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10,500 | Please write an abstract with title: Application of Game in the Activation of Rural Virtual Body, and key words: amplification, Rural transformation, Activation of virtual body. Abstract: In the era of global urbanization, rural areas are characterized by hollowing out and aging. Although the development and construction of rural areas are constantly valued by the society, there are still many disadvantages in rural reconstruction. The rural areas are the epitome of the historical development, which contains the spirit and culture of the nation and region. The attention paid to the imaginary content in the protection of the rural areas is less. It is beneficial to the sustainable development and cultural inheritance of the rural areas to pay attention to and study the activation of the imaginary body in the rural areas. From the perspective of amplification, this paper studies how to strengthen the activation of rural virtual bodies, use the game mechanism and the characteristics of amplification, and improve the activation effect in the experience process of rural space and rural virtual bodies, so as to improve the economic and cultural development, the appearance, and the effect of the activation construction of rural areas. |
10,501 | Please write an abstract with title: X-MAC: Achieving High Scalability via Imperfect-Orthogonality Aware Scheduling in LPWAN, and key words: Performance evaluation, Protocols, Scheduling algorithms, Scalability, Packet loss, Dynamic scheduling, Reliability engineering. Abstract: As an emerging Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology, LoRa is dedicated to providing long-range connections for pervasive Internet-of-Things devices. As LoRa operates in the unlicensed spectrum, transmissions from multiple LoRa end-devices inevitably collide into each other, leading to packet losses and increased transmission delay. Targeting at collisions caused by interferences under the same spreading factor (SF) settings, researchers introduce multiple lines of techniques. Despite their efforts, these techniques commonly neglect the potential collisions caused by interferences under different SF settings, which are resulted by the imperfect orthogonality. Given the disparate transmission power configurations and diverse deployed locations, the collisions under different SFs commonly exist in practical networks, and significantly limit the LoRa reliability. In this paper, we present X-MAC, the first scheduler that is aware of imperfect orthogonality. Technically, X-MAC detects the collisions under different SFs via tracking historical transmissions, and further performs dynamic channel scheduling to avoid collisions caused by interferences both under the same and different SFs. Extensive evaluations on testbed devices show that, compared with the state-of-the-art methods, X-MAC boosts the network scalability (number of concurrent end-devices) by 2.41× with packet reception rate (PRR) requirement of > 95%. |
10,502 | Please write an abstract with title: Trajectory Tracking Control for State-Constrained Nonholonomic Chained System via Dynamic Surface Control, and key words: Control systems, Switches, Relays, Robot kinematics, Nonlinear systems, Trajectory tracking, Mechanical systems. Abstract: In the presented work, the practical trajectory tracking controller is designed for a kind of nonholonomic system under full state constraints. Firstly, a finite-time tracking controller is proposed to drive the action of relay switching which divides the entire control process into two stages. Then, using state transformations, the remaining error original system is converted into an unconstrained system for which the tracking controller is designed based on dynamic surface control. Meanwhile, another tracking control law is also addressed to ensure the boundedness of tracking errors before the action of switching. In stability analysis, it has been shown that the developed tracking control strategy can achieve the desired tracking control objectives and the predefined full state constraints. At the same time, all signals keep bounded in the whole control process. Simulation results are provided finally to demonstrate the effectiveness of the tracking control algorithm. |
10,503 | Please write an abstract with title: Mutual information based registration of SAR images, and key words: Mutual information, Interpolation, Image registration, Speckle, Digital images, Kernel, Synthetic aperture radar, Image analysis, Algorithm design and analysis, Histograms. Abstract: Interpolation artifacts caused by the discrete nature of digital images and interpolation kernels have been previously reported in the literature for mutual information based image registration. Unfortunately they become pronounced in the case of SAR (synthetic aperture radar) image registration, exacerbated by speckle noise. We analyzed the two widely used interpolation algorithms in image registration, namely bilinear interpolation and partial volume interpolation. According to simulation results, we found that the former algorithm produces an extremely non-smooth metric function, whereas the latter method introduces a spurious global optimum at some position of misalignment, instead of the position of perfect registration, under certain circumstances. To make the mutual information criterion useful for the application of SAR image registration, we proposed two pre-processing steps including speckle reduction and an appropriate selection of the number of bins for histogram construction. Simulation results indicate that, by this effort, interpolation artifacts in the mutual information function can be significantly suppressed, and as a consequence, accurate registration is allowed. In conjunction with the two proposed pre-processing steps, we implemented a multiscale elastic registration algorithm. An example of registering a pair of JERS-1 (L-band, HH-polarization) and RADARSAT (C-band, HH-polarization) images verified the potential of this algorithm. |
10,504 | Please write an abstract with title: Marathi and Konkani Speech Recognition using Cross-Correlation Analysis, and key words: Correlation, Machine learning algorithms, Speech recognition, Machine learning, Mathematical models, Indexes, Data mining. Abstract: Systems that extract information from speech are common in communications and automation, where an individual's voice is analysed and recognised by the system to follow the intended course of action. Extant research on speech recognition deals with the application of complex performance techniques of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to study large non-isolated voice patterns. This paper uses simplistic performance parameters, namely, cross correlation for the identification of individual voice samples consisting of isolated Marathi and Konkani words in MATLAB. The study examines a dataset of 90 samples comprising 10 words from both languages for 10 individuals. The study presents a comparative analysis of. wav and. ogg formats of the audio samples with efficiencies of 93.5% and 88.5% for Marathi and Konkani respectively. |
10,505 | Please write an abstract with title: Towards a Universal Model of Dielectric Breakdown, and key words: Dielectric Breakdown, Ginestra®, bond-breakage, precursors, carriers' injection. Abstract: We present a microscopic breakdown (BD) model in which chemical bonds are weakened by carrier injection and trapping into pre-existing structural defects (precursors) and by the electric field. The model goes much beyond the existing ones by consistently explaining the role of both current (a weakness of the E model) and temperature (a weakness of the power-law model), along with the role of the electric field. It also explains the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of BD. It suggests a new comprehensive physics-based framework (with tight connections to material properties) reconciling the many breakdown theories proposed so far (E, power-law, 1/E,…) within a more universal breakdown model. |
10,506 | Please write an abstract with title: Advances in Preference-based Reinforcement Learning: A Review, and key words: Costs, Scalability, Reinforcement learning, Benchmark testing, Concrete, Behavioral sciences, Task analysis. Abstract: Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms suffer from the dependency on accurately engineered reward functions to properly guide the learning agents to do the required tasks. Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) addresses that by utilizing human preferences as feedback from the experts instead of numeric rewards. Due to its promising advantage over traditional RL, PbRL has gained more focus in recent years with many significant advances. In this survey, we present a unified PbRL framework to include the newly emerging approaches that improve the scalability and efficiency of PbRL. In addition, we give a detailed overview of the theoretical guarantees and benchmarking work done in the field, while presenting its recent applications in complex real-world tasks. Lastly, we go over the limitations of the current approaches and the proposed future research directions. |
10,507 | Please write an abstract with title: Partial Power Processing Multi-Port DC-DC Converters, and key words: Capacitors, DC-DC power converters, Power system measurements, Load flow, Density measurement, Bridge circuits, Photovoltaic systems. Abstract: With the favorable merit of handling only a fraction of system power, partial power processing (PPP) converter gains increasing attention in the engineering application with high requirement on power density and efficiency. However, most studies focus on the PPP two-port dc-dc converters, while how to derive PPP multi-port converters is still kept unclear. Hence, this paper aims to explore the principle of PPP multi-port dc-dc converters, and consequently, a family of viable PPP multi-port configurations is derived. In order to achieve a better understanding, PPP three-port converter with three isolated modules is firstly presented and introduced in detail, which has three possible configurations. The voltage relationship among three ports are more flexible than the PPP two-port converter that step-up/down voltage gain can be inherently attained. Moreover, two isolated modules can be further integrated into a hybrid one, so that components are able to be more reduced. By employing typical fully/partially isolated three-port converters such as triple active bridge converter to the proposed configurations, the corresponding PPP three-port converters are simply obtained. Finally, with the increasing number of ports, the configuration and characteristics of PPP multi-port converter will be more diverse. As an example, PPP four-port as well as five-port configurations are shown in the paper. |
10,508 | Please write an abstract with title: Surface soil moisture estimation using active microwave ERS wind scatterometer and SAR data, and key words: Surface soil, Radar measurements, Soil measurements, Sea measurements, Electromagnetic heating, Instruments, Microwave theory and techniques, Sea surface, Soil moisture, Spatial resolution. Abstract: This paper presents an original methodology to retrieve surface (< 5 cm) soil moisture over low vegetated regions using the two active microwave instruments of ERS satellite. The developed algorithm takes advantage of the multi-angular configuration and high temporal resolution of the Wind Scatterometer (WSC) combined with the SAR high spatial resolution. High correlations (R/sup 2/ greater than 0.8) are observed for three studied watersheds in France with an rms error smaller than 4% between real and retrieved moistures. |
10,509 | Please write an abstract with title: Group Communication with OSCORE: RESTful Multiparty Access to a Data-Centric Web of Things, and key words: Protocols, Conferences, Information-centric networking, Interference, Internet, Security, IP networks. Abstract: Content replication to many destinations is common in the IoT. IP multicast has proven inefficient due to a missing layer-2 support by IoT radios and its synchronous end-to-end transmission, which is susceptible to interference. Information-centric networking (ICN) introduced hop-wise multiparty dissemination of cacheable content, which proves valuable for lossy networks. Even Named-Data Networking (NDN), a prominent ICN, suffers from a lack of deployment.We explore a multiparty content distribution in an information-centric Web of Things built on CoAP. We augment CoAP proxies by request aggregation and response replication, which together with caches enable asynchronous group communication. Further, we integrate object security with OSCORE into the CoAP multicast proxy system for ubiquitous caching of certified content. We compare NDN, CoAP, and our data-centric approach in testbed experiments. Our findings indicate that multiparty content distribution with CoAP proxies performs equally well as NDN, while remaining compatible with the protocol world of CoAP. |
10,510 | Please write an abstract with title: Femtosecond Laser-Induced Response Wave Measuring Method for Single Cell Characterization, and key words: Pressure sensors, Sensitivity, Tools, Microsensors, Microfluidics, Acoustic waves, Strain. Abstract: Once a femtosecond laser impulse is focused in fluids, an acoustic radiation is induced around the focal point. In this research, this acoustic radiation has shown its potential as a phenotyping tool in microfluids. Under the stimulation of such an impulse acoustic radiation, two novel types of response waves (namely, rebound wave and transmitted wave) are found, which are tightly related with the target object within the detection area. To sense both types of waves in microfluidics, an ultra-thin glass sheet (10 μm) -based cantilever is designed at the bottom of the microchannel as an acoustic microsensor, converting acoustic waves into detectable cantilever deformation. To date, we have conducted experiments on 10 μm beads and successfully verified the existence of both types of waves and the function of the proposed microsensor. Besides, the relationship between beads' states and response waves have also been found. |
10,511 | Please write an abstract with title: A computational paradigm for space-time multiuser detection, and key words: Multiuser detection, Antenna measurements, Maximum likelihood detection, Base stations, Delay, Maximum likelihood estimation, Fading, Intersymbol interference, Multiaccess communication, Narrowband. Abstract: In a general wireless system, cells are loosely defined and user signals appear at multiple antennas with various powers and delays. Despite the enormous performance benefits of system-wide maximum-likelihood multiuser detection (ML MUD), its application to such systems is hampered by the lack of a regular structure. Prior work usually dismisses the possibility on computational grounds as exponential in the total number of users, at least. This paper is the first to address efficient computation of system-wide ML MUD. We present a computational organization that achieves dramatic reduction in complexity through exploitation of the partial overlap of user sets at different antennas. This algorithm, which applies to code-division multiple access or narrowband systems, can be viewed as a spatio-temporal extension of the well-known Viterbi algorithm (VA), and, like the VA, it is derived from dynamic programming principles. |
10,512 | Please write an abstract with title: A Consise Two-phase Flow Model for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance Modelling, and key words: Methanol, Fuel cells, Power system modeling, Performance analysis, Predictive models, Computational fluid dynamics, Electrons, Physics, Design optimization, Fluid dynamics. Abstract: Direct methanol fuel cel (DMFC) is recognized as a promising next generation power source for portable electronic devices for its high energy density. The work in DMFC system modelling is important to provide performance prediction and leads to design optimization. So far there are mainly two approaches in DMFC modeling work, namely to derive through full CFD (computable fluidic dynamics) and to go through electrochemical reactions involving mass and electrons flux transport. The latter has the advantage of reduced computational complexity, however without considering the physics of two-phase flow caused by anode methanol oxidation. Whereas, such effect is modeled in CFD techniques for accurate performance analysis. In this paper, we proposed one concise model which includes both two-phase flow physics and mass/electron flux transport in the DMFC performance analysis. The model is validated by comparing with polarization measurement of DMFC. The model prediction of cell performance has a good agreement with the experiment data. The model also gives the analysis of methanol crossover influence on cell performance. |
10,513 | Please write an abstract with title: An Analysis of Black Energy 3, Crashoverride, and Trisis, Three Malware Approaches Targeting Operational Technology Systems, and key words: Integrated circuits, Industrial control, Conferences, Computer crashes, Production facilities, Malware, Computer crime. Abstract: Connected factories offer more and more possibilities to bring business logic in the industrial related components like industrial control systems (ICS). These systems in the operational technology (OT) sector are usually harder to update and maintain compared to IT systems. In recent years, the number of cyberattacks that are specifically tailored to OT systems has increased. We analyzed BlackEnergy 3 (BE3), Crashoverride (CO), and Trisis (TS). After describing the occurrences of these attacks, we looked for similar strategies between these three approaches and propose promising methods to prevent such or similar attacks in the future. |
10,514 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on Machine Learning-based Nowcasting Method for Low Visibility Weather in Urumqi Airport, and key words: Analytical models, Satellites, Machine learning algorithms, Atmospheric modeling, Weather forecasting, Predictive models, Airports. Abstract: This paper takes Urumqi Airport as an example, to analyze the visibility of the airport and its impact on normal flight. For the purpose of analysis, the airport’s real-time meteorological observation and numerical forecast data is regarded as the analysis field after full consideration of the meteorological observation conditions of the airport, combined with the advantages and disadvantages of mainstream research methods at home and abroad, so that the temporal and spatial characteristic factors causing the low visibility weather at the airport in nowcasting period can be obtained through the analysis and matching of the airport and satellite observation data, to prospect a nowcasting model for low visibility weather in the airport using machine learning algorithms. Due to the addition of multi-channel satellite data, the nowcasting model proposed in this paper can access the visibility evolution information of large scale in space, which provides the basis for the fine monitoring of visibility at the airport. According to the video image monitoring data of airport flight area, the multidimensional and high-frequency quantitative inversion data about the airport visibility can be obtained, which makes up for the lack of low visibility weather monitoring at airport in azimuth and time. |
10,515 | Please write an abstract with title: Tracking and Relative Localization of Drone Swarms With a Vision-Based Headset, and key words: Drones, Tracking, Location awareness, Cameras, Headphones, Robot kinematics, Training. Abstract: We address the detection, tracking, and relative localization of the agents of a drone swarm from a human perspective using a headset equipped with a single camera and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). We train and deploy a deep neural network detector on image data to detect the drones. A joint probabilistic data association filter resolves the detection problems and couples this information with the headset IMU data to track the agents. In order to estimate the drones' relative poses in 3D space with respect to the human, we use an additional deep neural network that processes image regions of the drones provided by the tracker. Finally, to speed up the deep neural networks' training, we introduce an automated labeling process relying on a motion capture system. Several experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The approach is real-time, does not rely on any communication between the human and the drones, and can scale to a large number of agents, often called swarms. It can be used to spatially task a swarm of drones and also employed without a headset for formation control and coordination of terrestrial vehicles. |
10,516 | Please write an abstract with title: Class-Wise Subspace Alignment-Based Unsupervised Adaptive Land Cover Classification in Scene-Level Using Deep Siamese Network, and key words: Feature extraction, Remote sensing, Training, Neural networks, Support vector machines, Image resolution, Earth. Abstract: In this article, an unsupervised domain adaptation strategy has been investigated using a deep Siamese neural network in scene-level land cover classification using remotely sensed images. At the onset, the soft class label and probability scores of each target sample have been obtained using a pretrained model of a deep convolutional neural network. Thereafter, a semiautomatic threshold selection algorithm along with a graph-based approach has been explored to obtain the “most-confident” target samples. Furthermore, the deep Siamese network has been incorporated by training the source and “most-confident” target samples to generate the classwise cross domain common subspace. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed framework, experiments are carried out using three aerial image datasets. The results are found to be encouraging for the proposed scheme in comparison with the other state-of-art techniques. |
10,517 | Please write an abstract with title: Analyzing canopy spectra with polynomial expression and retrieval of chlorophyll concentration, and key words: Polynomials, Reflectivity, Remote sensing, Soil, Power system modeling, Hyperspectral sensors, Optoelectronic and photonic sensors, Light scattering, Hyperspectral imaging, Mathematical model. Abstract: The polynomial expression is a new and powerful model to interpret the light scattering process inside leaf/soil system and decipher the nonlinear relationship between component spectra and canopy reflectance. In our previous work, we have outlined the forward model and analyzed its feature. For models with large number of parameters, their inversion is a challenging problem. This paper presents the algorithm and strategy that makes the complex multivariant inversion problem efficient and stable |
10,518 | Please write an abstract with title: Phase Control in Interpolation for Backprojection of THz FMCW SAR Signals, and key words: Geometry, Interpolation, Imaging, Process control, Lighting, Phase control, Aerospace electronics. Abstract: The THz frequency spectrum opens a lot of applications in the imaging at sub-mm level. The increase of the operating frequency band for SAR imaging systems to the THz range has proportionally affected the amount of raw data to be stored and used for accurate image reconstruction. As a consequence, improvements in the existing SAR imaging algorithms to reduce the amount of data needed to achieve the appropriate quality of imaging is desired. This paper introduces the phase control procedure as an extension to the existing sinc interpolator for backprojecting complex-valued FMCW SAR data into a defined image plane. The proposed extension controls the phase of interpolated complex-valued SAR data parameters so that it includes appropriate information about the range distance between the SAR system and the given point of space. The extended algorithm is incorporated into the global backprojection algorithm and examined on the measurement data acquired via the 2πSENSE FMCW SAR system. The efficiency of the extended algorithm is evaluated through the comparison with the conventional nearest neighbor and sinc interpolation algorithms. |
10,519 | Please write an abstract with title: Generation of fingering motions by robotic fingers using morphological characteristics of human thumb, and key words: Character generation, Fingers, Humans, Thumb, Robot sensing systems, Robotics and automation, Stability, Computer simulation, Books, Surface morphology. Abstract: The human thumb is a digit playing crucial roles among all digits used for object manipulation. The special feature of the thumb termed as pad-opposition with four other fingers makes human precision manipulation possible, and during four other fingers dexterously manipulate an object, the thumb functions as a role of stably supporting other's manipulating motions within the pad-opposition. In various characteristics of the thumb, this paper concentrates upon the large radius of pad curvature of the thumb compared with those of four other fingers. In order to show the influence of the large pad curvature, it is shown that reiterated fingering motions can be easily generated by a pair of robotic fingers with different pad curvatures by using a sensory-feedback. It is also shown from computer simulations and experiments that the pad curvature automatically distinguishes roles of the thumb and other fingers. It is finally claimed that the thumb plays a crucial role in enhancement of dexterity and stability in such an implicit manner that it helps the other opposite finger with less pad curvature to make a swift rolling movement that can sophisticatedly control movements of the object. |
10,520 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on a User Context Model Based on Data Mining, and key words: Analytical models, Statistical analysis, Crawlers, Information services, Data collection, Data models, Internet. Abstract: With the popularity of the Internet and under the rising number of online shoppers, e-commerce platforms are facing increasing challenges in personalizing their descriptions and information services to users. Therefore, in this paper, the context factors that have an impact on users' decisions are counted through questionnaires and derived by way of statistical analysis. Based on the coarse-grained context conclusions drawn from the statistical analysis through SPSS, a web crawler was used to crawl the Taobao users' context and behavioral dataset as the experimental dataset. The crawled data was then analyzed by K-Means. Finally, the K-Means clustering model analysis is used to propose the construction of a user context model, which is used to promote the correct understanding of personalized information needs on the platform, thereby increasing user loyalty. |
10,521 | Please write an abstract with title: Learning Robust Features for 3D Object Pose Estimation, and key words: Training, Three-dimensional displays, Autonomous systems, Quaternions, Pose estimation, Linear programming, Feature extraction. Abstract: Object pose estimation remains an open and important task for autonomous systems, allowing them to perceive and interact with the surrounding environment. To this end, this paper proposes a 3D object pose estimation method that is suitable for execution on embedded systems. Specifically, a novel multi-task objective function is proposed, in order to train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract pose-related features from RGB images, which are subsequently utilized in a Nearest-Neighbor (NN) search-based post-processing step to obtain the final 3D object poses. By utilizing a symmetry-aware term and unit quaternions in the proposed objective function, our method yielded more robust and discriminative features, thus, increasing 3D object pose estimation accuracy when compared to state-of-the-art. In addition, the employed feature extraction network utilizes a lightweight CNN architecture, allowing execution on hardware with limited computational capabilities. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed method is also able to successfully generalize to previously unseen objects, without the need for extra training. |
10,522 | Please write an abstract with title: Hardware in the Loop Simulator for a Coral Reef Monitoring Robot (C-Bot), and key words: Autonomous underwater vehicles, Remotely guided vehicles, Pollution, Oceans, Robot sensing systems, Hardware, Task analysis. Abstract: Ocean exploration and monitoring are vital to discover new resources and check the effects of pollution on marine health. Recent studies are focused on deploying remotely operated or autonomous underwater vehicles to achieve this task. However, a hybrid underwater vehicle (HROV) proves to be much more effective in performing such operations since it can be operated both as a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). This paper presents hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation developed for C-Bot HROV using ROS middleware and Gazebo simulator. This technique is essential to safely test the algorithms, especially the control and guidance algorithms on the vehicle hardware in a simulated underwater environment without operating it in the real world. The mission file for autonomous vehicle operation is defined using a custom tag-based approach. A python-based graphical user interface (GUI) is developed to monitor and command the vehicle from the ground control station (GCS). The sensor data visualization is performed using RViz on the GCS. |
10,523 | Please write an abstract with title: Patent abstracts, and key words: Patents, Abstracts, Optical resonators, Electromagnetic waveguides, Optical attenuators, Frequency conversion, Switches, Optical fiber couplers, Propagation losses, Conductors. Abstract: These patent abstracts of recently issued patents of interest to microwave engineers are intended to provide the minimum information necessary for readers to detennine if they are interested in examining the patent in more detail. Complete copies of patents are available for a small fee by writing: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Box 9, Washington, DC, USA. |
10,524 | Please write an abstract with title: Field calculations around non-standard electrodes using regression and their spherical equivalence, and key words: Electrodes, Surface fitting, Equations, Surface treatment, Linear regression, Virtual manufacturing, Computational modeling, Symmetric matrices. Abstract: A fitting-oriented modification to the charge-simulation method in estimating electric fields is introduced which appreciably reduces computation time and cost. Multiple linear regression makes it possible to reduce the size of the simulating charge system without altering the selected potential boundary points. The technique suits irregularly shaped electrodes with pointed terminations. An attempt to standardize the end profile of high voltage electrodes is presented by matching the formation of the initial corona cloud of a given electrode to that of a standard hemi-spherically terminated electrode. |
10,525 | Please write an abstract with title: Testbed for the Comparative Analysis of DS-Lite and Lightweight 4over6 IPv6 Transition Technologies, and key words: Scalability, Tunneling, Signal processing, Benchmark testing, Virtual machining, IP networks. Abstract: This paper aims to build a testbed for two of the most prominent IPv6 transition technologies, namely, Lightweight 4over6 and Dual Stack Lite. Four virtual machines were used to facilitate the implementation of each transition technology. Point to Point tunneling plus stateful NAT64 were used to implement Dual Stack Lite. Snabb was used to implement Lightweight 4over6 testbed. The testbed is built in preparation for the benchmarking measurements to facilitate a comparative analysis of the performance of two tunneling IP transition technologies: Dual Stack Lite as a stateful mechanism, and Lightweight 4over6 as a stateless mechanism. |
10,526 | Please write an abstract with title: Fast Infrared Small Target Detection by Using Hadamard Product for Spatial-Temporal Matrices, and key words: Object detection, Image edge detection, Gray-scale, Error correction codes, Error correction, Three-dimensional displays, Real-time systems, parameter estimation. Abstract: Infrared (IR) small target detection has recently been widely used in civil and military applications. In IR small target detection, IR images probed at long distances are easily disturbed by complex backgrounds, light changes, and other noises, which makes it pretty challenging. Most existing literature focuses on low false alarms and high detection accuracy rather than computational efficiency. We propose a fast and reliable IR small target detection method that deals with spatial and temporal domains based on the Hadamard product for spatial-temporal matrices (HPSTM). In the spatial domain, a weighted tri-layer window is used to convolute the IR image and obtain the gradient matrices. In the temporal domain, three interval frames were used instead of conventional adjacent frames and contrast matrices were extracted. Finally, the two spatial-temporal matrices use the Hadamard product to multiply and a simple threshold to transfer into a binary image for target detection. We also proposed the optimal mask size selection (OMSS) method, which can adjust the optimal tri-layer window size in the spatial domain to obtain the best detection result. The experimental results show that the proposed HPSTM method has a high detection accuracy and fast running time compared with other methods, indicating that the proposed HPSTM method is reliable and suitable for real-time IR small target detection. |
10,527 | Please write an abstract with title: Designing shareable and personalisable e-learning paths, and key words: Electronic learning, Information technology. Abstract: The paper presents a methodology to design and to develop personalizable educational content to be used by learning communities on the Web. As the cost of design and creation of educational materials for web-based courses is normally expensive and time consuming, there is an obvious advantage in exchanging course material between educators involved in the same field. To this end we are claiming that other than the adoption of re-use methodologies, a valuable saving is obtained by realizing content that best fits the actual needs of different students engaged in diverse learning scenarios. A methodology that couples re-use techniques with personalization methods is discussed and a layered modelling process is proposed. A system based on this model is considered, and some of its peculiar implementation aspects are highlighted. In particular, focus is placed on the benefits of using XML technology as a straightforward solution to our modelling requirements. |
10,528 | Please write an abstract with title: Active Disturbance Rejection Control Based Single Current Feedback Resonance Damping Strategy for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter, and key words: Damping, Impedance, Capacitors, Delays, Stability analysis, Sensors, Power system stability. Abstract: The LCL-type grid-connected inverter (GCI) is widely adopted between distributed generation (DG) and power grid to realize DC/AC power conversion. However, the underdamped LCL filter will cause a resonance phenomenon near the control stability boundary, which may lead to instability of the GCI system. The traditional passive damping method will cause power loss, while the active damping method may have the need for additional sensors or be sensitive to parameter changes. In this article, a control scheme based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed for the LCL-type GCI, and the systematic parameter design method is presented through root locus analysis. With the proposed strategy, only the grid-injected current is sensed to achieve the objectives of grid-injected current direct control and robust resonance damping for the LCL-type GCI. In the design process, the influence of digital control delay and grid impedance uncertainty on system stability is explicitly analyzed in detail. Through this, the GCI can work stably over a wide range of the typical inductive-resistive grid impedance. In addition, it is found that the proposed strategy also has good adaptability to the filter parameter perturbation. Simulation and experimental results validate the theoretical analysis in this paper. |
10,529 | Please write an abstract with title: A single chip CMOS transceiver for 802.11 a/b/g WLANs, and key words: Wireless LAN, Radio frequency, Baseband, Phase noise, Radio transceivers, Dual band, Frequency conversion, Image converters, Hardware, Filters. Abstract: A 0.18 /spl mu/m dual-band tri-mode CMOS radio, fully compliant with the IEEE 802.11 a/b/g standards, achieves a system noise figure of 5.2/5.6 dB (high gain), and an EVM of 2.7/3.0% for the 2.4/5 GHz bands, respectively. Die area is 12 mm/sup 2/, and power consumption is 200 mW in RX and 240 mW in TX using a 1.8 V supply. |
10,530 | Please write an abstract with title: Shape similarity image retrieval by hypothesis and test, and key words: Shape, Image retrieval, Testing, Image segmentation, Image edge detection, Object recognition, Deformable models, Image processing, Postal services, Content based retrieval. Abstract: Image retrieval by shape similarity systems usually either focus their attention on images with isolated objects (uniform backgrounds and no occluding objects) or perform time consuming exhaustive initializations to localize the portion of the image possibly containing the searched shape. We propose a content based image retrieval (CBIR) method merging classic alignment techniques for an efficient shape localization with an innovative verification strategy able to deal with an inexact matching between the searched and the found shape. |
10,531 | Please write an abstract with title: Moisture-Responsive Paper Robotics, and key words: Robots, Actuators, Moisture, Surface morphology, Spraying, Three-dimensional displays, Morphology. Abstract: Origami structures held promise for their flexibility, simultaneous responsiveness, and adaptability, yet they are vulnerable due to the hygroscopic property when exposed to the humid environments. However, the patterning of hydrophobic material along the design enhances the controllability of paper for self-folding to robotics locomotion. The capillary action of sprayed water molecules is localized through the number or sizes of hydrophilic channels defined by the printed wax patterns resulting in large deformation to form various 3D geometries. The patterned paper performed folding actuation with water and unfolding behavior with evaporation without being mechanically manipulated by external forces or moments. The paper actuators further enable the sequential self-folding along the multiple hinges for the cube and diamond structures. Advances in soft robotics for practical applications, the utilization of different swelling/shrinking properties with water and kirigami-inspired programmable structures interact with the lightweight and non-planar objects. The anisotropic properties of paper in response to water spraying combined with folding/unfolding deformations permit the fold-to-pop-up robots for biomimetic locomotion on the plane or water. Two robots deform their body to move forward through bending-relaxation gait. |
10,532 | Please write an abstract with title: Using the architecture description language MetaH for designing and prototyping an embedded reconfigurable sliding mode flight controller, and key words: Architecture description languages, Prototypes, Sliding mode control, Aircraft, Aerospace control, Control systems, Thickness control, Switches, Domain specific languages, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Abstract: This work utilizes an integrated tool set consisting of the domain specific language Simulink, the BEACON code generator, and the architecture description language MetaH to prototype a new method for reconfiguring control systems. The model system selected is a simplified model of a derivative F-16 aircraft flying at 10,000 ft. at mach 0.7. Sliding mode controller design consists of two steps. First, a suitable hypersurface is selected such that linear tracking error behavior with desired eigenvalues placement is achieved on the surface. Then the control is found in order to guarantee the hypersurface is reached in finite time and is maintained thereafter. This guarantees the desired decoupled tracking response in sliding mode and insensitivity to external disturbances and parametric uncertainties. Smoothing of the control input is achieved via the saturation function and reconfiguration of the controller is accomplished by dynamically varying the boundary layer thickness. A model of the controller and aircraft are created using Simulink. The BEACON code generator is then used to generate code packages describing the aircraft and controller systems. MetaH is used to create a software architecture for integration of the controller and aircraft subsystems, to simplify software module integration, to create an executable for the embedded target, and to switch flight controller modes to enable the reconfigured controller. |
10,533 | Please write an abstract with title: The merging of the wireless and fiberoptic worlds, and key words: Merging, Broadband antennas, Optical fiber networks, Microwave technology, Wireless networks, Millimeter wave technology, Frequency, Optical interconnections, Central office, Routing. Abstract: Summary form only given. Wireless access networks provide users the attractive feature of untethered connectivity. The increasing demand for broadband services has led to the consideration of the millimeter-wave frequency band (26 GHz and above) where the total capacity of an antenna base-station (BS) can approach 1-2 Gb/s. Optical fiber-feed networks are being proposed as the means to interconnect a large number of functionally simple antenna BSs, to a central office (CO) implementing a variety of switching and routing functions. By incorporating wavelength division multiplexing technology, scaleable and easy-to-manage fiber feed networks can be realized. Rapid developments in both photonic and microwave technologies have fuelled an intense effort into the research and development of these 'hybrid' fiber-wireless networks. This tutorial will present an overview of the progress of the merging of the wireless and fiberoptic worlds in the areas of the associated enabling technologies, sub-systems and system demonstrations. A variety of issues that must be addressed in the implementation of hybrid fiber-radio systems will be introduced, including the required photonic components at both the CO and BS, as well as the the effect of the optical fiber characteristics on the transportation of the wireless signals. |
10,534 | Please write an abstract with title: Digital methods for conversion between arbitrary sampling frequencies, and key words: Sampling methods, Frequency conversion, Finite impulse response filter, Interpolation, IIR filters, Digital filters, Filtering, Time varying systems, Extrapolation, Bandwidth. Abstract: The paper presents filtering methods for interfacing time-discrete systems with different sampling frequencies. The methods are applicable for sampling rate conversion between any two sampling frequencies; the conversion ratio may even be irrational or slowly time varying. Interpolation by irrational factors requires digital filters with nonperiodically varying coefficients. This is dealt with in two ways. 1) All possible coefficient values are precalculated. This is, in a sense, possible because of the finite resolution needed. Or 2), the coefficients can be updated in real time using either FIR or IIR filters. The first solution requires a huge coefficient memory; the second scheme, on the other hand, is computationally intensive. While discussing both of these solutions, more practical intermediate schemes incorporating both FIR-and IIR-type filters are suggested. The suggested practical implementations are either based on analog reconstruction filters where the derived digital filter coefficients are functions of the distances between current input and output samples or digital interpolators combined with simple analog interpolation schemes for finding the desired values in between the uniform output samples from the digital interpolator. |
10,535 | Please write an abstract with title: An Optical Fiber-Based Integrated LAN for MAGNET's Testbed Environment, and key words: Optical fiber testing, Integrated optics, Optical fiber LAN, Local area networks, Access protocols, Optical packet switching, Optical fiber communication, Computer architecture, Intserv networks, Videoconference. Abstract: MAGNET is a Network Testbed (NTB) designed to evaluate the performance of local area network architectures and protocols supporting integrated services such as televideo, video conferencing, telephone, computer communication, and facsimile. The integrated local area network (ILAN) presented in this paper has been designed to support the research activities intended for MAGNET. An active slotted ring topology was chosen to implement adaptive sequential-type access mechanisms that are a function of the network loading. The ILAN is based on fiber optic technology with wavelength-division multiplexing of two 100 Mbit/s channels. The media-access protocol provides higher levels with the capability of implementing two modes of operation referred to as circuit-switching, and packet-switching modes, respectively. Provisions have also been made for implementing simultaneous scheduling as well as centralized and decentralized access control schemes. Finally, the reconfigurable structure of the network testbed enables the study of the reliability and availability of ILAN's. |
10,536 | Please write an abstract with title: Enhanced Power Sharing among DGs in AC Microgrids connected via Underground Cables, and key words: Adaptation models, Reactive power, Power cables, Microgrids, Capacitance, Inverters, Data models. Abstract: Urban microgrids and active distribution networks are typically connected through underground (UG) cables due to space constraints. Most works on power sharing in AC microgrids focus on networks with overhead lines (OHL) which are predominantly resistive or inductive in nature. This work focuses on power sharing enhancement amongst inverter based distributed generations (DGs) with interconnections through UG cables and proposes two adaptive virtual impedance (AVI) schemes (virtual L and C) which can be used seamlessly with L, RC and C types of droop strategies. The UG cables have been modelled using practical data from cable manufacturers considering the shunt capacitances which is not generally factored into the modelling of overhead lines. Extensive simulations for the same have been carried out on MATLAB/Simulink for different types of loads for a simple two DG based network as well as for a meshed network with three DGs and different R/X ratios. |
10,537 | Please write an abstract with title: SQLi-Fuzzer: A SQL Injection Vulnerability Discovery Framework Based on Machine Learning, and key words: Machine learning algorithms, Conferences, Machine learning, SQL injection, Fuzzing, Complexity theory, Security. Abstract: With the development of information technology, the function of Web application becomes more consummates, but its security problems are more prominent, among which SQL injection has become one of the most serious threat to Web application today. With the increase of the complexity of Web application, the difficulty of SQL injection vulnerability discovery increases gradually, and the traditional vulnerability discovery technology is difficult to deal with it. Fuzzing is more suitable for discovering SQL injection vulnerability because of its unique advantages. However, Fuzzing application in the field of Web application vulnerability discovery is limited by the difficulty of initial testcase construction and the complexity of mutation strategy selection. In this paper, we research the application of machine learning in Fuzzing field and solve the weakness of Fuzzing by machine learning algorithm. We design and implement a SQL injection vulnerability discovery framework based on machine learning--SQLi-Fuzzer, which realizes the Fuzzing function based on Genetic Algorithm, and applies machine learning algorithm to the generation and mutation of testcase. We evaluate the performance of the SQLi-Fuzzer from two aspects: payload ratio and vulnerability discovery ability. The result shows that SQLi-Fuzzer can not only generate higher quality testcases, but also discover SQL injection vulnerability of Web application more effectively. |
10,538 | Please write an abstract with title: Screen pattern removal for character pattern extraction from high-resolution color document images, and key words: Colored noise, Image resolution, Ink, Filtering, Pattern analysis, Optical character recognition software, Color, Smoothing methods, Wavelet analysis, Image segmentation. Abstract: Screen patterns used in offset-printing become visible or cause moire noise in the images if the documents are scanned at high resolution such as 400dpi or more. This has been an obstacle in developing document recognition systems which handle color documents. This paper proposes a new method for filtering screen patterns/noise in high-resolution color document images. The method utilizes a wavelet analysis for screen pattern detection. Experimental results show that our method can smear periodic screen patterns effectively preserving thin character strokes. |
10,539 | Please write an abstract with title: A Study of Multiparty Interactions in Continuation Semantics, and key words: Measurement, Scientific computing, Semantics, Tools, Mathematical model. Abstract: We employ the mathematical methodology of metric semantics in designing the continuation-based denotational and operational semantics for two process calculi recently investigated in the literature based on well-known Milner's CCS. We prove that our denotational models are weakly abstract with respect to their corresponding operational models. |
10,540 | Please write an abstract with title: DistFax: A Toolkit for Measuring Interprocess Communications and Quality of Distributed Systems, and key words: Couplings, Correlation, Runtime, Computational modeling, Focusing, Software, Behavioral sciences. Abstract: In this paper, we present DistFax, a toolkit for measuring common distributed systems, focusing on their interprocess communications (IPCs), a vital aspect of distributed system run-time behaviors. DistFax measures the coupling and cohesion of distributed systems via respective IPC metrics. It also characterizes the run-time quality of distributed systems via a set of dynamic quality metrics. DistFax then computes statistical correlations between the IPC metrics and quality metrics. It further exploits the correlations to classify the system quality status with respect to various quality metrics in a standard quality model. We empirically demonstrated the practicality and usefulness of DistFax in measuring the IPCs and quality of 11 real-world distributed systems against diverse execution scenarios. The demo video of DistFax can be viewed at https://youtu.be/VLmNiHvOuWQ online, and the artifact package is publicly available at https://tinyurl.com/zaz27ec8. |
10,541 | Please write an abstract with title: Future Air Force Tactical Communications, and key words: Aerospace electronics, Mobile communication, Military aircraft, Satellite communication, Security, Resists, Electronic warfare, Force sensors, Sensor phenomena and characterization, Weapons. Abstract: During the 1980's, many improvements will be made in the Air Force's ability to communicate in a battlefield environment. Programs like JTIDS, SEEK TALK, TRI-TAC, and the Ground Mobile Forces satellite communications terminals will improve the security, jam resistance, connectivity, and capacity of today's Air Force tactical communications. Even after these programs have been implemented, however, some important problem areas will remain, especially in our ability to resist a determined enemy's electronic warfare and physical attacks. This paper first describes today's Air Force tactical communications requirements and capabilities, and then summarizes the current problem areas. Currently planned programs to solve these problems are described for aircraft voice, aircraft data, ground-to-ground interconnections, and sensor/weapon data links. The problem areas that will remain after the implementation of these programs are then discussed. Some important technological opportunities are identified that hold promise for overcoming some of the projected problem areas in the 1990's. In addition, some system approaches are suggested for exploiting these technological opportunities, and for improving our use of older technologies. These system approaches emphasize reduced-information-rate operation, adaptive network techniques, network management/control, packet switching, and joint-Service, interoperable, common-user systems. |
10,542 | Please write an abstract with title: FPGA-based Neural Network System for Epileptic Seizure Detection, and key words: Power demand, System performance, Computer architecture, Feature extraction, Hardware, Electroencephalography, Software. Abstract: An epileptic seizure is the maximum replied persistent neurological disorder. The non-stop tracking and early detection can reduce the effect of seizures. In this context, we aim to realize a hardware implementation system based on a multi-layer perceptron able to detect epileptic seizure activities. The designed system has been implemented on FPGA. We have proposed an optimized medical diagnostic approach based on wavelet transform with a minimum number of features, able to correctly classify the appropriate Electroencephalogram (EEG) classes. The optimized approach leads to minimizing the size of the FPGA prototype and reducing power consumption. The proposal system performance has been realized in terms of precision rate and the number of resources used in hardware implementation. |
10,543 | Please write an abstract with title: Composite powder metal synchronous reluctance machine, and key words: Powders, Reluctance machines, Testing, Torque, Prototypes, Manufacturing, Couplings, Stators, Robustness, Finite element methods. Abstract: A new methodology for producing a synchronous reluctance machine (SyRM) has been developed. The new methodology involves fabricating powder metal (P/M) disks 8 mm to 25 mm thick which are constructed of sintered together ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic powder metal layers. The advantages for adopting the composite P/M SyR rotor over the conventional axially or radially laminated SyR rotors are mechanical integrity, safe high-speed operation, low-cost manufacture and higher torque/power density. To cite a couple of examples associated with these claims, comprehensive load point testing of an initial prototype has revealed that torque density was improved by 16% over a radially laminated prototype utilizing the same stator and housing. Also robustness has been greatly improved such that the composite sintered rotor is capable of mechanically operating at 30% greater than the maximum speed of a comparable size, high-speed induction rotor. In this paper these examples will be presented more fully along with the design finite element analysis (FEA magnetic), and testing (centrifugal stress testing and electric machine performance testing). |
10,544 | Please write an abstract with title: Fuzzy-logic-controller-based cost-effective four-switch three-phase inverter-fed IPM synchronous motor drive system, and key words: Synchronous motors, Pulse width modulation inverters, Pulse inverters, Costs, Electrical equipment industry, Switching loss, Signal processing algorithms, Signal generators, Logic circuits, Machine vector control. Abstract: This paper investigates the performance of a fuzzy-logic-controller (FLC)-based cost-effective drive system of interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for high-performance industrial applications. In this paper, the FLC is used as a speed controller and the motor is fed from a four-switch three-phase (4S3Ph) pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) inverter instead of a conventional six-switch three-phase (6S3Ph) inverter. This reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, and the complexity of the control algorithms and interface circuits to generate six PWM logic signals. Furthermore, the proposed control approach reduces the computation for real-time implementation. The closed-loop vector control scheme of the proposed 4S3Ph-inverter-fed IPMSM drive incorporating the FLC is implemented in real time using the digital signal processor (DSP) TI TMS320C31 for a prototype 1-hp motor. The robustness of the proposed FLC-based 4S3Ph-inverter-fed IPMSM drive is verified by theoretical and experimental results at different operating conditions. A comparison of the proposed 4S3Ph-inverter-fed IPM drive with a conventional 6S3Ph inverter system is also made in terms of performance and harmonic analysis of the stator current. The proposed inverter-fed IPMSM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction, and other inherent advantageous features. |
10,545 | Please write an abstract with title: Artificial Intelligence and Students Learning: A Study on Outcome of Technological Usage (AI) In Higher Education Platform, and key words: Artificial intelligence (AI), Robots, Artificial intelligence in Education, Android robots, Technology, outcome of Technological usage (OTUAI). Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is presumptively driving technological force of the primary this century, and may work nearly every trade, if not human endeavors at large. Businesses and governments worldwide are running huge sums of cash into an awfully big range of implementations, and dozens of start-ups square measure being funded to the tune of billions of dollars. AI is one altogether those aspects of recent life relating to that the majority individuals have some awareness, and notwithstanding acknowledge we've little information. In fact, for several AI is similar with golem robots, which might be as a result of news relating to AI is sort of regularly illustrated with a picture of a golem or a digital brain. Meanwhile, the dystopian footage of front robots keep firmly within the realm of phantasy. This study discusses on what student ought to learn within the age of AI, however will AI enhance and remodel education. The analysis is administered with well-structured form and picked up responses from Teaching colleges and students experiencing computer science in education. the current study aiming at application of AI in higher education, an empirical approach has been wanting to verify the possible analysis findings. exploitation convenient sampling, around 320 responses were collected from AI users. Results shows Outcome of Technological Usage of AI (OTUAI) has been dominantly factorized into 3 dominant factors. there’s vital distinction among demographic profile teams in factors of OTUAI. Impact of demographic profile, usage of technology and medium of instruction on overall OTUAI has been identified. |
10,546 | Please write an abstract with title: Dynamic Fused Multiply-Accumulate Posit Unit with Variable Exponent Size for Low-Precision DSP Applications, and key words: Dynamic range, Standards, Hardware, Encoding, Decoding, Memory management. Abstract: The current processing power and energy efficiency demands have been pushing the research on low-precision floating-point formats alternative to the IEEE-754 standard. One such alternative is the Posit format, which has demonstrated to provide improved accuracy and larger dynamic ranges with lower precision arithmetic (when compared to the IEEE-754 standard). Such advantages are achieved by adopting a dynamic encoding of the value's scale factor, which combines a variable-sized regime field with a parameterized exponent field. Current hardware implementations are based on fixed exponent sizes. However, this limits the range of values that can be represented by the format for a given precision. Alternatively, this paper proposes a new posit Dynamic Fused Multiply-Accumulate (DFMA) unit with support for variable exponent sizes, capable of encoding an extended representation range, from values with high decimal precisions to very large integer numbers, within the same hardware. When compared to other posit implementations, the proposed DFMA unit shows that the overheads imposed by the improved representation range are marginal, making it suitable to a wide range of application domains. |
10,547 | Please write an abstract with title: Explosion Suppression Mechanism of Flame Retardant Powders on Aluminum Dust Cloud Explosion, and key words: Aluminum dust cloud Explosion, Flame retardant powder, Suppression mechanism, Thermal analysis. Abstract: In order to reduce the hazard of aluminum dust cloud explosion accident, it is necessary to analyze the suppression mechanism of effective flame retardant powder. Based on the explosion suppression experiment in transient flame propagation system, three flame retardant powders, ABC powder (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate), MCA powder (melamine cyanurate) and MPP powder (melamine pyrophosphate) were studied by simultaneous thermal analysis. The results showed that ABC powder could achieve flame retardant effect mainly by endothermic decomposition producing non-combustible gas and the endothermic evaporation of product. While MCA and MPP would decompose to inert gas, and generate intermediate products isocyanic acid and phosphorus radicals respectively, which will consume massive oxygen atoms. During the heating process of aluminum powder, the core aluminum expansion would break through the alumina film, and oxide again. The addition of flame retardant powder would delay this process, but there was no linear relationship between delay time and explosion suppression effect. |
10,548 | Please write an abstract with title: Mode-selective imaging and control of nano-plasmonic near-fields, and key words: Optical microscopy, Lasers and electrooptics, Plasmons, Laser modes, Optical imaging, Optical pumping, Nanostructures. Abstract: We demonstrate how ultrafast electron microscopy can be used to quantitavely analyse the modal structure of plasmonic nano-resonators and to coherently manipulate the optical near-field by multicolor laser pumping scheme - enabling the generation of complex beating patterns between different plasmonic modes. |
10,549 | Please write an abstract with title: Gradient-Tracking-Based Distributed Optimization With Guaranteed Optimality Under Noisy Information Sharing, and key words: Optimization, Convergence, Couplings, Quantization (signal), Linear programming, Directed graphs, Noise measurement. Abstract: Distributed optimization enables networked agents to cooperatively solve a global optimization problem. Despite making significant inroads, most existing results on distributed optimization rely on noise-free information sharing among the agents, which is problematic when communication channels are noisy, messages are coarsely quantized, or shared information are obscured by additive noise for the purpose of achieving differential privacy. The problem of information-sharing noise is particularly pronounced in the state-of-the-art gradient-tracking-based distributed optimization algorithms, in that information-sharing noise will accumulate with iterations on the gradient-tracking estimate of these algorithms, and the ensuing variance will even grow unbounded when the noise is persistent. This article proposes a new gradient-tracking-based distributed optimization approach that can avoid information-sharing noise from accumulating in the gradient estimation. The approach is applicable even when the interagent interaction is time-varying, which is key to enable the incorporation of a decaying factor in interagent interaction to gradually eliminate the influence of information-sharing noise. In fact, we rigorously prove that the proposed approach can ensure the almost sure convergence of all agents to the same optimal solution even in the presence of persistent information-sharing noise. The approach is applicable to general directed graphs. It is also capable of ensuring the almost sure convergence of all agents to an optimal solution when the gradients are noisy, which is common in machine learning applications. Numerical simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. |
10,550 | Please write an abstract with title: Ultralocal Model-Based Tuning-Free Controller for PMSM Drives Considering Control Frequency, and key words: Load inertia variation, permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), tuning-free controller, ultralocal model. Abstract: This letter proposes an easy-implementation ultralocal model-based tuning-free controller (UL-TFC) considering control frequency to enhance the speed performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in scenarios with load inertia variation. The complicated traditional tuning-free controller (TFC) for inertia variation suppression is introduced and the side impact of the control frequency on control performance caused by the low-pass filter (LPF) is analyzed. Then, the UL-TFC is designed without additionally LPF, the coefficient configuration has been introduced and the performance improvement of the UL-TFC against inertia and control frequency variations is analyzed. Finally, the tuning-free performance of the proposed UL-TFC is experimentally confirmed. |
10,551 | Please write an abstract with title: Evaluation of the Environmental Quality of Human Settlements in Fuzhou Based on Multi-Source Data, and key words: Urban areas, Indexes, Remote sensing, Graphical models, Economics, Distribution functions, Planning. Abstract: Evaluating the living environment within the city helps to find the problems exposed in the urban development, make the adjustment and improve the urban environment. However, most current studies focus on macroscale. This paper takes the downtown area of Fuzhou as the research area, the microscale residential area as the research unit, using multisource data such as meteorological monitoring data, remote sensing images, points of interest data (POI), population-kilometer data, land planning data, to construct the urban livability evaluation system from five aspects: environmental health, economic prosperity, traffic convenience, urban safety and public service facilities. The TOPSIS method was used to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of livability. The result shows that the overall quality of the residential environment is generally high in the central area and low in the marginal areas. More concretely, the areas with high level of human settlement are mainly distributed in most area of Taijiang District, the central and eastern part of Gulou District, the junction of Jin'an, Gulou and Taijiang Districts, Nantai Island in Cangshan District; the areas with low level of human settlement equality are mainly distributed in the marginal area of downtown. |
10,552 | Please write an abstract with title: An Investigation of Frequency Dependent Reliability and Failure Mechanism of pGaN Gated GaN HEMTs, and key words: Logic gates, Gallium nitride, Performance evaluation, Degradation, Reliability, HEMTs, MODFETs. Abstract: This paper presents a frequency dependent reliability study of commercially available GaN HEMTs. Both circuit and device-level experiments were performed to better understand the device-level cause of degradation. It was determined through step-frequency analysis performed in a boost converter that there is a frequency-dependent device degradation for positive gate stress. The point of degradation and its primary effect on the converter before the circuit ultimately failed have been analyzed with converter efficiency, gate current, and gate voltage overshoot. The findings of this experiment clearly show a decline in efficiency and voltage overshoot and increment in gate current, which are linked to device degradation. Furthermore, the recovery behavior of degraded devices has been investigated. However, after initial degradation, devices did not show any signs of recovery over twenty-four-hour recovery periods. The causal origin of these phenomena associated with the gate structure of the device was established by gate step-stress testing as well as an examination and analysis of the possible conduction mechanisms through the gate structure. |
10,553 | Please write an abstract with title: Fuzzy synthetic evaluation of economic benefit of enterprise based on neural network, and key words: Fuzzy neural networks, Neural networks, Power generation economics, Artificial neural networks, Appraisal, Profitability, Multi-layer neural network, Fuzzy control, Mathematics, Laboratories. Abstract: A method of fuzzy multilayer synthetic evaluation of economic benefit of enterprise is proposed, which applies artificial neural network to analyze the influence coefficients of evaluation indexes of economic benefit. In this way, many subjective factors involved can be avoided and so the economic benefit of enterprise can be analyzed and evaluated more objectively and justly. The method presented is very simple and easy to implement. A practical example is also given and the results verify the validity of the method. |
10,554 | Please write an abstract with title: Edge AI as a Service: Configurable Model Deployment and Delay-Energy Optimization With Result Quality Constraints, and key words: Artificial intelligence, Computational modeling, Data models, Complexity theory, Task analysis, Data integrity, Resource management. Abstract: The breakthrough of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques has accelerated their applications in a wide range of industries, such as security protection, transportation, agriculture, and medical care. With the support of edge computing environments, providing latency guaranteed AI as a Service (AIaaS) can accelerate the deployment of data-intensive and computation-intensive AI applications and reduce the investment cost of the customers. However, the deployment architecture and working mechanism design, and performance optimization problems specific for AIaaS with configurable data quality and model complexity have not been studied in existing works. To address the problem, we propose a configurable model deployment architecture (CMDA) for edge AIaaS and present a flexible working mechanism by enabling the joint configuration of data quality ratios (DQRs) and model complexity ratios (MCRs) for the AI tasks. Along with commonly used resource allocation operations, the manager can improve the energy and delay performance of AI services with the desired quality of results (QoRs). We develop an energy-delay minimization problem under the framework of CMDA and propose a polynomial regression based relaxing method to solve the task configuration subproblem. We conduct experiments and simulations on the ImageNet classification and the common objects in context (COCO) object detection tasks using state-of-the-art deep learning models. We present the corresponding result quality tables (RQTs) and QoR regression models to illustrate the proposed method. The results of single task configuration and multi-task configuration and resource allocation on ImageNet classification and COCO object detection tasks demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve over $5\times$ HDEC improvement compared with non-optimization schemes, and also show that joint configuration of DQR and MCR can achieve over $1.2\times$ HDEC improvement compared with the methods that only configure DQR or MCR. |
10,555 | Please write an abstract with title: Understanding and Using Spatial Landmarks of Visually Impaired People for Navigation Applications, and key words: visually impaired people, spatial landmarks, geometric constraints, navigation. Abstract: Navigation is one of the major difficulties for Visually Impaired People (VIP). Spatial landmarks are of great importance for them to find their way and orient themselves. In this paper, the most commonly used spatial landmarks by VIP are identified and their geometric constraints are constructed to pave the way for map-matching algorithms. The representative landmarks for VIP were identified through a systematic interview with 12 VIP, whose profiles cover different levels of vision impairments using different assistive mobility aids. Various analyses are performed based on their sensory modality, frequency of use as well as the number of users. Next, the previously identified landmarks are divided into two categories: waypoints and reassurance points, depending on whether they contribute directly to map-matching algorithms. Geometric constraints are designed for each identified landmark to facilitate their integration into the map-matching or path-planning algorithms. Finally, an explicit dictionary of landmarks and their geometric constraints is proposed dedicated to the VIP’s navigation in cities. Through a user centric approach, our method translates the subjective, personal navigation experiences of the VIP into an objective, universally accessible format. |
10,556 | Please write an abstract with title: Application and Future of Modern Energy Internet Based on Artificial Intelligence, and key words: Deep learning, Training, Training data, Learning (artificial intelligence), Power system stability, Real-time systems, Smart grids. Abstract: The emergence of deep learning is undoubtedly a landmark breakthrough in artificial intelligence, and the emergence of this technology makes it possible for us to realize the real smart grid. A major challenge currently facing deep learning technology is the requirement of enough training samples to ensure the accuracy of results of the learning. But for the current power grid, training data can be obtained because a lot of real time data is collected to maintain the stability of its operation. With the deep learning technology, there is no doubt that these data can be utilized to realize the intelligent operation of the power grid. First, this paper gives a brief introduction to the current artificial intelligence, followed by the introduction of deep learning technology. Some potential applications of the deep learning in the daily operation of the power grid are proposed. And in the end, there is a brief description of some of the features that future smart grids should have. |
10,557 | Please write an abstract with title: Parasitic Scattering of Bloch Surface Waves, and key words: Optical losses, Surface waves, Photonic band gap, Diffraction, Scattering, Dielectric losses, Photonics. Abstract: One-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) consisting of alternating homogeneous dielectric layers are considered as a promising platform for integrated photonic systems, since they can support Bloch surface waves (BSWs; surface electromagnetic waves propagating along an interface of a PC), which can be used as information carriers in such integrated systems. Here, we study the parasitic scattering losses arising upon diffraction of BSWs on a dielectric ridge located on the surface of the PC. We demonstrate that under certain conditions imposed on the BSW angle of incidence and the PC parameters (thicknesses and refractive indices of the PC layers), the parasitic scattering losses can be completely eliminated. |
10,558 | Please write an abstract with title: Data Analysis for Field orienteering Monitoring by COMPASS System, and key words: Training, Information science, Data analysis, Control engineering, Psychology, Safety, Compass. Abstract: Affected by the topographic and weather conditions, and the athletes’ physical, skill and psychological qualities, it’s rather difficult to guarantee the athletes’ safety during the orienteering training and competition process. In this paper, a orienteering training monitoring and data analysis system based on COMPASS positioning and communication was proposed, and two data series collected by the system were analyzed. The data showed that: 1) According to comprehensive punch efficiency and performance efficiency, athletes No.9, No.13 obtained the best performance efficiency; 2) the safety warning ability and higher efficiency of orienteering training can be improved using the monitoring system based on COMPASS positioning and communication. |
10,559 | Please write an abstract with title: Accurate modeling of aggressive speculation in modern microprocessor architectures, and key words: Computational modeling, Computer simulation, Computer architecture, Microprocessor chips, Measurement, Writing, Application software, Bandwidth, Delay, Environmentally friendly manufacturing techniques. Abstract: Computer architects utilize cycle simulators to evaluate microprocessor chip design tradeoffs and estimate performance metrics. Traditionally, cycle simulators are either trace-driven or execution-driven. In this paper, we describe ValueSim, a software layer that is interposed between a cycle simulators and either a functional simulator or a value-enhanced trace. By writing to the ValueSim API, the cycle simulator can run in either trace-driven mode or execution-driven mode, allowing it to exploit the advantages of both approaches. The ValueSim API allows a cycle simulator to accurately model a complete range of aggressive speculative mechanisms developed by computer architects, even in the trace-driven mode. Using ValueSim, we illustrate, for three key commercial applications, the significant underestimation of off-chip bandwidth, queuing delays and cache pollution when modern speculative mechanisms are not accurately modeled, highlighting the importance of accurately modeling these mechanisms in chip multiprocessor designs. |
10,560 | Please write an abstract with title: Understanding goals in learning by interaction, and key words: Machine learning algorithms, Humans, Machine learning, Learning automata, Algorithm design and analysis, Feedback loop, Animals, Psychology. Abstract: In reinforcement learning (RL) the goal of an agent is to maximize the sum of rewards that it receives. Agent designers must translate the desired goal into a particular reinforcement function. This process of translation is inherently error-prone because it is performed manually by human experimenters guided only by their experience and certain heuristic rules. It is a well-known phenomenon in RL when an agent rinds a way of maximizing the return without actually reaching the intended goal - all because of an incorrectly specified reinforcement function. For example, if in a game of chess we reward taking of the opponent's piece, the agent might find it more profitable to take as many as possible at the expense of loosing the game. In this paper we first examine the notion of a goal and then based on our understanding of goals propose a generalized way of imparting goal information to agents as an alternative to reinforcements. We show that using this approach we can significantly simplify goal specification by making it less prone to errors and in many cases reduce the memory requirements of learning algorithms. Preliminary experimental results with modified Q-learning algorithms are also reported. |
10,561 | Please write an abstract with title: Power Allocation for Multi-Relay AF Cooperative System with Maximum System Capacity, and key words: Relays, Resource management, Cooperative systems, Convex functions, Signal to noise ratio, Cooperative communication, Power system reliability. Abstract: In order to maximize the capacity of the cooperative communication system, a power allocation scheme for multi-relay AF cooperative system based on blind relays is presented in this paper. Under the premise that the source power is known, the power allocation problem is modeled to maximize the capacity of the system and transformed into the standard convex optimization. The power allocation factors of each relay is obtained by solving the Karush-Kuhn-Tucher (KKT) condition. Finally, the capacity and outage probability of the proposed scheme are provided for the proposed power allocation scheme. Compared with the typical equal power allocation, the proposed convex optimization-based power allocation scheme achieves better performance. |
10,562 | Please write an abstract with title: Variation-Aware Test for Logic Interconnects using Neural Networks – A Case Study, and key words: Crosstalk, Very large scale integration, Particle measurements, Delays, System-on-chip, Task analysis, Testing. Abstract: In today's system-on-chips, interconnects increasingly affect the reliability of the system. Crosstalk defects can result in delay and glitch faults and also aggravate aging mechanisms such as electro-migration. Furthermore, fab-induced deviations of the interconnect layout may lead to a reduced line spacing and enlarged crosstalk defects. While crosstalk testing at the system level directly measures the behavior of the interconnect section under test, at the logic level crosstalk effects may interfere with delay faults or parameter variations in the logic components. In particular, detecting gate-level crosstalk defects in the presence of parameter variations is a very challenging, yet very important task. In this work a method to distinguish between crosstalk-induced delays and parameter variations is presented. It is based on delay maps obtained from testing at multiple operating points. These delays maps can be classified into crosstalk-induced and variation-induced delay maps using an artificial neural network with a high success rate. Furthermore, it is shown how the basic classification scheme can be tuned to the practical constraints of interconnect testing. |
10,563 | Please write an abstract with title: An Enhanced Naive Bayes Model for Dissolved Oxygen Forecasting in Shellfish Aquaculture, and key words: Prediction algorithms, Training, Predictive models, Mathematical model, Bayes methods, Aquaculture, Classification algorithms. Abstract: It is difficult to predict dissolved oxygen values because they are disordered and nonlinear. Accurate prediction of dissolved oxygen in shellfish aquaculture plays an important role in improving shellfish production, and a reliable model is needed to accurately predict dissolved oxygen values. Therefore, in this paper, an enhanced naive Bayes (NB) model is proposed. Due to the excessive number of different dissolved oxygen values, their direct use as input samples will result in overly few training set categories for each value, which reduces the prediction accuracy. Therefore, the dissolved oxygen differential series dataset is used as the input data to reduce the number of training set categories and improve the training accuracy. To increase the number of samples in the training set, the sliding window concept from network communication protocols is used to partition the differential sequence dataset and generate the features and labels of the training set. The values were predicted as categories, and the dissolved oxygen data were accurately predicted by selecting the labels that correspond to the posterior probability maxima of all training samples. Finally, the algorithm is used to predict the dissolved oxygen data from February 18, 2016, to January 31, 2020, in Yantai, Shandong Province, China. The dissolved oxygen data of a shellfish farm were trained and predicted, and the best values of the feature lengths were optimized by analyzing their effects on the predicted dissolved oxygen values. The proposed algorithm has significantly improved the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) compared to the advanced algorithms. The results of the Diebold-Mariano test and 10-fold cross-validation also show that the proposed algorithm has a higher prediction accuracy. |
10,564 | Please write an abstract with title: An FPGA-based multi-frequency EIT system with reference signal measurement, and key words: Electrical impedance tomography, Phase measurement, Systematics, Current measurement, Low-pass filters, Biomedical measurement, Frequency response. Abstract: Multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (MFEIT) has been rapidly developed, from theory to application, in the biomedical imaging. Compared with the traditional electrical impedance tomography (EIT), MFEIT provided more information for physiological status analysis or pathological diagnosis. In this work, a MFEIT system based on FPGA is designed, which includes the following new characteristics. First, a high-accuracy multi-frequency current source with adjustable output frequency and amplitude as well as high output impedance is designed based on the combination of a classic current mirror and a differential topology, which demonstrates stable performance in high frequencies. Second, a reference measurement circuit is developed for the calibration of phase measurement data, through which the amplitude data and phase data can be more accurately measured. Furthermore, the low-pass filters of system have been designed based on the Butterworth filter theory to realize the flattest frequency response in the passband. A series of systematic tests are performed on the MFEIT system, including filter testing, amplitude and phase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements, channel consistency and measurement repeatability verification. Finally, the flatness analysis of the system frequency response and the load dependency discussion are performed respectively. In all, the maximum amplitude SNR and phase SNR of the boundary measurements are 71.55dB and 64.12dB respectively. The frequency response curve at low loads is almost flat across the entire bandwidth between 20Hz and 1MHz. Although the frequency response deteriorates when the magnitude of load is as high as kΩ, it remains flat in the frequency range of 200Hz-100kHz. The evaluation results indicate that the system has good performance over a wide frequency band, and achieves a relatively high SNR. |
10,565 | Please write an abstract with title: A fixed point interpretation of Pareto optimization, and key words: Pareto optimization, Regulators, Automatic control, Kalman filters, Application specific processors, NASA, Sufficient conditions, Control systems, MIMO, State-space methods. Abstract: Pareto optimization is shown to be equivalent to a fixed point problem for a certain multivalued function. This viewpoint provides a solution procedure for some problems. |
10,566 | Please write an abstract with title: Model-Free Adaptive Sliding Mode Control for Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems With Sensor Fault and Prescribed Performance, and key words: Training, Learning systems, Adaptation models, Simulation, Radial basis function networks, Stability analysis, Data models. Abstract: This paper concentrates on the issue of a model-free adaptive sliding mode control approach for a family of discrete-time single-input and single-output (SISO) nonlinear systems with sensor fault and prescribed performance. First of all, we set out to build an approximator that is based on radial basis function neural network to estimate the sensor fault offline, and for the purpose of restricting the tracking error in a prescribed region when the sensor fault occurs, the prescribed performance control (PPC) method is adopted. Then, we consider sliding mode control strategy to achieve the stability and ensure the convergence of tracking error within PPC scheme. We have to point out that all of these works above are carried in model-free adaptive control (MFAC) framework. Finally, a simulation example result is given to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this article. |
10,567 | Please write an abstract with title: Diagonal 4-in ZnO Nanowire Cold Cathode Flat-Panel X-Ray Source: Preparation and Projection Imaging Properties, and key words: X-ray imaging, Imaging, Cathodes, Zinc oxide, II-VI semiconductor materials, Anodes, Image resolution. Abstract: Uniform large-area flat-panel X-ray sources have potential applications in projection imaging. Achieving such a source has remained a challenge. A diagonal 4-in cold cathode flat-panel X-ray source device has been fabricated using ZnO nanowire field emitter arrays. A large-area uniform X-ray emission was produced, and projection imaging with a resolution of more than 5.0 lp/mm was realized. Its projection imaging resolution and its dependence on geometric imaging parameter settings were studied along with the imaging performance of the device. Simulations using the fast ray-tracing algorithm were performed, yielding results consistent with those from experiments. Optimal parameter settings for high-resolution projection imaging using the flat-panel X-ray source are presented. This study has significance in the application of this cold cathode flat-panel X-ray source in X-ray imaging. |
10,568 | Please write an abstract with title: SkinningNet: Two-Stream Graph Convolutional Neural Network for Skinning Prediction of Synthetic Characters, and key words: Shape, Network topology, Machine vision, Computer architecture, Feature extraction, Skeleton, Graph neural networks. Abstract: This work presents SkinningNet, an end-to-end Two-Stream Graph Neural Network architecture that computes skinning weights from an input mesh and its associated skeleton, without making any assumptions on shape class and structure of the provided mesh. Whereas previous meth-ods pre-compute handcrafted features that relate the mesh and the skeleton or assume a fixed topology of the skeleton, the proposed method extracts this information in an end-to-end learnable fashion by jointly learning the best relationship between mesh vertices and skeleton joints. The proposed method exploits the benefits of the novel Multi-Aggregator Graph Convolution that combines the results of different aggregators during the summarizing step of the Message-Passing scheme, helping the operation to general-ize for unseen topologies. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the contributions of our novel architecture, with SkinningNet outperforming current state-of-the-art alternatives. |
10,569 | Please write an abstract with title: Test reuse in the spreadsheet paradigm, and key words: Automatic testing, System testing, Software testing, Computer science, Financial management, Quality management, Quality assessment, Pharmaceuticals, Safety, Visualization. Abstract: Spreadsheet languages are widely used by a variety of end users to perform many important tasks. Despite their perceived simplicity, spreadsheets often contain faults. Furthermore, users modify their spreadsheets frequently, which can render previously correct spreadsheets faulty. To address this problem, we previously introduced a visual approach by which users can systematically test their spreadsheets, see where new tests are required after changes, and request automated generation of potentially useful test inputs. To date, however, this approach has not taken advantage of previously developed test cases, which means that users of the approach cannot benefit, when re-testing following changes, from prior testing efforts. We have therefore been investigating ways to add support for test re-use into our spreadsheet testing methodology. In this paper we present a test re-use strategy for spreadsheets, and the algorithms that implement it, and describe their integration into our spreadsheet testing methodology. We report results of a case study examining the application of this strategy. |
10,570 | Please write an abstract with title: On second-order statistics of log-periodogram with correlated components, and key words: Statistics, Cepstral analysis, Autocorrelation, Frequency, Gaussian processes, Discrete Fourier transforms, Automatic speech recognition, Additive noise, Speech recognition, Silver. Abstract: We derive an explicit expression for the covariance of the log-periodogram power spectral density estimator for a zero mean Gaussian process. We do not make the assumption that the spectral components of the process are uncorrelated. Applications to spectral estimation and to cepstral modeling in automatic speech recognition are discussed. |
10,571 | Please write an abstract with title: A Semantic Approach for Automated Rule Compliance Checking in Construction Industry, and key words: Semantics, Buildings, Data mining, Software, Regulation, Natural language processing, Object oriented modeling. Abstract: Automated Compliance Checking (ACC) of building/construction projects is one of the important applications in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, because it provides the checking processes and results of whether a building design complies with relevant laws, policies and regulations. Currently, Automated Compliance Checking still involves lots of manual operations, and massive time and cost consumption. Additionally, some sub-tasks of ACC have been researched, while few studies can automatically implement the whole ACC process. To solve related issues, we proposed a semantic approach to implement the whole ACC process in an automated way. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is used to extract rule terms and logic relationships among these terms from text regulatory documents. Rule terms are mapped to keywords (concepts or properties) in BIM data through term matching and semantic similarity analysis. After that, according to the mapped keywords in BIM and logic relationships among keywords, a corresponding SPARQL query is automatically generated. The query results can be non-compliance or compliance with rules based on the generated SPARQL query and requirements of stakeholders. The cases study proves that the proposed approach can provide a flexible and effective rule checking for BIM data. In addition, based on the proposed approach, we also further develop a semantic framework to implement automated rule compliance checking in construction industry. |
10,572 | Please write an abstract with title: Field Programmable Gate Array Hardware Accelerator of Prime Implicants Generation for Single-Output Boolean Functions Minimization, and key words: Boolean functions, Logic gates, Hardware, Minimization, Input variables, Encoding, Field programmable gate arrays. Abstract: The paper deals with the problematics of two-level single-output Boolean functions minimization which is important for many fields of science and technology including logic and control systems design, software engineering, artificial intelligence and others. In this work proposed solution, which is aimed to the production of prime implicants for particular Boolean functions, as the first step of Boolean functions minimization, is based on the use of designed hardware accelerator using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. As the part of this work, input and output binary vectors encoding is proposed along with the combinational logic module, described using VHDL. Module is implemented into Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA KC705 Evaluation Kit evaluation board. Advantage of proposed hardware accelerator is in extremely small time complexity in comparison to the algorithms which are utilizing classical CPU based solutions. Another advantage is in constant time of prime implicants generation in case of the same number of input variables of Boolean function regardless of ON set cardinality. Disadvantage of the solution is that it is not possible to define don't care set and in space complexity which is rising quickly according to the number of input variables of Boolean function. |
10,573 | Please write an abstract with title: Adding Context to Source Code Representations for Deep Learning, and key words: Deep learning, Software maintenance, Codes, Source coding, Syntactics, Data models, Flow graphs. Abstract: Deep learning models have been successfully applied to a variety of software engineering tasks, such as code classification, summarisation, and bug and vulnerability detection. In order to apply deep learning to these tasks, source code needs to be represented in a format that is suitable for input into the deep learning model. Most approaches to representing source code, such as tokens, abstract syntax trees (ASTs), data flow graphs (DFGs), and control flow graphs (CFGs) only focus on the code itself and do not take into account additional context that could be useful for deep learning models. In this paper, we argue that it is beneficial for deep learning models to have access to additional contextual information about the code being analysed. We present preliminary evidence that encoding context from the call hierarchy along with information from the code itself can improve the performance of a state-of-the-art deep learning model for two software engineering tasks. We outline our research agenda for adding further contextual information to source code representations for deep learning. |
10,574 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and Implementation of a Blockchain-Enabled Secure Sensing Data Processing and Logging System, and key words: Distributed ledger, Forensics, Conferences, Data processing, Throughput, Blockchains, Sensors. Abstract: In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a blockchain-enabled secure sensing data processing and logging system. Although in our implementation we use the IOTA distributed ledger, the main mechanisms introduced in the system are independent from any particular blockchain platform for maximum flexibility. A blockchain platform is used as an immutable datastore to store critical data for secure sensing data processing and logging. This system corporates several innovative mechanisms. First, a sensor identification mechanism is put in place to ensure that only sensing data submitted by eligible sensors are accepted. Second, only aggregated sensing data are transmitted to the blockchain for safe-keeping. This strategy has two benefits: (1) it reduces the throughput requirement on the public blockchain; and (2) it saves on the transaction fees for asking the blockchain to store the data. Furthermore, a mechanism is introduced to allow two-level logging using a local datastore in conjunction with the blockchain to extend the immutability property offered by the blockchain to the locally stored raw sensing data. Third, a set of mechanisms are designed to facilitate the query of the blockchain for a particular subset of the aggregated data, and to ensure that given an aggregated data item, the corresponding raw data can be quickly located, which is essential for data retrieval needed when situations arise such as forensic analysis in cases of incidents and for auditing purposes. The system is implemented in the Python programming language and a preliminary testing on the functionality of the system has been conducted. |
10,575 | Please write an abstract with title: Study on Missing Values and Outlier Detection in Concurrence with Data Quality Enhancement for Efficient Data Processing, and key words: Data analysis, Data integrity, Data preprocessing, Data acquisition, Prediction algorithms, Data models, Real-time systems. Abstract: Data analytics is the process of analyzing raw data to make predictions and derive conclusions. This process involves collecting and organizing data to discover hidden patterns and draw insight into the data. The methods and approaches of data analytics are automated using various algorithms and mathematical formulas. Data analytics provides real-time and actionable perceptions on data that enable more accurate and prompter decision-making. During the data acquisition phase, missing values and outliers are encountered that affect the model's reliability. Missing values are the data missing in a dataset, more common on large datasets that arise due to information loss, dropout, or non-response of participants. Missing values affects the accuracy of the result and also may lead to biased results. Outliers are the abnormal values that happen to have deviated from the normal distribution pattern of data distribution. Outliers are extreme, unrealistic, extremely big, or small values in a dataset that arise due to manual errors like participant response errors and data entry errors. Outliers also affect the accuracy of the results and lead to over or underestimated resultant values. As missing values and outliers degrade the performance of the analytical data models, various research works have focused on finding and handling such values. This paper reviews the various aspects of missing values and outliers in the preprocessing phase of data analytics to enhance the accuracy of the data model. |
10,576 | Please write an abstract with title: A Web-based discussion learning system focusing on teacher-parent feedback, and key words: Learning systems, Feedback, Educational institutions, Education, Usability, Force control, Couplings. Abstract: Web-based discussion study provides opportunities for various types of interaction between learners and the teacher and among learners. Despite the high educational usability of Web-based discussion study, it is not easy to induce active participation, discussion and interaction because there is no way to force students' participation and control their discussion activities. For proper discussion study, the teacher and learners must participate in discussion actively and positively, and for this the teacher needs to establish a teaching strategy for stimulating learners' active participation in discussion. In addition, parents should check their children's participation in discussion study. This study designed and implemented a Web-based discussion study system that provides various forms of discussion spaces and promotes student's active participation and interaction through observing their discussion activities. In this system, teachers or parents can observe students' participation in discussion and provide feedback. |
10,577 | Please write an abstract with title: Cooperative Resource Sharing Between Agents in Multi-Distributed Fog Nodes, and key words: Load balancing, Fog Computing, IoT, Optimization problems, Low latency, maximum throughput. Abstract: Cloud computing provides high computation resources to the user's applications. Some of the user's applications are time-sensitive. Therefore, processing these applications in traditional cloud computing centers might fail due to the high latency between the cloud layer and the user equipment layer. Thus, to solve this issue, fog computing is deployed near the user's nodes layer to extend the cloud layer and provide computation resources with low latency. The fog computing layer may contain limited devices compared to the cloud layer. As a result at peak hours, when multiple tasks are requested from IoT applications to the fog nodes, communication congestion might occur and the processing time will significantly increase. In addition, the fog layer may contain limited resources and limited power, and many of the requested tasks will be offloaded to the cloud layer for processing. Consequently, the purpose of the fog layer is not accomplished. In this paper, we propose a cooperation scheme between fog nodes to process tasks requested from IoT nodes with minimum service latency and maximum throughput. |
10,578 | Please write an abstract with title: An Efficient Task Assignment Framework to Accelerate DPU-Based Convolutional Neural Network Inference on FPGAs, and key words: Task analysis, Acceleration, Schedules, Field programmable gate arrays, Convolutional neural networks, Machine learning, Hardware. Abstract: Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has become an efficient accelerator for convolutional neural network (CNN) inference due to its high performance and flexibility. To further improve the performance of CNN inference on FPGAs, an Intellectual Property core (IP core) called Deep Learning Processor Unit (DPU) is released by Xilinx. Unlike previous FPGA-based hardware designs focusing on specific functions or CNNs, the DPU IP supports ample basic functions of deep learning, and the developers can take advantage of DPUs to accelerate CNN inference conveniently. In DPU-based CNN acceleration platform, an encapsulated scheduler plays a crucial role in task scheduling between heterogeneous ARM and multiple DPUs. However, the current scheduler is unsatisfactory because its low schedule efficiency. This paper thus presents a high performance task assignment framework built upon Xilinx hybrid CPU-FPGA MPSoC devices. We first evaluate the main causes of low schedule efficiency problem. Then, we explore the scheduler rules and improve shedule efficiency through purposeful observations and analysis. Finally, we integrate our optimizations, and propose an efficient task assignment framework to maximize performance on DPU-based CNN acceleration platform. Experimental results on Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC zcu104 show that our efficient task assignment framework significantly boosts schedule efficiency for small-scale CNNs (from 36% to 70%), medium-scale CNNs (from 65% to 95%), and large-scale CNNs (from 77% to 99%) compared with original schedule strategy. |
10,579 | Please write an abstract with title: Deterministic Finite State Machines for Stochastic Division in Unipolar Format, and key words: Registers, Stochastic processes, Computer architecture, Automata, Generators, Matlab, Clocks. Abstract: Stochastic computing has been successfully applied in a plethora of applications, including machine learning, computer vision and soft coding/decoding, due to its low complexity, chip area, and power consumption advantages, as well as its tolerance to soft errors. Among the four fundamental numerical operations, addition, subtraction and multiplication are simple to realize stochastically. Division however is significantly more challenging and complex. This work introduces a new architecture for stochastic division in unipolar format using a deterministic finite state machine. In contrast to the existing architectures, the proposed divider does not require any internal stochastic number generator, which makes it more versatile, compact and easy to implement. The divider's accuracy is defined based on mean absolute error metrics and it is estimated using MATLAB simulation. Applications of the proposed divider in image processing are presented demonstrating its accuracy and efficiency in realistic systems. |
10,580 | Please write an abstract with title: Efficient Market Mechanisms for Network Resource Allocation, and key words: Resource management, Bandwidth, Nash equilibrium, Communication networks, Web and internet services, Contracts, Casting, Optimal control, Software testing, Linear programming. Abstract: We study the interaction between buyers and sellers of several indivisible goods (or items). A buyer wants a combination of items while each seller offers only one type of item. The setting is motivated by communication networks in which buyers want to construct routes using several links and sellers offer transmission capacity on individual links. Agents are strategic and may not be truthful, so a competitive equilibrium may not be realized. To ensure a good outcome among strategic agents, we propose a combinatorial double auction. We show that a Nash equilibrium exists for the associated game with complete information, and more surprisingly, the resulting allocation is efficient. We then consider competitive analysis in the continuum model of the auction setting and show that the auction outcome is a competitive equilibrium. |
10,581 | Please write an abstract with title: Performance evaluation of the channelized Hotelling observer using bootstrap list-mode PET studies, and key words: Positron emission tomography, Image reconstruction, Lesions, Event detection, Noise generators, Imaging phantoms, Iterative methods, Computational modeling, Image generation, Noise level. Abstract: This study investigated whether list-mode PET data generated using the bootstrap method can be used to predict lesion detectability as assessed by the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO). A Monte-Carlo simulator was used to generate 2D PET list-mode data set acquisitions of a disk object. One of these list-mode sets was then used to create an ensemble of bootstrap list-mode sets. A randomly positioned signal (lesion) was introduced into half of the list-mode sets to create an ensemble of signal-present and signal-absent list-mode sets. These sets were then reconstructed using the OSEM list-mode algorithm. The CHO was computed from the ensemble of reconstructed images generated from the bootstrap data sets as well as from independent noisy data sets. The F-test and the student t-test found no significant difference (confidence level 5%) in the areas under the LROC curve generated using the independent noisy list-mode sets and the bootstrap list-mode sets for clinical count levels. It is also shown how bootstrap images can be used to implement a patient-specific, CHO-based stopping-rule criterion for ordered-subset expectation-maximization (OSEM) list-mode iterative reconstruction. An example of applying the CHO-based stopping-rule criterion for list-mode reconstruction of the MCAT phantom showed an optimal detectability index at iterations 7 using 2 subsets respectively. Results from this study suggest that the bootstrap approach can be used to conduct numerical observer studies with more realistic backgrounds by generating them from a patient study (with the introduction of simulated lesions), and allows the possibility of applying a patient-specific, CHO-based stopping-rule criterion for list-mode iterative reconstruction. |
10,582 | Please write an abstract with title: Status of the DESIRE project: Geant4 physics validation studies and first results from Columbus/ISS radiation simulations, and key words: Physics, Space technology, Monte Carlo methods, Solid modeling, NASA, Orbital calculations, International Space Station, Geometry, Energy resolution, Helium. Abstract: The DESIRE (Dose Estimation by Simulation of the ISS Radiation Environment) project aims to accurately calculate radiation fluxes and doses to astronauts inside the European Columbus module of the International Space Station using Geant4. Firstly physics benchmark studies have been performed and comparisons made to experimental data and other particle transport programs. This will be followed by a detailed evaluation of the incident radiation fields on the ISS and culminate with the geometry modeling and full-scale flux and dose simulations for the Columbus. Geant4 validation studies are presented here. These concern the angle and energy distribution of particles leaving irradiated targets and of energy depositions in the targets. Comparisons are made between simulations using different Geant4 physics models, experimental data and other particle transport programs. Geant4 using the "Binary Cascade" model for inelastic nucleon reactions performs very well in these comparisons but some issues with other models remain to be resolved if these models are to be used for space radiation shielding applications. Results of Geant4 simulations of the transport of relevant radiation field components through the hull of the Columbus/ISS are also presented. |
10,583 | Please write an abstract with title: Cryogenic stability of composite conductors taking into account transient heat transfer, and key words: Cryogenics, Stability, Conductors, Heat transfer, Superconducting magnets, Cooling, Superconducting filaments and wires, Conducting materials, Multifilamentary superconductors, Temperature. Abstract: To predict stability behaviour of various conductors under different cooling conditions, a computer program was developed to solve the one-dimensional heat diffusion equation along the conductor using temperature dependent material parameters. Transient heat transfer is included basing on results of earlier heat transfer measurements. To check the validity of these calculations experiments were performed using a copper stabilized multifilamentary NbTi-superconductor under pool boiling conditions. The normal transition was initiated by an ohmic heater. The minimum energy needed to induce quenching as well as the propagation velocity of the normal zone are then compared with numerical results and show good agreement. |
10,584 | Please write an abstract with title: A design of object detection system in fog, and key words: Image quality, Mechatronics, Transportation, Object detection, Filtering algorithms, Information retrieval, Information technology. Abstract: Images taken by intelligent monitoring equipment, unmanned driving, and intelligent transportation in foggy days have greatly affected the later object detection and information extraction. The main purpose of this research paper is to study and report how to implement an object detection system in foggy weather, and to implement a higher-precision Retinex algorithm on FPGA. The system uses Xilinx's ZYNQ 7 series development platform, the detection method is based on Tiny-YOLOv2. The Gaussian filter in Retinex algorithm uses a full variational design to enhance image quality and increase processing speed. The results prove that the accuracy of the YOLO object detection system is greatly improved after the retinex algorithm is processed, and it meets the requirements of fog object detection. |
10,585 | Please write an abstract with title: High-power blue-violet laser diodes on GaN substrates, and key words: Diode lasers, Gallium nitride, Substrates, Power generation, Optical recording, Optical films, Semiconductor lasers, Threshold current, Threshold voltage, Light sources. Abstract: We have fabricated 400-nm-band GaN-based blue-violet laser diodes (BV-LDs) with high reliability on GaN substrates. Under 45 mW continuous wave (CW) operation at 60/spl deg/C, these LDs have been operating stably for more than 1400 h. We have adopted the narrow ridge width of 1.4 /spl mu/m and both sides of ridge stripe are covered with a stacked layer of Si on SiO/sub 2/. As a result, we have succeed in producing BV-LDs with a kink-free output power of more than 150 mW. The threshold current was 35.4 mA at 25/spl deg/C. The operating current and voltage were 65.8 mW and 4.66 V, respectively, under 45 mW CW operation at 25/spl deg/C. Their characteristics came close to surpassing the best characteristics of BV-LDs grown on ELO-GaN/sapphire, demonstrating that practical BV-LDs suitable for next-generation blu-ray disc system can be produced on GaN substrates. |
10,586 | Please write an abstract with title: T: A Heuristic Search Based Path Planning Algorithm for Temporal Logic Specifications, and key words: Automata, Heuristic algorithms, Trajectory, Task analysis, Robot kinematics. Abstract: The fundamental path planning problem for a mobile robot involves generating a trajectory for point-to-point navigation while avoiding obstacles. Heuristic-based search algorithms like A* have been shown to be efficient in solving such planning problems. Recently, there has been an increased interest in specifying complex path planning problem using temporal logic. In the state-of-the-art algorithm, the temporal logic path planning problem is reduced to a graph search problem, and Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm is used to compute the optimal trajectory satisfying the specification.The A* algorithm, when used with an appropriate heuristic for the distance from the destination, can generate an optimal path in a graph more efficiently than Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. The primary challenge for using A* algorithm in temporal logic path planning is that there is no notion of a single destination state for the robot. We present a novel path planning algorithm T* that uses the A* search procedure opportunistically to generate an optimal trajectory satisfying a temporal logic query. Our experimental results demonstrate that T* achieves an order of magnitude improvement over the state-of-the-art algorithm to solve many temporal logic path planning problems in 2-D as well as 3-D workspaces. |
10,587 | Please write an abstract with title: A Method for Fault Line Selection of Small Current Grounding System Based on MEEMD and FCM, and key words: resonant grounding system, single-phase grounding fault, modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition insert, fuzzy c-means algorithm. Abstract: In order to effectively reduce the influence factors such as susceptibility to noise signals, inconspicuous fault characteristics and ground resistance, a distribution network fault line selection method based on improved ensemble empirical modal decomposition and fuzzy c-mean clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the system composition and transient dynamic property of grounding capacitance current of distribution network neutral point grounding system via arc suppression coil are analyzed, the transient zero sequence time domain signal generated in the period before and after the grounding fault in the resonant grounding system is extracted, the bus voltage transformer open triangle voltage signal is applied to Hilbert transform to confirm the moment of fault occurrence, and then MEEMD signal processing technology is used to decompose the line to ground coupling capacitance current during fault signal of each line when the single insulation breakdown fault existing in power system. The distribution network fault transient current information time domain signal features are extracted, and finally the FCM eigenvalue identification algorithm is used to aggregate the fault dynamic characteristic variables and select the fault feeder. The results show that the proposed grounding line selection method is insensitive to the detection time delay, transition resistance, location, moment and system grounding mode, and has high accuracy and robustness to noise. |
10,588 | Please write an abstract with title: Automatic Bronchitis Classification in Children Based on Cough Recordings, and key words: Training, Support vector machines, Pediatrics, Machine learning algorithms, Pulmonary diseases, Feature extraction, Data models. Abstract: Cough is a common symptom in respiratory diseases in children, and can reflect potential signs of certain critical illnesses. During a typical consultation session, the decision made based on cough is generally subjective judgment, highly depending on the experience of clinicians. In this paper, we make an attempt to automatically classify pediatric respiratory diseases based on cough recordings. To represent cough features, we use Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) which have been shown to be powerful to capture the short-term power spectrum of speech signals in automatic speech recognition. After feature selection on MFCCs, we employ support vector machines (SVMs) to complete bronchitis classification. We evaluate the proposed approach on a dataset of 445 cough events from 84 patients. When using only 70% of the dataset for training, obtain 78.4% accuracy and 72.8% F1-scores. The results demonstrate the possibility of training an automated cough diagnosis model based on limited cough recordings. |
10,589 | Please write an abstract with title: All-optical fiber 2+1 auxiliary carrier transponder-regenerator, and key words: Optical wavelength conversion, Optical fiber polarization, Optical fiber dispersion, Optical fiber cables, Nonlinear optics, Optical fiber testing, Repeaters, Fiber nonlinear optics, Optical modulation, Optical pumping. Abstract: The authors report simulations and experimental results about a new kind of all-optical reamplification and reshaping (2R) regenerator. The novelty is based on the principle that the ordinary four-wave-mixing process, inside a particular dispersion-shifted fiber, is able to induce input signal replicas on a third copropagating auxiliary carrier even if its state of polarization is orthogonal to that of the pump. Test results on a deployed cable showing improved 2R function and wavelength conversion capability are reported. |
10,590 | Please write an abstract with title: Smart Vehicular communication for Road status analysis and Vehicle trajectory prediction, and key words: Roads, Servers, Trajectory, Sensors, Vehicular ad hoc networks, Smart phones, Information science. Abstract: In this paper, our perspective on Vehicular communication is described smartly. There are multiple challenges due to high dynamics in the vehicular environment. Wireless network, while evolving towards high mobility provide better support for the connected Vehicles, which also motivates the traditional wireless designs of on-board sensors in the vehicles that generates a large volume of data continuously. Our paper focuses on Mobility networks where vehicles communicate with Road Side Unit (RSU) to form Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) and have a safe commute. Using Machine Learning algorithm like SVM an accurate Vehicular trajectory prediction method has been designed and have devised methods for Road Status Analysis, Pothole detection and used SHA-1 algorithm for secured exchange of information between RSU and vehicles. In our experimental setup, Smartphones are used as vehicles, which gets connected to a stationery System acting as RSU through a data hotspot and receive messages about road conditions and peer-vehicles trajectory. In the real world scenario of Vehicular communication, there is a need for more storage, high-speed data connectivity and Intelligent vehicles. This challenge can be rightly met by utilizing the technologies like data Cloud for large database storage, 5G connectivity and ML/DL techniques. |
10,591 | Please write an abstract with title: Spectrum estimation by using of neural network method, and key words: Spectral analysis, Neural networks, Equations, Autocorrelation, Signal processing, Modems, Signal processing algorithms, Recursive estimation, Automatic control, Analytical models. Abstract: Spectral estimation has been applied broadly in the signal-processing domain. In modern spectral estimation methods, the model parameters will be obtained by solving the Yule-Walker equations. There are several common disadvantages such as complicated processing steps and heavy calculation load in all the optimized algorithms. In this paper, two methods using neural networks are discussed. In the first one, the solving of the equations set is avoided. In the second one, the solving of the equations set is simplified by using a simple BP neural network. Simulations show that the spectral analysis effect is better than some other methods. |
10,592 | Please write an abstract with title: Generating Personal Sound Zones using Directional Loudspeakers, and key words: Loudspeakers, Computers, Power demand, Computational modeling, Interference, Acoustic arrays, Acoustics. Abstract: Personal sound generated in multi-zone environment provide users a private listening experience in a shared environment. The performance of multi-zone environment depends on the ability of the loudspeakers to accurately reproduce the desired sounds in the region of interest and simultaneously maintain high acoustic contrast between the bright zones and the dark zones, respectively. In this paper, a multi-zone sound reproduction framework is developed using a set of directional loudspeakers. Since, directional loudspeaker exhibits a radiation pattern that emits sound in specific direction, a set of directional loudspeakers has advantage to reproduce sound field effectively when compared with the set of isotropic loudspeakers. An improvement in the performance of acoustic contrast and accuracy of reproduction in bright zones is observed with directional loudspeakers. Additionally, with the use of the directional loudspeakers, the array effort and number of loudspeakers with high power consumption is reduced significantly. The proposed method is formulated as a pressure matching approach and is compared with the conventional isotropic loudspeaker. The multi-zone problem is tested for various target directions in a simulated environment. |
10,593 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling Human Skeleton Joint Dynamics for Fall Detection, and key words: Privacy, Computational modeling, Sociology, Senior citizens, Streaming media, Feature extraction, Skeleton. Abstract: The increasing pace of population aging calls for better care and support systems. Falling is a frequent and critical problem for elderly people causing serious long-term health issues. Fall detection from video streams is not an attractive option for real-life applications due to privacy issues. Existing methods try to resolve this issue by using very low-resolution cameras or video encryption. However, privacy cannot be ensured completely with such approaches. Key points on the body, such as skeleton joints, can convey significant information about motion dynamics and successive posture changes which are crucial for fall detection. Skeleton joints have been explored for feature extraction but with image recognition models that ignore joint dependency across frames which is important for the classification of actions. Moreover, existing models are over-parameterized or evaluated on small datasets with very few activity classes. We propose an efficient graph convolution network model that exploits spatio-temporal joint dependencies and dynamics of human skeleton joints for accurate fall detection. Our method leverages dynamic representation with robust concurrent spatiotemporal characteristics of skeleton joints. We performed extensive experiments on three large-scale datasets. With a significantly smaller model size than most existing methods, our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results on the large scale NTU datasets. |
10,594 | Please write an abstract with title: Towards Query Latency Optimization in the Fog, and key words: Data analysis, Processor scheduling, Query processing, Bandwidth, Approximation algorithms, Real-time systems, Internet of Things. Abstract: The streaming data is increasing at an exceeding rate due to the proliferation of IoT (Internet of Things)-enabled applications. Many IoT applications demand fast analytics of streaming data for real-time responses. Thus, it is crucial to have an effective query optimization technique. The query optimization within fog is a challenging issue due to its heterogeneity and being a highly resource-constrained environment. In this paper, we propose a query optimization approach that optimally performs both the data approximation and query task execution in the fog to drastically reduce query latency with efficient resource utilization. We introduce a novel optimal fog node selection algorithm which performs the optimal set selection based on minimum-cost criteria while considering the current network conditions. Additionally, we present an efficient compute congestion-aware scheduling technique that performs task scheduling by taking into account the resource capacity of fog nodes. Our evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms other techniques in terms of latency and bandwidth consumption. |
10,595 | Please write an abstract with title: Presenting in Virtual Spaces: Students’ Experience in a Simulated Playable Case Study, and key words: Urban areas, Stakeholders, Task analysis, Professional communication. Abstract: In this article, we describe a preliminary study that explores the authenticity of a new brand of educational simulation. Below, we discuss how the authentic recreation of a presentation situation was experienced by students in an advanced professional communication class. During the simulation, students took the role of virtual city planners in a fictional mid-west town where they were asked to complete various tasks and interactions with different city planners and city board members. We used classroom observations along with pre- and post-test surveys to explore students’ acquisition of oral presentation skills and their use of isolated presentation competencies (Smith, 2010). Students and instructor responses to presenting in a simulated environment were positive. The opportunity to practice presenting to fictional stakeholders also included a disadvantage of pre-recorded questions for presenters to answer. |
10,596 | Please write an abstract with title: Effects of geometrical factors of coplanar electrodes on biomedical measurements as exemplified by the electrical impedance measurement of saline and blood, and key words: Biomedical electrodes, Biomedical measurements, Impedance measurement, Blood, Shape measurement, Bioelectric phenomena, Electric variables measurement, Size measurement, Plasma applications, Plasma properties. Abstract: We present our results of the effects of coplanar electrode's geometrical factors on the measurement of bioelectrical impedance, one of the most widely measured physical properties in biomedical applications. Coplanar electrodes of different shapes and sizes were used to measure the electrical impedance of saline at different concentration and blood reconstituted at different hematocrit in either plasma or serum. The results show that the impedance measurement by coplanar electrodes are sensitive to the geometry of the electrode as well as the sample boundary in addition to the universal determinants such as the ionic or cellular concentration of the material under test. This implies that all the geometrical parameters of a coplanar electrode ought to be taken into account collectively of its design when it is used in biomedical instrumentation. Thus the reliability of the instrument as well as the measurement may be assured. |
10,597 | Please write an abstract with title: Simulation Analysis of Main Insulation Field of Power Transformer Considering Typical Bubble Defect and Temperature, and key words: main insulation of power transformer, temperature factor, bubble defect, finite element simulation. Abstract: With the increase in the total number of installed transformers and the continuous increase in voltage levels, insulation performance has become a top priority for the safe and reliable operation of power transformers. The transformers are highly susceptible to bubble defects in the factory and during operation, and the trans-former material properties are easily affected by temperature. This paper reviews and summarizes a large amount of experimental data to analyze the effect of temperature on the dielectric properties of transformer materials. The simulation model is established by COMSOL finite element software to analyze the distortion effect of the presence and size of bubbles on the transformer's internal field strength, the effect of temperature on electric field distribution and maximum field strength of the main insulation of the transformer are studied. |
10,598 | Please write an abstract with title: Adaptive reflector antenna with smart materials, and key words: Adaptive arrays, Reflector antennas, Conducting materials, Optical materials, Reflectivity, Interference cancellation, Optical scattering, Radar scattering, Phased arrays, Optical polymers. Abstract: The paper describes a method for placing nulls in a reflector antenna pattern by incorporating elements which have a reflectivity that can be varied over a wide range using electrical or optical control. |
10,599 | Please write an abstract with title: Enhanced performance of a 100km directly-modulated radio-over-fibre link using an unfiltered semiconductor optical amplifier, and key words: Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Costs, Optical fibers, Optical attenuators, Radio frequency, Linearity, Diode lasers, Optical control, Isolators, Signal analysis. Abstract: An unfiltered 1310 nm semiconductor optical amplifier is employed as an inline power booster in a low-cost directly-modulated, 100 km radio-over-fibre link to compensate for the attenuation of the fibre. Substantial performance enhancement has been achieved. In addition, an application of this technique within a distributed antenna system with a tree architecture, supporting in excess of 100 antennae, is experimentally simulated. |
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