design is robust, and extensive simulations show that their performances are good: they are 0.5 dB close of perfect channel estimation for QPSK, and at most 1 dB close for 16QAM. |
10,651 | Please write an abstract with title: Natural Language-to-SQL Based on Relationship Extraction, and key words: NL2SQL, LSTM, relationship extraction, deep learning. Abstract: Synthesizing SQL query from a natural language with nested conditional statements is a long-standing problem. In this work, we propose a novel approach, RE-SQL, which based on relation extraction. We first set four types of relational connections are defined to represent the SQL syntax structure. Then, we propose a sequence-set model. The model receives two inputs: Natural language description containing an entity pair, table features. The output of the model includes the connection relationships of the entity pairs and the SQL semantics of the entities in the entity pair. By predicting different entities in natural language problems, we get a weighted undirected graph that is highly consistent with the SQL grammar. In the real estate information query task, our method achieves an accuracy rate of 74.35% on the nested query questions. |
10,652 | Please write an abstract with title: Channel-Wise Dense Connection Graph Convolutional Network for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition, and key words: Legged locomotion, Adaptation models, Time series analysis, Feature extraction, Data models, Robustness, Kinetic theory. Abstract: Skeleton-based action recognition task has drawn much attention for many years. Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) has proved its effectiveness in this task. However, how to improve the model's robustness to different human actions and how to make effective use of features produced by the network are main topics needed to be further explored. Human actions are time series sequence, meaning that temporal information is a key factor to model the representation of data. The ranges of body parts involved in small actions (e.g. raise a glass or shake head) and big actions (e.g. walking or jumping) are diverse. It's crucial for the model to generate and utilize more features that can be adaptive to a wider range of actions. Furthermore, feature channels are specific with the action class, the model needs to weigh their importance and pay attention to more related ones. To address these problems, in this work, we propose a two-stream channel-wise dense connection GCN (2s-CDGCN). Specifically, the skeleton data was extracted and processed into spatial and temporal information for better feature representation. A channel-wise attention module was used to select and emphasize the more useful features generated by the network. Moreover, to ensure maximum information flow, dense connection was introduced to the network structure, which enables the network to reuse the skeleton features and generate more information adaptive and related to different human actions. Our model has shown its ability to improve the accuracy of human action recognition task on two large datasets, NTU-RGB+D and Kinetics. Extensive evaluations were conducted to prove the effectiveness of our model. |
10,653 | Please write an abstract with title: LoRa and High-Altitude Platforms: Path Loss, Link Budget and Optimum Altitude, and key words: Urban areas, Estimation, Military aircraft, Frequency estimation, Security, Internet of Things, Aircraft manufacture. Abstract: Interest in high-altitude platforms (HAPs) has been increasing recently, especially with the rapid technical development in solar panels’ efficiency, energy storage, antenna design, and lightweight materials for aircraft parts. These factors make high-altitude platforms more applicable in a wide variety of military, security, relief, and civilian applications. In this paper, we suggests using the LoRa system mounted on a HAPS aiming to cover larger areas. Also, we present the link budget of a LoRa operating in the 868 MHz band to accounting the received signal strength at the ground station. The path loss will be calculated based on the elevation angle between the ground station and the HAP for different urban scenarios. Finally, the altitude of the HAP will be optimized to provide maximum radio coverage for each urban environment alongside with different LoRa spreading factors. |
10,654 | Please write an abstract with title: Monochromatic Near Field Calculation of Aperture Antenna and Its Accuracy, and key words: Costs, Antenna theory, Convolution, Optical propagation, Meetings, Numerical simulation, Aperture antennas. Abstract: This work presents a study of the electromagnetic field that is created by a flat circular aperture in the near zone. The analytical method, used for calculating the impulse response function (IRF), adequately estimates the electromagnetic field intensity of the aperture antenna when a monochromatic signal is radiated. This is shown via comparison the well-known finite integration method (FIT) calculation results with analytical ones. The advantage of the analytical method in terms of computing resources is presented. |
10,655 | Please write an abstract with title: On-Machine Measurement of Wheel Tread Profile With the 1-D Laser Sensor, and key words: Wheels, Measurement uncertainty, Measurement by laser beam, Machining, Rails, Machine tools, Laser modes. Abstract: Wheel is an important component of bogie, and its geometry affects the dynamic behaviors of rail vehicles. To accurately obtain the geometric feature information of wheel tread profile, an on-machine measurement method with the 1-D laser sensor is investigated in this article. Combined with the specific morphology of tread profile and measurement model of laser sensor, the corresponding on-machine measurement model of wheel tread profile is established according to the characteristics of inclined and curved profiles. To improve the measurement accuracy, an adaptive error correction is studied to strengthen the measurement of complex profiles and suppress the measurement error of laser sensors. And the method achieves error suppression by more than 30% in the test and calibration experiments. Finally, the measurement method based on the laser sensor is put into the practical measurement of the wheel tread profile on an underfloor wheelset lathe, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified with experiments. These works can not only improve the measurement accuracy of wheel geometry but also enhance the machining capability of machine tool, which is important for the safe operation of rail vehicles. |
10,656 | Please write an abstract with title: NVMe-over-RPMsg: A Virtual Storage Device Model Applied to Heterogeneous Multi-Core SoCs, and key words: Nonvolatile memory, Protocols, Registers, Virtualization, Software, Virtual machining, Aerospace electronics. Abstract: In order to implement huge data storage of high performance in embedded environment, more and more SSDs with Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) standard are deployed and virtualized on heterogeneous multi-core platforms. Existing solutions of emulating NVMe SSD between guest operating system (OS) and remote OS rely on virtual machines (VMs), which bring in long I/O latency due to their expensive context switch and extra data transfer. In this paper, we propose NVMe over remote processor messaging (NVMe-over-RPMsg), a software framework that emulates remote storage system as local NVMe device, without requiring VMs. We implemented a prototype using ZCU102 FPGA board. The evaluation results show that NVMe-over-RPMsg has 45.4% reduction in latency and 1.74X improvement in throughput than native QEMU solution. |
10,657 | Please write an abstract with title: Multiscale Cross-modal Homogeneity Enhancement and Confidence-aware Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection, and key words: Multispectral pedestrian detection, Cross-modal homogeneity enhancement, Confidence measurement fusion, Confidence transfer loss. Abstract: Multispectral pedestrian detection has shown many advantages in a variety of environments, particularly poor illumination conditions, by leveraging visible-thermal modalities. However, in-depth insight into distinguishing the complementary content of multimodal data and exploring the extent of multimodal feature fusion is still lacking. In this paper, we propose a novel multispectral pedestrian detector with multiscale cross-modal homogeneity enhancement and confidence-aware feature fusion. RGB and thermal streams are constructed to extract features and generate candidate proposals. During feature extraction, multiscale cross-modal homogeneity enhancement is proposed to enhance single-modal features using the separated homogeneous features via modal interactions. Homogeneity features encode the semantic information of the scene and are extracted from the RGB-thermal pairs by employing a channel attention mechanism. Proposals from two modalities are united to obtain multimodal proposals. Then, confidence measurement fusion is proposed to achieve multispectral feature fusion in each proposal by measuring the internal confidence of each modality and the interaction confidence between modalities. In addition, a confidence transfer loss function is designed to focus more on hard-to-detect samples during training. Experimental results on two challenging datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance compared to existing methods. |
10,658 | Please write an abstract with title: A Simplified Control Strategy for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner Prototype, and key words: Power quality, Prototypes, Laboratories, Digital control, Reactive power, Power system harmonics, Current supplies, Voltage, Signal processing algorithms, Digital signal processors. Abstract: This paper introduces a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) laboratorial prototype, with a digital control strategy based on the instantaneous power theory (pq-theory) simplifications. The proposed conditioner is capable of being connected in three-phase three-wire systems. An interesting point concerns in the simplifications at the control strategy; the number of measurements was reduced, allowing computational efforts reduction. The proposed conditioner is suitable to deal with instantaneous power factor regulation, harmonics, and unbalances present at the load currents and the supply voltages as well. The proposed control algorithm performance is verified and experimentally validated on a 4.5 kVA three-phase three-wire laboratorial prototype UPQC. The digital controller was implemented in a fixed point digital signal processor (DSP) |
10,659 | Please write an abstract with title: Electromagnetic Field Measurement inside the Car with Modern Embedded Wireless Technologies, and key words: Wireless communication, Current measurement, Urban areas, Transportation, Organisms, Mobile handsets, Time measurement. Abstract: The main goal of the paper is the measurement of electromagnetic field distribution inside the car with modern embedded wireless technologies. Measurement was performed in standard urban environment in the car with mobile phone Bluetooth connection for two cases, without usage of the phone and receiving the call. Results of the measurement show, that in modern car with more wireless technologies are many high frequency sources of electromagnetic fields. Although the values of these measured variables do not exceed the limit levels, it depends on the current state of the organism and the time of exposure. |
10,660 | Please write an abstract with title: Overcoming the Gap of Social Presence in Online Learning Communities at University, and key words: Distance learning, Games, IEEE Fellows, Interviews, Engineering education, Periodic structures. Abstract: Community and social interaction forms an integral part of university studies for students. Skills and habits that are essential for well-being and motivation are formed within this community. Especially in online teaching, new perils arise and enhance the importance of offering possibilities to interact with fellow students. In order to understand the particular problems of community in the online setting of our university, conversations with several students in their first year resulted in a semi-formal interview to obtain common themes. These could be roughly separated into barrier and enabling themes and subsequently categorised within the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework. Using this template, various best-practice learning scenarios, including games, were compared to the university environments in order to identify areas for improvement. Results show that even a naturally grown learning environment on Discord lacks Social Presence. Since Discord allows personalisation through “bots”, we show that some of these gaps can be filled with bots that yield more structure, modes of overcoming shyness, and informal means for communicating. The bot designs were verified using a student survey and first usage statistics of successfully deployed bots are reported. Future research should address whether this environment has a positive impact on both well-being and learning outcomes. |
10,661 | Please write an abstract with title: Speed sensorless control of ultrasonic motors using neural network, and key words: Sensorless control, Neural networks, Voltage, Frequency estimation, Torque, Temperature sensors, Electromagnetic forces, Velocity control, Rotors, Velocity measurement. Abstract: This paper presents a speed sensorless control for ultrasonic motors using a neural network. In the proposed method, a three-layered NN is used with offline training. The drive frequency, the root mean square value of input voltage and the surface temperature of USM are used as the inputs of NN for speed estimator. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by experimental results. |
10,662 | Please write an abstract with title: Data Analytics to Support a Smart Fleet Management Strategy, and key words: Vehicle safety, Behavioral sciences, Companies, Real-time systems, Measurement, Intelligent vehicles, Smart transportation. Abstract: The correct application of efficient and safe driving techniques plays an important role for professional drivers. Monitoring and analyzing driving data can promote changes in the sector in terms of the better use of vehicles, reduction in energy consumption, and improved on-road safety. However, the results in driving performance can vary considerably among different fleets that have received the same training in efficient and safe driving. The aim of this article is to perform an in-depth analysis of the driving performance of professional drivers during their working day, taking into account the influence of fleet management decisions. For this, we have selected four urban public transport companies with clear differences in terms of the employees scheduled and rostered drivers to bus lines. The driving behavior of 745 drivers has been evaluated over a period of 10 months, considering performance in terms of efficient and safe driving through the use of driving patterns. A total of 6,517,983.995 km of real-time driving data retrieved from vehicles every 1.5 s has been analyzed. The results show significant differences in the evolution and acquisition of new driving habits. In addition, significant observations from this article provide valuable information for fleet managers and allow them take advantage of data provided by the adoption of intelligent transportation systems. |
10,663 | Please write an abstract with title: Quasi-optical interferometers with enhanced phase sensitivity, and key words: Interferometers, Plasma measurements, Plasma waves, Plasma density, Electrons, Density measurement, Phase measurement, Plasma devices, Hollow waveguides, Noise measurement. Abstract: MW interferometers are widely used for the investigation of a plasma. These interferometers permit determining electron density by the measurement of the phase shift of a wave probing of the plasma relative to the wave passing over the free space. In case of measurement of a small phase shift, the high phase sensitivity and small phase noise of interferometers are required, the phase sensitivity is meant as the ratio between the phase shift of a probing wave and the change of electron density which caused it. One of methods of increasing the phase sensitivity of interferometers is a multiple transition of probing radiation across the plasma. For this purpose in the submillimeter wavelength range it is expedient to apply a hollow dielectric waveguide as a quasi-optical waveguide structure and radiomeasuring quasi-optical devices. The scheme of a reflecting type quasi-optical interferometer, that provides the quadruple transition of a wave across plasma, is presented. |
10,664 | Please write an abstract with title: OA-STGCN: An Output Anchoring-based Graph Convolutional Network for Human Trajectory Prediction, and key words: Measurement, Convolution, Decision making, Psychology, Prediction methods, Prediction algorithms, Trajectory. Abstract: Human trajectory prediction is an important task for urban self-driving. It can provide the key input information for the planning decision module or used for collision avoidance system. However, pedestrian trajectories are influenced by both the intend of pedestrian itself and the interaction with the surrounding environment, which makes it a challenging task. The existing methods usually modeled these interactions with some methods integrating observed pedestrians’ states. In this paper, we present an Output Anchoring based Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolution Network (OA-STGCN) for human trajectory prediction, which considers the subjective fac-tors of pedestrian generating target trajectory, includes the Time-Extrapolator Convolutional Neural Network (TXPCNN), and followed by a simple and effective Attention Anchoring Block (AAB) composed of SE-block and CBAM-block. By experiments with two open benchmark datasets ETH and UCY show that, the proposed method outperforms the existing SOTA algorithm. |
10,665 | Please write an abstract with title: MATLAB-based ERS SAR data acquisition and processing software for classroom use, and key words: Computer languages, Data acquisition, Satellites, Synthetic aperture radar, Remote sensing, Downlink, Signal processing, Data systems, Earth, Signal processing algorithms. Abstract: The paper provides a review into the steps involved in acquiring and processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data transmitted by the European remote sensing (ERS) satellites. The paper reports on a simple MATLAB-based SAR processing system, that reads the image out of the complex SAR data files and that is suitable for use in the classroom to demonstrate one of the procedures used in SAR data processing. The paper can also help a beginner in the field of SAR signal processing to get information and understand the basics that are necessary to acquire and process a SAR image. The data, provided by the Alaskan Satellite Facility (ASF), is categorized into different levels and the paper describes the process of obtaining the level-1 basic image from the level-0 raw data file provided by ASF. |
10,666 | Please write an abstract with title: ImpediBands: Body Coupled Bio-Impedance Patches for Physiological Sensing Proof of Concept, and key words: Sensors, Biomedical monitoring, Heart rate, Current measurement, Monitoring, Electrodes. Abstract: Continuous and robust monitoring of physiological signals is essential in improving the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The state-of-the-art systems for monitoring vital signs such as heart rate, heart rate variability, respiration rate, and other hemodynamic and respiratory parameters use often bulky and obtrusive systems or depend on wearables with limited sensing methods based on repetitive properties of the signals rather than the morphology. Moreover, multiple devices and modalities are typically needed for capturing various vital signs simultaneously. In this paper, we introduce ImpediBands: small-sized distributed smart bio-impedance (Bio-Z) patches, where the communication between the patches is established through the human body, eliminating the need for electrical wires that would create a common potential point between sensors. We use ImpediBands to collect instantaneous measurements from multiple locations over the chest at the same time. We propose a blind source separation (BSS) technique based on the second-order blind identification (SOBI) followed by signal reconstruction to extract heart and lung activities from the Bio-Z signals. Using the separated source signals, we demonstrate the performance of our system via providing strong confidence in the estimation of heart and respiration rates with low RMSE (HRRMSE = 0.579 beats per minute, RRRMSE = 0.285 breaths per minute), and high correlation coefficients (rHR = 0.948, rRR = 0.921). |
10,667 | Please write an abstract with title: Cloud Based Effective Health Care Management System With Artificial Intelligence, and key words: Heart rate, Cloud computing, Supply chain management, Wearable computers, Medical services, Electrocardiography, Software. Abstract: Healthcare is quickly becoming the fastest-growing sector because of its extensive coverage, provision of services, and investment by both public and private organizations. In addition, increased life expectancy, improved healthcare for people, and steep reductions in birth rates have left many affluent countries with an elderly population in need of medical care at a critical time. As a result, many health providers are looking for more inventive and cost-effective solutions to address this rising problem to fulfill the increased demand. Cloud computing can provide some of the answers required to solve these issues. To deliver better healthcare facilities, more healthcare firms are embracing cloud-based software and related services. However, designing a cloud-based health service necessitates a thorough understanding of how such services work and the healthcare industry's requirements. This paper discusses formulating a complete healthcare system that incorporates wearable technology and multi-sensor data fusion. The cloud service has sparked a lot of interest from all corners of academia and a wide range of industrial uses. This research also looks at a cloud-based cyber localization algorithm for observing patients that uses smart phones and wearable devices to collect ECG and heart rate monitoring data in an efficient, real-time and scalable manner. |
10,668 | Please write an abstract with title: Free Gait Planning of Hexapod Robot Based on Improved DQN Algorithm, and key words: Stability analysis, Planning, Robots, Oscillators, Optimization, Convergence, Foot. Abstract: In order to solve the problem of free gait planning of hexapod robot in complex and rugged terrain, the discrete gait model of hexapod robot is constructed based on the discretization of single foot step distance of hexapod robot. The stability of the robot is analyzed by using the longitudinal stability margin, and the corresponding gait planning strategy is designed. The complex gait planning problem is transformed into the scheduling optimization problem among the position states in each oscillation period. Based on the discrete gait model designed in this paper, a free gait planning method based on DQN (deep Q-learning) algorithm is designed with the average stability margin of the robot as the optimization objective, and its experience replay mechanism is improved. This algorithm optimizes the logic of the experience replay part, reduces the low value iterations and greatly improves the convergence speed. The experimental results show that compared with traditional method, the improved DQN algorithm can plan a free gait with fast convergence, high stability margin and strong adaptability. |
10,669 | Please write an abstract with title: Preference-Inspired Coevolutionary Algorithm Based on Differentiated Resource Allocation Strategy, and key words: Resource management, Optimization, Sociology, Statistics, Evolutionary computation, Convergence, Evolution (biology). Abstract: Preference-inspired co-evolutionary algorithms (PICEAs) consider the target vectors as the preferences, and then use the domination relationship between the candidate solutions and target vectors to increase their selection pressure. However, the size of dominating objective space varies with the different positions of candidate solutions and it leads to the imbalance of the evolutionary ability of whole population. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a preference-inspired coevolutionary algorithm based on a differentiated allocation strategy (PICEAg-DS). First, it sets up an external archive to save the nondominated solutions and then extracts the convergence and diversity information from it. Second, it divides the objective space into several subspaces and designs a space distance operator to evaluate their optimization difficulty. Finally, it dynamically assigns the target vectors and guides more computational resource to the difficult to optimize subspaces, and thus drives the whole population evolution. To prove the advantages of differentiated resource allocation strategy, the PICEAg-DS is compared with two classic coevolutionary algorithms (PICEAg, CMOPSO) and two classic MOEAs based on resource allocation strategy (EAG-MOEAD, MOEAD-DRA). The experimental results show that PICEAg-DS performs better than the other algorithms on many WFG test problems. To further analysis the effectiveness of PICEAg-DS, compare it with two MOEAs based on domination relationship (NSGAII, SPEA2) and two MOEAs based on decomposition (RVEA, MOEA/D-M2M) on MOP and UF test suite. The experimental results show the PICEAg-DS has a better convergence than the other comparison algorithms, especially on 3-objective MOP6-7 and UF8-9. |
10,670 | Please write an abstract with title: Impact of PMD on the Performance of NOLM and Compensation by HN-FBG in Microwave Photonic Systems, and key words: Optical attenuators, Fiber nonlinear optics, Optical signal processing, Optical receivers, Optical distortion, Optical modulation, Nonlinear equations, Nonlinear optical devices, Optical fiber polarization, Microwave theory and techniques. Abstract: The impact of the first-order and second-order PMD on the performance of NOLM is studied by the split-step Fourier method (SSFM) based on the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation (CNLSE), including sinusoidal modulation signals and power transmission function of NOLM with the first- and second-order PMD. Furthermore, the compensation method of PMD by the high-birefringence method of PMD by the high-birefringence nonlinearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating (HN-FBCG) in the middle of the fiber loop of NOLM is put forward. |
10,671 | Please write an abstract with title: Analysis and algorithms for scheduling with minimal switching activities, and key words: Algorithm design and analysis, Scheduling algorithm, Processor scheduling, Delay, Polynomials, Application software, Computer science, Heuristic algorithms, Batteries, Hardware. Abstract: Switching activities are one of the important factors in power minimization. This paper studies the scheduling problem which minimizes switching activities. We show that to find the schedule which minimizes switching activities only or minimizes latency and switching activities with or without resource constraints is NP-complete. Two heuristic scheduling algorithms to minimize switching activities are presented. The algorithms use the weighted bipartite matching to find a good schedule. The experimental results show that our algorithms can produce the near-optimal schedule which uses averagely the switching activities 35% less compared to the traditional list scheduling. |
10,672 | Please write an abstract with title: Inheritance and Protection Strategies for Tibetan Folk Chess Under the Background of “Internet+”, and key words: Cultural differences, Games, Education, Global communication, Internet, Technological innovation, Software. Abstract: Compared to Go, Chess and other chess played by many people, Tibetan chess are mostly played in Tibetan areas. Tibetan chess, especially Tibetan Go, is becoming extinction.To protect it, more and more attention must be paid to its inheritance and protection. Under the background of “Internet+”, great changes have taken place in the ways of inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage. This paper proposed strategies on inheritance and protection for Tibetan chess. Firstly, the status quo of Tibetan folk chess development is analyzed and the existing problems are concluded. Then Some prospective and practical strategies on inheritance and protection for Tibetan chess are put forward aiming at solve these problems. |
10,673 | Please write an abstract with title: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Cloud Computing in Education Using the Base Cost Estimation Model, and key words: Cloud computing, Data centers, Costs, Web services, Education, Estimation, Companies. Abstract: Cloud computing is one of technology's miracle workers that fulfill today's needs. Especially with the current economic crisis due to COVID-19 and the demand for higher quality education, schools and colleges are under increasing pressure to deliver more from less. To aid this issue, educational institutions can utilize cloud computing to increase their capacity without requiring heavy infrastructure investments while lowering the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). However, despite the dependence on technology and its vast development, many institutions are still hesitant to make the right choice by going cloud. Because of this, the researcher intends to analyze the Data Center's expenditures at Universitas Klabat and compare them with pricing estimations made in the cloud so that the university can gain an idea of how much the data center truly costs and whether going cloud can minimize the costs. The method used by the researcher to obtain data used in measurement through interviews, financial data of the university's data center in three years, 2018-2020. The physical data center will be calculated by a framework derived from a previous cost-benefit analysis of the cloud computing framework by Nanath and Pillai. As for the cloud data center, the cost estimations will be made based on the servers' specifications analyzed from the data while comparing two cloud providers, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. The calculations on the physical data center costs, the AWS cloud costs, and the Azure cloud cost are then compared to find which alternative has the least expenditures. It is found that alternative Microsoft Azure is the most affordable among others. However, interestingly, the highest cost among the three alternatives is the AWS cloud cost instead of the physical data center cost. Because of this, it is found that the cloud data center can be more affordable than the physical data center depending on the cloud provider that any company uses. In addition, cloud computing, particularly with Microsoft Azure as its provider, can be worth the shift to UNKLAB from a financial standpoint. |
10,674 | Please write an abstract with title: Reinforcement learning for combining relevance feedback techniques, and key words: Learning, Feedback, Radio frequency, Image databases, Spatial databases, Information retrieval, Image retrieval, History, Bismuth, Information management. Abstract: Relevance feedback (RF) is an interactive process which refines the retrievals by utilizing user's feedback history. Most researchers strive to develop new RF techniques and ignore the advantages of existing ones. We propose an image relevance reinforcement learning (IRRL) model for integrating existing RF techniques. Various integration schemes are presented and a long-term shared memory is used to exploit the retrieval experience from multiple users. Also, a concept digesting method is proposed to reduce the complexity of storage demand. The experimental results manifest that the integration of multiple RF approaches gives better retrieval performance than using one RF technique alone, and that the sharing of relevance knowledge between multiple query sessions also provides significant contributions for improvement. Further, the storage demand is significantly reduced by the concept digesting technique. This shows the scalability of the proposed model against a growing-size database. |
10,675 | Please write an abstract with title: Winding Changeover System with Multi-Phase IPMSM for High-Torque Density and Wide Operating Region, and key words: Power system measurements, Torque, Density measurement, Oils, Windings, Optical wavelength conversion, Switches. Abstract: The application of multi-phase technique is one of the effective options for electric motors that require high power density and wide operating speed range (OSR). However, interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) with hairpin windings and oil cooling systems suffer from power degradation in the high-speed region due to their high charge rate and current density. In this paper, a winding changeover system (WCS) of a dual three-phase IPMSM is proposed for wide OSR with high power density by shifting the number of phases from six to three. Using the finite element method (FEM), we analyze the effect of phase on torque and power characteristics according to speed and calculate the efficiency of the WCS. Finally, the changeover points for the two operating modes are determined for the system with better efficiency and torque density. |
10,676 | Please write an abstract with title: Optimal Operation of Energy Hubs With Large-Scale Distributed Energy Resources for Distribution Network Congestion Management, and key words: Cooling, Heating systems, Renewable energy sources, Distribution networks. Abstract: Congestion problems might occur in distribution networks as the penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) progresses. This study focuses on the complementarity of multiple energy resources in energy hubs (EHs) to solve possible distribution network congestions. First, we consider an EH in which combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) units and heat pumps are integrated with renewable energy resources. The EH models the intrinsic coupling relationship among various energy carriers, forming a flexible operation where electricity, natural gas, cooling and heat can complement each other. Next, an optimal operation strategy of multiple energy hubs enables gas-to-electricity to provide local energy supply for EH during electricity peak periods, and consume renewable energy generation by the complementarity of electricity, heat and cooling. In addition, the uncertainty of renewable energy resources is taken into account via scenario-based stochastic programming. Numerical results show that the proposed operation strategy explores EHs' operation flexibility to mitigate distribution network congestion when we consider high renewable energy penetration in power systems. |
10,677 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling Lung Functionality in Volume-Controlled Ventilation for Critical Care Patients, and key words: Lung, Mathematical model, Ventilation, Solid modeling, Computational modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Negative feedback. Abstract: Mechanical ventilators are the instruments that assist breathing of the patients having respiratory diseases e.g., pneumonia and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper presents a modified lung model under volume-controlled ventilation to describe the lung volume and air flow in terms of air pressure signal from the ventilator. A negative feedback is incorporated in the model to balance the lung volume that is influenced by a lung parameter called positive end expiration pressure. We partially solved the lung model equation which takes the form of a first-order differential equation and then unknown parameters associated with the model were computed using a nonlinear least-squares method. Experimental data required for parameter identification and validation of the lung model were obtained by running a volume-controlled ventilator connected to a reference device and an artificial lung. The proposed model considering negative feedback achieves a better accuracy than that without feedback as demonstrated by test results. The developed model can be used in intensive care units (ICU) to evaluate mechanical ventilation performance and lung functionality in real-time. |
10,678 | Please write an abstract with title: Multi Mobile Robot Path Planning Based on Rough-Fine Search Strategy, and key words: Planning, Path planning, Mobile robots, Education, Search problems, Collision avoidance. Abstract: Multi-mobile robot path planning technology is the key technology in the field of intelligent warehousing and intelligent logistics. Solving the optimal solution for multi-mobile robot path planning will cause “dimension explosion”. Existing multi-mobile robot path planning algorithm could not get the solution with high quality fast, causes the low efficiency of multi-mobile robot systems. This paper proposes a multi-mobile robot path planning method based on rough-fine search strategy. Firstly, the environment map is discretized to two kinds of grid maps with different grid sizes. And then, the M* algorithm is used to obtain the rough optimal solution in the grid map with large size, in the next, the rough optimal solution was mapped to the fine grid map as the teaching path, Finally, in the fine grid map, select the Gaussian distribution band with teaching path as the mean value. In the Gaussian distribution band, the RRT* algorithm is used to optimize the teaching path. Through experimental verification, our algorithm can obtain a higher quality path and has a faster solution speed. |
10,679 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on the Fabric-Wearable RFID Based on Inkjet Printing Technology, and key words: Wearable computers, Conductivity, Fabrics, Ink jet printing, Copper, Substrates, Radiofrequency identification. Abstract: Compared with traditional radio frequency identification (RFID) fabrication substrates, fabrics are more suitable for wearable electronic substrates because of their flexibility, air permeability, flexibility and skin friendliness. The UHF RFID tag antenna realized by electronic textiles is a promising exploration. This paper first studied the manufacturing method of conductive circuit based on inkjet printing and electrochemical deposition technology, and obtained good conductivity and high precision circuit on fabric substrate. On cotton fabrics, the synergism of SU-8 and P4VP (poly4-vinylpyridine) ensures that the pattern retains its original size almost rather than diffusing. After 2 hours of copper deposition, the resistance of thin plate reached 0.01 $\Omega$ sq-1, and it was verified by experiments that the fabric substrate guaranteed the conductivity, stability, reliability and mechanical flexibility of the copper coating circuit. When the radio frequency was 920.125 MHz, the maximum distance for reading RFID information was 30 cm. It indicatess that this technology has great promotion and development potential in the future application of intelligent textiles. |
10,680 | Please write an abstract with title: Extraction of Long <i>k</i>-mers Using Spaced Seeds, and key words: Bioinformatics, Solids, Sequential analysis, Tools, Genomics, Data structures, Task analysis. Abstract: The extraction of $k$-mers from reads is an important task in many bioinformatics applications, such as all DNA sequence analysis methods based on de Bruijn graphs. These methods tend to be more accurate when the used $k$-mers are unique in the analyzed DNA, and thus the use of longer $k$-mers is preferred. When the read lengths of short read sequencing technologies increase, the error rate will become the determining factor for the largest possible value of $k$. Here we propose <small>LoMeX</small> which uses spaced seeds to extract long $k$-mers accurately even in the presence of sequencing errors. Our experiments show that <small>LoMeX</small> can extract long $k$-mers from current Illumina reads with a similar or higher recall than a standard $k$-mer counting tool. Furthermore, our experiments on simulated data show that when the read length further increases enabling even longer $k$-mers, the performance of standard $k$-mer counters declines, whereas <small>LoMeX</small> still extracts long $k$-mers successfully. |
10,681 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on machining accuracy of workpiece oriented to autonomous behavior of equipment, and key words: Automation, Knowledge based systems, Process control, Focusing, Machining, Production, Solids. Abstract: Around the problem of workpiece machining accuracy, a model of autonomous behavior of equipment and the method of establishing patterns in knowledge base have been developed in this paper. Two self-learning models based on pattern comparison: deterministic knowledge and uncertain knowledge self-learning model are presented, while a scene understanding method for intelligent autonomous behavior of equipment is proposed. The research scheme of intelligent autonomous behavior optimization of equipment based on scene understanding and the specific research framework of workpiece machining precision are produced. Finally, focusing on the actual production process of bearing end cover, the flexible automatic production line of bearing end cover is established, the workpiece machining accuracy research based on independent behavior of equipment for CMM and CNC machine tools is preliminarily realized with the help of automatic line control end, it lays a solid foundation for the overall autonomous and intelligent cooperation between the testing area and the processing area. |
10,682 | Please write an abstract with title: Power Aware Data Center Placement in WDM Optical Networks, and key words: Data centers, Power demand, Network topology, WDM networks, Market research, Probabilistic logic, Topology. Abstract: Due to the increasing trend in IP traffic, the placement of Data Centers (DCs) at network nodes has become a hot research topic. A proper DCs placement translates in reduced power consumption of overall network. The paper scope is to find the best placement of “k” DCs nodes out of “N” total nodes to reduce power consumption. To solve the problem, we propose two heuristics: EoDCP, based on Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (EDA), and MaxN-MinL. An exhaustive search based ESDCP algorithm is used as a lower bound to compare the performance of EoDCP and MaxN-MinL. Moreover, electronic traffic grooming technique is employed to further reduce the total network power consumption. A 20-Node Random network and a 17-Node German network are used to perform comparison of proposed heuristics. Performance of EoDCP algorithm is far better than those of MaxN-MinL, and is similar to the optimal solution obtained via ESDCP. Finally, using electronic traffic grooming improves power savings up-to 15% in the two considered topologies. |
10,683 | Please write an abstract with title: Methods of evaluation and reduction of stray currents induced in steel constructions of power stations, and key words: Steel, Force, Magnetic fields, Conductors, Structural beams, Power generation, Inductance. Abstract: The general tendency in modern power stations is to increase the rated power of the generating unit. The 500-600 MW units are now customary and in worldwide usage and larger units are constantly being introduced. However, the rated voltage of the generators remains on the 20-28 kV level, due mainly to the difficulties encountered in designing suitable stator insulation. The rated currents in the busbars connecting the generator to the unit transformer are therefore within the 20-35 kA range. |
10,684 | Please write an abstract with title: A pixelized VOA based on liquid crystal on silicon, and key words: Liquid crystal on silicon, Pulse width modulation, Optical films, Optical attenuators, Optical filters, Optical devices, Liquid crystal devices, CMOS technology, Liquid crystal displays, Driver circuits. Abstract: We have fabricated a 512-pixel liquid crystal VOA (variable optical attenuator) with biased PWM based on liquid crystal on silicon, using ITiO as a common electrode. The VOA is suitable for making tunable filters with low driver voltage. |
10,685 | Please write an abstract with title: Depth Classification of Defects Based on Neural Architecture Search, and key words: Steel, Neural networks, Lasers, Testing, Reinforcement learning, Multilayer perceptrons, Machine learning. Abstract: As an important part of non-destructive testing, infrared thermography testing is widely used in various fields of industrial development for monitoring the quality of metal parts. Considering the problem of low detection rate of surface defects on steel parts, we explored the application of neural architecture search (NAS) in infrared thermography area for the first time. On the one hand, we compared different time-series temperature features of defect locations in infrared images and validate the performance of three different features such as heating, cooling and full process by machine learning methods. On the other hand, we searched for multilayer perceptron through NAS technology to classify defects with different depths. Experiments have proved that the time-series temperature feature is very effective when used in the depth classification of defects, and the accuracy rate can reach 93% under the verification of traditional machine learning methods. The NAS technique used in this paper can search 100 multilayer perceptrons in a minimum of 121s and achieve 100% defect classification accuracy. |
10,686 | Please write an abstract with title: Evolving a teaching strategy for developing students' consultancy skills through a real-world case study, and key words: Education, Computer aided software engineering, Information systems, Engineering profession, Information analysis, Informatics, Electronic mail, Instruments, Portfolios, Cities and towns. Abstract: This Paper addresses the collective skills and knowledge students must acquire to follow a career in consultancy and the means by which these can be meaningfully learned in the course of their studies. We show how students can be encouraged to identify the skills and knowledge they need to complete a mini realworld consultancy task of their own choice, and to reflect upon their experience through different assessment instruments. We then encouraged students to make a personal audit of their own skills and to use the opportunity provided by a real-world case, study to evidence the skills that they perceived were important to them. |
10,687 | Please write an abstract with title: Computational Efficiency of Interpolated Band-Stop Filters for Even Spectral Bands, and key words: Interpolation, Frequency synthesizers, Finite impulse response filters, Switches, Frequency response, Computational efficiency, Registers. Abstract: Band-stop filters are discussed. Based on the previously proposed structure for odd spectral bands, a block diagram of an interpolated band-stop filter for even spectral bands was created. Using the proposed structure will reduce the requirements for computing resources, namely the number of filter coefficients in comparison with the reference filter calculated by the classical method. For this structure, relations were obtained to determine its computational efficiency, as well as the register increase coefficient. The following parameters are analytically determined: the optimal meaning of the interpolation coefficient, the maximum meaning of the computational efficiency and the register increase coefficient at the optimal meaning of the interpolation coefficient. A feature of the obtained relations is that they use the values of the stopband and the central frequency of the rejection in determining the parameters necessary for the synthesis of the interpolated FIR filter. A comparison was made of the interpolated band-stop filter for even spectral bands according to the proposed structure and the reference band-stop filter synthesized by the classical method. The performed analysis showed that it is expedient to use the proposed structure under certain conditions. The disadvantages of the recommended structure include the fractionality of the resulting interpolation coefficient, the discreteness of switching between spectral bands and the increase in ripples in the resulting frequency response. We can assume that the proposed structure is effective but not universal. |
10,688 | Please write an abstract with title: A medical assessment algorithm for automated remote triage, and key words: Medical diagnostic imaging, Intelligent sensors, Wireless sensor networks, Decision making, Mobile communication, Medical treatment, Injuries, Intelligent systems, Intelligent agent, Intelligent networks. Abstract: Ascertaining the medical status of soldiers deployed in the battlefield is essential for medical and strategic decision-making. The diagnostic and treatment methods used in the battlefield are currently suboptimal due to limited field resources and communication mechanisms. The system described herein is designed to remotely assess the medical status of deployed soldiers to augment resources of the medic, promoting more efficient and timely treatment of battlefield injuries. Key components of this combat casualty care system are an intelligent mobile agent information management network, a sensor capable of collecting pertinent physiological data, an assessment and alert algorithm, an ad hoc wireless routing system, and a user interface. The focus of this paper is on the development and preliminary evaluation of our medical model and assessment algorithms, which were implemented using hard-coded rules and a fuzzy logic approach. We discuss results of our initial simulations, the limitations of our medical model, and present a strategy for testing and improving different implementations of our model. |
10,689 | Please write an abstract with title: Conclusion, and key words: Wireless communication, Sensors, Wireless sensor networks, Radio frequency, Hardware, Communication system security, Adaptation models. Abstract: This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book provides an in‐depth treatment of the fundamental physics behind the intelligent planar structures, and details the research roadmap towards their development and hardware and prototyping features. It presents the potentials of intelligent surfaces in boosting the performance of future wireless applications in terms of reliability, security, and latency. The book delves into the very basic fundamentals of intelligent reconfigurable surface (IRS), as an enabler for novel technological trends accompanied with the evolution of sixth‐generation networks. It sheds lights on the underlying channel models over a wide range of frequency bands for single and multi‐IRS scenarios, the hardware architecture, and operational concepts of IRS‐enabled wireless systems, paving the way for the smooth comprehension of the preliminary concepts and facilitating the practical realization of efficient IRS systems. |
10,690 | Please write an abstract with title: Development and Evaluation of VVRPlot, a Smart Phone Application for Drawing Two-Variable Functions in VR Space Using Speech Recognition, and key words: Education, Virtual reality, Speech recognition, Eye protection, Smart phones. Abstract: The use of virtual reality (VR) in education has recently proven effective in several areas. Here, we study whether the use of mobile VR, involving the use of VR goggles and smartphones and that can be administered inexpensively, improves the effectiveness of education. Mobile VR does not allow the use of auxiliary devices for input. Therefore, in our previous study, we employed the volume button as an input for mobile VR.In this study, we use a combination of gaze and voice in the VR space as input for mobile VR. Incorporating this technique, we created an application that draws a graph of a two-variable function in a VR space and to be evaluated it by users. The application was considered as easy to use with eye gaze input, but difficult to use with voice input. |
10,691 | Please write an abstract with title: Automatic thresholding abundance fractional images for mixed pixel classification, and key words: Pixel, Humans, Image analysis, Inspection, Image segmentation, Signal processing, Image processing, Laboratories, Computer science, Image classification. Abstract: Mixed pixel classification is different from spatial-based image classification in the sense that the former deals with abundance fractional images resulting from mixed pixels as opposed to classification maps produced by the latter. As a result, mixed pixel classification is generally carried out by visual inspection on the generated abundance fractional images. Consequently, it can be very subjective and vary with different human interpretations. Under such circumstance, it is difficult to substantiate an algorithm and conducting a comparative analysis is impossible. This paper presents one histogram-based approach to thresholding abundance fractional images. It thresholds an abundance fractional image into a binary image using a probability of confidence as a threshold value. |
10,692 | Please write an abstract with title: Latency Optimization for Mobile Edge Computing with Dynamic Energy Harvesting, and key words: Task analysis, Mobile handsets, Energy harvesting, Greedy algorithms, Servers, Simulated annealing, Heuristic algorithms. Abstract: In mobile edge computing, the energy harvesting enables sustainable work of battery-powered mobile devices. However, most existing works in mobile edge computing with energy harvesting do not consider the task dependency and dynamic energy harvesting. In this paper, a model by considering the task dependency and dynamic energy harvesting is proposed. The problem of task completion time minimization is formulated, which is NP-hard. A dynamic energy harvesting strategy based on the wireless power transfer is proposed to solve the problem by allocating time slots dynamically for energy harvesting of mobile devices. Besides, we propose a greedy algorithm by giving priority to offload the sub-tasks with task dependency to the place with minimum completion time. Meanwhile, a simulated annealing algorithm is customized to refine the solution generated by the proposed greedy algorithm. Numerical results show that, the proposed algorithms outperform the random algorithm in terms of task completion time. Meanwhile, the performance of proposed greedy algorithm is better than the proposed simulated annealing algorithm in terms of the running time of algorithm. |
10,693 | Please write an abstract with title: Predictor-Based Neural Network Finite-Set Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converter, and key words: Multilevel converters, Uncertainty, System dynamics, Computational modeling, Predictive models, Robustness, Steady-state. Abstract: This letter investigates the possibility of deploying a novel finite control-set model predictive control solution for solving the ongoing research challenges in predictive control regulated modular multilevel converter, i.e., model parameter sensitiveness and excessive computational burden as well as weighting factors selection. Specifically, it is realized by cascading a predictor-based neural network design, which enables a smooth and fast identification of system dynamics, and a computationally efficient finite-set predictive control, which is responsible for simplifying the rolling optimization and reducing the computational complexity. The main contribution of the proposed methodology relies on the fact that no knowledge of any model parameters and weighting factors in whole control process are required, which leads to a significant enhancement in the robustness and reliability of the control system in the presence of parametric uncertainties, while remaining computationally feasible. Finally, the stability analysis is given, and the proposed methodology is experimentally assessed for modular multilevel converter, where steady-state and transient-state performance tests confirm the interest of the proposal. |
10,694 | Please write an abstract with title: The Variational InfoMax AutoEncoder, and key words: Generators, Entropy, Mutual information, Robustness, Task analysis, Encoding, Data models. Abstract: The Variational AutoEncoder (VAE) learns simultaneously an inference and a generative model, but only one of these models can be learned at optimum, this behaviour is associated to the ELBO learning objective, that is optimised by a non-informative generator. In order to solve such an issue, we provide a learning objective, learning a maximal informative generator while maintaining bounded the network capacity: the Variational InfoMax (VIM). The contribution of the VIM derivation is twofold: an objective learning both an optimal inference and generative model and the explicit definition of the network capacity, an estimation of the network robustness. |
10,695 | Please write an abstract with title: Wide gamut, single-wafer, flexible structural coloration via wet chemistry with resolution beyond diffraction limit, and key words: Chemistry, Diffraction, Thermal resistance, Color, Chemical lasers, Electrooptical waveguides. Abstract: We demonstrate structural colors with gamut exceeding the red green and blue (RGB) spectrum, on inexpensive, metal-free, and thermal resistant structures with resolution of 127000 dots per inches (DPI) on 4-inch wafers beyond. |
10,696 | Please write an abstract with title: Insights from computational modelling: Characterising Midget and Parasol Retinal Ganglion Cells using Electrical Stimulation, and key words: Law, Neurons, Visual prosthesis, Electrical stimulation, Signal processing, Retina, Physiology. Abstract: Retinal prostheses seek to create artificial vision by stimulating surviving inner retinal neurons of patients with retinal degenerative diseases. However, the performance of all implants tested to date have remained rudimentary incapable of overcoming the threshold for legal blindness. Better understanding of retinal physiology under artificial electrical stimulation will be significantly improve the stimulation performance to create meaningful patterns of retinal outputs, that closely resemble those in natural vision. This in silico study characterize the electric response of two retinal ganglion cell (RGC) subtypes: midget and parasol cells in primate retina. The threshold difference between RGCs can be by influenced by RGC locations and multiple RGC morphological properties. The knowledge gained from this study could provide insights towards the design of the stimulation methods for next-generation visual prosthesis. |
10,697 | Please write an abstract with title: A Study of the Switched Reluctance Motor using Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets, and key words: Torque, Reluctance motors, Rotors, Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, Stators. Abstract: High torque density and high efficiency of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) are required. In this paper, An SRM using Grain-Oriented electrical steel sheets (GO) is proposed. The GO has been paid an attention because of its low iron loss characteristic and high magnetic flux density in the saturation area. The GO is a soft magnetic material which magnetic flux is easily through in a specific direction. Also, three kinds of torques can be used, which are a reluctance torque by the saliency, a reluctance torque by the difference of magnetic permeability, and a torque by the magnetic anisotropy. The torque by the magnetic anisotropy is generated by rotating of each magnetization vector.In this research, two kinds of the SRM are proposed. One is the SRM having two poles rotor, and the other one is the SRM having a cylindrical rotor. The number of poles is set to two poles to confirm that the torque of the SRM using the GO is higher than that of the SRM using Non-Oriented electrical steel sheets (NO). On the other hand, the SRM having a cylindrical rotor is designed to reduce the windage loss in the high speed area. It can be rotated by the reluctance torque generated by the difference of magnetic permeability and the torque generated by magnetic anisotropy. |
10,698 | Please write an abstract with title: Rare-Event Simulation for Multiple Jump Events in Heavy-Tailed Lévy Processes with Infinite Activities, and key words: Monte Carlo methods, Stochastic processes, Approximation algorithms, Numerical models. Abstract: In this paper we address the problem of rare-event simulation for heavy-tailed Lévy processes with infinite activities. We propose a strongly efficient importance sampling algorithm that builds upon the sample path large deviations for heavy-tailed Lévy processes, stick-breaking approximation of extrema of Lévy processes, and the randomized debiasing Monte Carlo scheme. The proposed importance sampling algorithm can be applied to a broad class of Lévy processes and exhibits significant improvements in efficiency when compared to crude Monte-Carlo method in our numerical experiments. |
10,699 | Please write an abstract with title: A Classification Scheme for Gamification in Computer Science Education: Discovery of Foundational Gamification Genres in Data Structures Courses, and key words: Computer science, Visualization, Conferences, Bibliographies, Education, Collaboration, Data structures. Abstract: This research full paper presents two main outcomes: 1) a novel classification system for gamification implementations including proposed genres, and 2) a comprehensive study and categorization of existing DSA gamification applications and a discussion of genres absent existing applications. Gamification presents a great potential to improve user engagement, motivation, and learning in nearly all fields of study including computer science (CS) education. However, it lacks formalized study and comprehensive analysis in CS education, and thus what makes for effective gamification is still a key question. Rather than initially trying to examine and catalog existing gamification applications and studies across the breadth of CS education as a whole, this paper instead focuses on Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) courses. In general, DSA courses tend to be difficult due to the inherent complexity and abstraction exhibited by the fundamental concepts. As such, gamification presents a potential opportunity to convey these complex ideas in meaningful and unique ways. To carry out this work, a literature review of current DSA gamification applications is presented, the applications are categorized, and the pros and cons analyzed. Based on this analysis, a classification system is created and two new abstract genres are identified: dynamic gamification and collaborative gamification development. Potential uses, benefits and detriments are suggested for these newly identified genres. With this analysis and classification of gamification along with the identification of new abstract genres, the practice of gamification in DSA coursework can be made more efficient and effective. Upon a more thorough understanding of DSA gamification, pedagogical considerations can be made to better aid teachers and instructors in the integration of gamification into existing curriculum. The paper also touches on the applicability of the classification system to CS gamification examples outside of DSA. |
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