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14,000 | Please write an abstract with title: Experimental setup for very high resolution animal PET based on solid state detector, and key words: Animals, Positron emission tomography, Solid state circuits, Solid scintillation detectors, Silicon, Energy resolution, Instruments, Electromagnetic scattering, Particle scattering, Timing. Abstract: A very high resolution animal PET instrument was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. The instrument consists of an outer cylindrical BGO scintillation detector surrounding an inner cylindrical solid state detector composed of 0.3 mm square silicon pads. The interaction point of gamma rays that scatter in the pad detector can be accurately localized in 3D to within the pad volume. Total energy is known from the summed energy in silicon and BGO detectors. Simulation results show 192 /spl mu/m spatial resolution for events in which both annihilation photons scatter in silicon detectors. We have constructed a prototype Compton PET instrument using two silicon detectors with 1.4 mm square pads, two CCDAQ data acquisition units that have digital signal processors, a source turntable, and a coincidence unit. Using this experimental setup the energy spectrum of photons from technetium (Tc-99m) was acquired with 2.45 keV energy resolution and the timing spectrum of annihilation photons from fluorine (F-18) was obtained with 1.9 ns timing resolution. This experimental, setup will be used to verify the simulation results for the high resolution PET that is expected to have a maximum resolution of 0.7 mm FWHM at the center of the field of view. |
14,001 | Please write an abstract with title: Physics-based detection of targets in SAR imagery using support vector machines, and key words: Support vector machines, Radar detection, Detectors, Feature extraction, Radar scattering, Physics, Synthetic aperture radar, Image databases, Spatial databases, Risk management. Abstract: Radar scattering from an illuminated object is often highly dependent on the target-sensor orientation. In conjunction with physics based feature extraction, the exploitation of aspect-dependent information has led to successful improvements in the detection of tactical targets in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. While prior work has attempted to design detectors by matching them to images from a training set, the generalization capability of these detectors beyond the training database can be significantly improved by using the principle of structural risk minimization. In this paper, we propose a detector based on support vector machines that explicitly incorporates this principle in its design, yielding improved detection performance. We also introduce a probabilistic feature-parsing scheme that improves the robustness of detection using features obtained from a two-dimensional matching-pursuits feature extractor. Performance is assessed by considering the detection of tactical targets concealed in foliage, using measured foliage-penetrating SAR data. |
14,002 | Please write an abstract with title: Memristor-based Deep Spiking Neural Network with a Computing-In-Memory Architecture, and key words: Deep learning, Array signal processing, Memristors, Computer architecture, Information processing, Encoding, Energy efficiency. Abstract: Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are artificial neural network models that show significant advantages in terms of power and energy when realizing deep learning applications. However, the data-intensive nature of machine learning applications imposes a challenging problem to neural network implementations in terms of latency, energy efficiency and memory bottleneck. Therefore, we introduce a scalable deep SNN to address the problem of latency and energy efficiency. We integrate a Computing-In-Memory (CIM) architecture built with a fabricated memristor crossbar array to reduce the memory bandwidth in vector-matrix multiplication, a key operation in deep learning. By applying an inter-spike interval (ISI) encoding scheme to the input signals, we demonstrate the spatiotemporal information processing capability of our designed architecture. The memristor crossbar array has an enhanced heat dissipation layer that reduces the resistance variation of the memristors by ~30%. We further develop a time-to-first-spike (TTFS) method to classify the outputs. The designed circuits and architecture can achieve very high accuracies with both digit recognition and the MNIST dataset. Our architecture can classify handwritten digits while consuming merely 2.9mW of power with an inference speed of 2μs/image. Only 2.51pJ of energy per synaptic connection makes it suitable to apply in deep learning accelerators. |
14,003 | Please write an abstract with title: Development of Predictive Maintenance System for Haemodialysis Reverse Osmosis Water Purification System, and key words: Cloud computing, Purification, Prototypes, Machine learning, Programming, Predictive models, Sensor systems. Abstract: Predictive maintenance utilizes a variety of data analytics and statistical techniques to predict possible device or equipment failures and provide suggestions on maintenance strategy according to the results of predictive analytics. This paper presents the development of an IoT-based predictive maintenance system for the Haemodialysis Reverse Osmosis (RO) Water Purification System on three main categories; the mini prototype of the RO system, the hardware and electronics circuit of the RO system and the machine learning programming and dashboard monitoring of the RO system. The mini prototype of the RO system utilizes three types of sensors which are pressure sensors, conductivity sensors and flow sensors. Using the ESP8266 Arduino module, the system has successfully captured the sensors’ signals and transmit the data to the cloud storage. The developed web application interface has managed to view the data from the sensors of the working prototype and display them in a graphical form to be used as input for further analysis. The trained LSTM model used is working perfectly as it managed to detect anomalies in sensors’ readings and predict the breakdown of the plant. |
14,004 | Please write an abstract with title: FARA: A Fast Artifact Recovery Algorithm with Optimum Stimulation Waveform for Single-Cell Resolution Massively Parallel Neural Interfaces, and key words: Phased arrays, Microelectrodes, Phase measurement, Costs, Circuits and systems, Implants, Time measurement. Abstract: This paper introduces a fast artifact recovery algorithm (FARA) that uses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to model the electrode-tissue interface and design an optimum stimulation waveform to minimize the residual artifact duration in single-cell resolution neural interfaces. Results in saline solution with a custom PCB and a 30 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ diameter microelectrode array show a worst case artifact recovery time of 160 $\mu \mathrm{s}$ when measured from the end of the working phase (anodic 500 $\mathrm{n}\mathrm{A}, 250\mu \mathrm{s})$. On average, the proposed algorithm provides an 81% improvement over a triphasic charge-balanced stimulation waveform. |
14,005 | Please write an abstract with title: Cost-Effective Automation: Cloud-Based Monitoring Combining HPA with VPA for Scalable Startups, and key words: HPA, VPA, Scalable Startups, Prometheus, Grafana. Abstract: This paper proposes to automate server usage monitoring for resource metrics using Prometheus and Grafana. The main contribution of this work is to create a cost-effective web-based application monitoring system combining Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) and Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA), called Anbu, suitable for scalable startups. The web-based application monitoring system is achieved by comparing the monthly fee with the existing monitoring system. To validate the accuracy of Anbu, services in the Kubernetes cluster are tested in two cases using a load test. The first case is to scale the number of replicas set for the service according to CPU and memory. The second is to provide recommendations for the ideal number of CPUs and memory according to the history of their actual use. The results show that scalable startups can do automation monitoring with an Anbu usage fee for 24 hours of uptime of around $200 per month. It will save $139.04 less per month than the existing monitoring system. This price is suitable for scalable startups who still manually automate server usage with an annual salary of less than $100.000. |
14,006 | Please write an abstract with title: Performance Analysis of VGG-16 Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Detection using Chest X-Ray Images, and key words: COVID-19, VGG-16, X-ray image, transfer learning. Abstract: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by newly discovered coronavirus. Currently, RT-PCR and Rapid Testing are used to test a person against COVID-19. These methods do not produce immediate results. Hence, we propose a solution to detect COVID-19 from chest X-ray images for immediate results. The solution is developed using a convolutional neural network architecture (VGG-16) model to extract features by transfer learning and a classification model to classify an input chest X-ray image as COVID-19 positive or negative. We introduced various parameters and computed the impact on the performance of the model to identify the parameters with high impact on the model's performance. The proposed solution is observed to provide best results compared to the existing ones. |
14,007 | Please write an abstract with title: A Survey: Handling Irregularities in Neural Network Acceleration with FPGAs, and key words: Recurrent neural networks, Artificial neural networks, Throughput, Hardware, Graph neural networks, Artificial intelligence, Field programmable gate arrays. Abstract: In the last decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) through Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has penetrated virtually every aspect of science, technology, and business. Many types of DNNs have been and continue to be developed, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). The overall problem for all of these Neural Networks (NNs) is that their target applications generally pose stringent constraints on latency and throughput, while also having strict accuracy requirements. There have been many previous efforts in creating hardware to accelerate NNs. The problem designers face is that optimal NN models typically have significant irregularities, making them hardware-unfriendly. In this paper, we first define the problems in NN acceleration by characterizing common irregularities in NN processing into 4 types; then we summarize the existing works that handle the four types of irregularities efficiently using hardware, especially FPGAs; finally, we provide a new vision of next-generation FPGA-based NN acceleration: that the emerging heterogeneity in the next-generation FPGAs is the key to achieving higher performance. |
14,008 | Please write an abstract with title: Quadcopter Precision Landing on Moving Targets via Disturbance Observer-Based Controller and Autonomous Landing Planner, and key words: Cameras, Visualization, Vehicle dynamics, Heuristic algorithms, Urban areas, Global Positioning System, Autonomous aerial vehicles. Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicles, especially quadcopters, play key roles in many real-world applications and the related quadcopter autonomous control algorithms have attracted a great deal of attention. In this paper, we address the vision-based autonomous landing problem of a quadcopter on a ground moving target. Firstly, we propose a disturbance observer-based control algorithm, consisting of a nonlinear disturbance observer and robust altitude and attitude controllers. This algorithm is based on the quadcopter dynamics model, and its stability is strictly proved using Lyapunov’s theory. Secondly, we develop an autonomous landing planner which we test for various landing scenarios to deliver improved reliability and accuracy of the landing mission. These theoretical studies are complemented by a numerical feasibility study, before demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach under actual flight conditions with an experimental quadcopter platform. |
14,009 | Please write an abstract with title: Big Data Policies and Priorities, and key words: Big Data, Europe, Technological innovation, Tools, Companies, Internet of Things, Security. Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of the current status of collaboration between the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) in the area of Big Data, while presenting an in‐depth analysis of technological themes‐priorities and funding‐supporting mechanisms available in each region, aiming at supporting Big Data research. It presents an overview of research and innovation (R&I) activities, action plans, and funding opportunities that both regions have implemented in order to tackle the multi‐angled topic of Big Data technologies. The chapter identifies similarities and differences between the two regions and opportunities that can be grasped by policy makers for setting up joint funding schemes and initiatives. It also provides an overview of possible collaboration opportunities that have been identified through the analysis of available data and physical workshops that took place over the lifespan of the PICASSO project. |
14,010 | Please write an abstract with title: A novel EER structure for reducing complexity using negative resistance amplifier, and key words: Power amplifiers, Radiofrequency amplifiers, Radio frequency, Degradation, Linearity, Personal communication networks, Power generation, Signal restoration, Envelope detectors, Bandwidth. Abstract: This letter presents a novel envelope elimination and restoration (EER) structure using the negative resistance class F power amplifier. Due to the extremely high gain characteristic of the negative resistance amplifier in very narrow bandwidth, it operates in saturation mode. This characteristic is applied to the proposed EER. Using this technique, a limiter, a drive amplifier, and a class F power amplifier in conventional EER can be substituted with the negative resistance class F power amplifier. This technique greatly reduces the complexity of conventional EER without degradation of efficiency and linearity. The measured results show efficiency of 60% and less than-26 dBc IMD levels for two-tone test in PCS band at 27-dBm output power. |
14,011 | Please write an abstract with title: First experimental demonstration of Core-to-Core Q-difference compensation in SDM transmission systems, and key words: Lab and field implementation of optical fibre transmission links, Algorithms for DSP in optical transmission systems, Multimode & multicore fibres and fibre amplifiers for spatial division multiplexing. Abstract: The Core-to-Core Q-difference compensation scheme in the vector domain was demonstrated on a 4-core-path transmission line composed of multicore fibres and cladding-pumped multicore EDFA experimentally. The Q-difference was significantly reduced to within 0.1 dB from 5.6 dB with improvement of the worst quality SDM channel. |
14,012 | Please write an abstract with title: Identifying the relationship between air quality and road network cellular pattern in China, and key words: Measurement, Graphical models, Shape, Roads, Urban areas, Layout, Transportation. Abstract: Air pollution has become a serious environmental problem in recent decades. Transportation has been reported to be a major source of air pollutants. Road networks are a closely related factor that may have a potential influence on air quality. In previous studies, this effect has been investigated using simple descriptors of road networks such as length and density, which are still insufficient to explain the difference in air quality. In this study, we depict patterns of road networks using landscape metrics and employ spatial models to explore the relationship between air quality and the metrics. Results indicate that the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 are related to the area and shape of cells in road networks. In addition, NO2 concentration is also connected with the separation and diversity of cell types. |
14,013 | Please write an abstract with title: Benchmark Datasets for Stochastic Petri Net Learning, and key words: Training, Petri nets, Neural networks, Stochastic processes, Organizations, Benchmark testing, Predictive models. Abstract: The existing Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) analysis methods are based on a series of steps, including generating the reachable graph, solving the state equation, etc. Unfortunately, these methods cannot perform performance analysis when the state equation has no unique solution. The end-to-end deep learning methods can build a mapping relationship from SPN to performance indicators, which avoids solving the state equation. However, there is a lack of benchmark datasets for SPN learning and training. This paper proposes an automatic generation method of SPN datasets, including SPN random generation, data labeling, data enhancement, and filtering. To relieve the local aggregation problem of random-based organization, a grid-based data organization method is proposed to ensure the diversity of the datasets. In the experimental section, the generated datasets are trained and tested on three types of neural networks. The results show that the generated benchmark datasets are useful, and the increase of dataset size will significantly improve the learning performance. |
14,014 | Please write an abstract with title: WSEmail: secure Internet messaging based on Web services, and key words: Web and internet services, Web services, Electronic mail, Security, Prototypes, Authentication, Simple object access protocol, Access protocols, Costs, Delay. Abstract: Web services offer an opportunity to redesign a variety of older systems to exploit the advantages of a flexible, extensible, secure set of standards. In this paper we explore the objective of improving Internet messaging (email) by redesigning it as a family of Web services, an approach we call WSEmail. We illustrate an architecture and describe some applications. Since increased flexibility often mitigates against security and performance, we focus on steps for proving security properties and measuring the performance of our system with its security operations. In particular, we demonstrate an automated proof using TulaFale and ProVerif of a correspondence theorem for an application called on-demand attachments. We also provide performance measures for the basic WSEmail functions in a prototype we have implemented using .NET. Our experiments show a latency of about a quarter of a second per transaction under load. |
14,015 | Please write an abstract with title: On the Optimization of Performance and Reliability in a-InGaZnO Thin-Film Transistors by Versatile Light Shielding Design, and key words: Parasitic capacitance, Logic gates, Electrodes, Semiconductor device measurement, Thin film transistors, Energy barrier, Couplings. Abstract: This work studies the effect of the location of the light shielding (LS) layer on negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) instability in self-aligned top-gate amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin-film transistors (SA-TG a-InGaZnO TFTs). Although the NBIS instability can be mitigated by introducing a fully covered LS layer, it causes an unwanted parasitic capacitance, as evidenced by capacitance-voltage ( C- V) measurements. An alternative solution, in which the device that is partially covered by the LS layer at the source side, is proposed to optimize the tradeoff. This study suggests that an LS layer could be adopted in the SA-TG configuration, as it is versatile in different structural designs, depending on the requirement of targeted applications. |
14,016 | Please write an abstract with title: Beamforming-based convolutive source separation, and key words: Source separation, Independent component analysis, Frequency dependence, Array signal processing, Frequency domain analysis, Frequency estimation, Direction of arrival estimation, Robustness, Speech analysis, Higher order statistics. Abstract: A robust independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm for blind separation of convolved mixtures of speech signals is introduced. It is based on two parallel frequency dependent beamforming stages, each of which cancels the signal from one interfering source by frequency dependent null-beamforming. The zero-directions of the beamforming stages are optimized to yield maximally independent outputs, which is achieved via second and higher order statistics. Optimization is carried out in the frequency domain for each frequency band separately, so that phase distortions caused by the room impulse responses are compensated. In contrast to other frequency domain source separation algorithms, this structure does not suffer from permutation of frequency bands, while retaining the major advantage of blind methods, that do not require an external estimate of the direction of arrival (DOA). |
14,017 | Please write an abstract with title: Linear prediction techniques in the Walsh spectral domain for speech analysis and synthesis, and key words: Speech analysis, Speech synthesis, Speech processing, Linear predictive coding, Signal synthesis, Speech coding, Predictive models, Time domain analysis, Educational institutions, Analysis of variance. Abstract: A method for LPC analysis in a transformed domain (LPCTD) has been developed theoretically and studied experimentally in the Walsh-Hadamard domain (LPCWHD) for low-bit- rate coding of speech signals . Speech signals in the Walsh-Hadamard domain have been modelled by their largest variance coefficients and a few prediction coefficients which represent the remaining coefficients. Determination of the prediction coefficients has been based on the correlation between the spectral coefficients. Intelligible speech at bit-rates of 8 kb/s and 4 kb/s was achieved when 16 and 64 point Walsh-Hadamard transforms were used, respectively. At the latter bit-rate the quality was significantly improved when unvoiced sounds were coded seperately by their largest variance coefficients. The main advantage of LPCWHD system is its simplicity which can lead to a far less complex implementation than that of vocoder systems. |
14,018 | Please write an abstract with title: Combination of Convolutional and Generative Adversarial Networks for Defect Image Demoiréing of Thin-Film Transistor Liquid-Crystal Display Image, and key words: Generative adversarial networks, Liquid crystal displays, Inspection, Thin film transistors, Image quality. Abstract: In thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) manufacturing, the automatic recognition and classification of defects can help manufacturers monitor abnormalities, identify potential process problems, and swiftly respond to these process problems. Thus, yield loss can be reduced. However, capturing the content displayed on screen using cameras is challenging because it is often contaminated with moiré patterns. Moiré patterns originate from the interference between the pixel grids of inspection camera sensors and panel screens and adversely affect the visual quality of images, causing difficulty in determining the defect type, especially mura defects. Therefore, eliminating moiré patterns in defect images without impairing image quality is critical. However, moiré patterns are often dynamic and vary with sensor resolution, distance, and direction. Moreover, the frequency distribution of moiré patterns is broad, encompassing both low- and high-frequency components. Therefore, demoiréing is more challenging than other image restoration tasks. We investigated this problem and proposed an approach to eliminate moiré patterns from defect images based on a generative adversarial network architecture by using the U-net network as a generator and adding a discriminator. Moreover, we added an attention mechanism to focus on the local consistency of the restored moiré regions. The peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) obtained using the proposed model were compared with those obtained using the U-net and pixel-to-pixel models. The experimental results of this study demonstrated that the proposed method can efficiently remove moiré patterns from defect images, and the proposed method quantitatively and qualitatively outperforms other methods. |
14,019 | Please write an abstract with title: Upper bound on non-coherent MIMO channel capacity in Rayleigh fading, and key words: Upper bound, MIMO, Channel capacity, Rayleigh channels, Receiving antennas, Signal to noise ratio, Transmitters, Lagrangian functions, Mutual information, Fading. Abstract: Limits of information transfer over a discrete time uncorrelated Rayleigh fading MIMO channel is considered, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver has the knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) except the fading statistics. We show the capacity supremum with the receive antenna number at any SNR using Lagrange optimisation. Furthermore, we show the asymptotic capacity when the input power is large, and compare with the existing capacity results when the receiver is equipped with large number of antennas |
14,020 | Please write an abstract with title: Visualization of EEG evoked response potentials, and key words: Visualization, Electroencephalography, Scalp, Brain modeling, Nervous system, Animation, Head, Biomedical measurements, Biomedical monitoring, Delay. Abstract: Evoked response potentials provide insight into spatio-temporal dynamics of brain electrical activity. The activity is much easier to perceive using an animated 3D visualization. In addition to already established visual and auditory evoked responses, we are using Trivector NeuroScan (TVR) for quantitative analysis of neurological activity as well as a scalar assessment of neurological cognitive deficits without the conscious participation of the subject. In this paper we present the development environment TempoEP for visualization of evoked EEG scalp potentials and animation of the signal sources of evoked response potentials on transparent 3D head model. |
14,021 | Please write an abstract with title: Analysis of the Measureable Results of Novel Structure Construction for Road Traffic, and key words: Bridges, Analytical models, Communication systems, Roads, Computational modeling, Buildings, Traffic control. Abstract: This research examines the result of the Daehak-ro Bridge arranged the Daejoen-ro route. At peak hours, Daehak-ro, which links major research amenities also suburban parts fashionable Daejeon, causes enormous amount of traffic and roadways to become congested. In order to resolve the traffic issue, the KAIST bridge is being constructed and will be complete in just a few years. Although travelling across the bridge can yield longer travel times, it can also bring several beneficial outcomes. We will decide what effect the bridge has since we have analysed traffic patterns before and after the construction. An effort was made to analyse the impacts of the bridge design on traffic using traffic simulation tools. |
14,022 | Please write an abstract with title: One step formation of laser reduced graphene oxide fabrication and characterization on novel flexible PET based sensitive sensor, and key words: Temperature sensors, Scanning electron microscopy, Graphene, Power lasers, Measurement by laser beam, Surface morphology, Gas lasers. Abstract: In this paper, a novel sensor is fabricated by drop-casting graphene oxide onto the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) substrate with continuous laser process. Scan electron microscopy (SEM), Ultra violet spectroscopy (UV) and Raman spectroscopy techniques are used for the characterization of highly sonicated graphene oxide and laser reduced graphene oxide. In addition, resistance measurement is used to investigate the nitrogen gas sensing behavior and resistivity of the laser reduced graphene oxide based sensor. The laser reduced graphene oxide shows that the surface sensitivity increase with increasing the nitrogen gas pressure without any significant structural changes. There are two types of investigation has been done in this research. This fabrication method of gas sensor is cost effect and highly stable. |
14,023 | Please write an abstract with title: Combining Public Machine Learning Models by Using Word Embedding for Human Activity Recognition, and key words: Training, Conferences, Wearable computers, Stacking, Machine learning, Activity recognition, Internet. Abstract: Many types of human activity recognition (HAR) techniques have been developed based on machine learning (ML) using diverse sensors in our daily life, such as cameras, microphones, and acceleration sensors on smartphones and wearable devices. For this background, there are many pre-trained ML models of HAR available on the Internet. In addition, there are cases where multiple ML models are utilized in combination for HAR. Although combining multiple ML models can be expected to improve classification accuracy, it requires additional training to combine them, such as stacking. This paper proposes a method to integrate published and trained HAR ML models without additional training by utilizing word embedding, e.g., Glove and Word2vec. Word embedding enables to obtain plausible results by arithmetic operations on the labels output by multiple ML models. Utilizing the proposed integration method, a HAR system is developed, which implements publicly-available ML models. Evaluations using Glove are performed, and their results confirm the proposed method is able to improve classification accuracy compared to using each ML model alone. |
14,024 | Please write an abstract with title: A Broadband Reflectarray with Independently Controlled Dual-Beams, and key words: Radio frequency, Dipole antennas, Conferences, Magnetoelectric effects, Bandwidth, Reflector antennas, Reflection. Abstract: A broadband 1-bit independently dual-polarized dual-beam reflectarray antenna (RA) based on a magneto-electric dipole (MED) unit cell is proposed. This unit cell employs four stubs, which can be short-circuited (SC) or open-circuited (OC) to independently control two orthogonal linearly polarized beams. The proposed unit cell exhibits a very wide reflection phase bandwidth from 31.5 to 54 GHz (54.1 %). The radiation characteristics of the RA are obtained analytically, using the aperture field approach. The proposed reflectarray achieves a 1.5dB gain bandwidth of 35 % from 32 to 45.5 GHz. |
14,025 | Please write an abstract with title: Linear Port-Hamiltonian Systems Are Generically Controllable, and key words: TV, Topology, Standards, Kalman filters, Random variables, Periodic structures, Ordinary differential equations. Abstract: The new concept of relative generic subsets is introduced. It is shown that the set of controllable linear finite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems is a relative generic subset of the set of all linear finite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems. This implies that a random, continuously distributed port-Hamiltonian system is almost surely controllable. |
14,026 | Please write an abstract with title: Interpretable XGBoost Based Classification of 12-lead ECGs Applying Information Theory Measures From Neuroscience, and key words: Neuroscience, Morphology, Electrocardiography, Classification algorithms, Standards, Testing, Information theory. Abstract: Automated ECG classification is a standard feature in many commercial 12-Lead ECG machines. As part of the Physionet/CinC Challenge 2020, our team, “Mad-hardmax”, developed an XGBoost based classification method for the analysis of 12-Lead ECGs acquired from four different countries. Our aim is to develop an interpretable classifier that outputs diagnoses which can be traced to specific ECG features, while also testing the potential of information theoretic features for ECG diagnosis. These measures capture high-level interdependencies across ECG leads which are effective for discriminating conditions with multiple complex morphologies. On unseen test data, our algorithm achieved a challenge score of 0.155 relative to a winning score of 0.533, putting our submission in 24th position from 41 successful entries. |
14,027 | Please write an abstract with title: Linguistic multi-attribute group decision-making method based on similarity measurement of cloud model, and key words: Shape, Shape measurement, Decision making, Linguistics, Numerical models. Abstract: As for the defects of the existing cloud similarity, a novel similarity measurement approach based on the location and shape similarity is proposed and applied to linguistic multi-attribute group decision-making in this paper. Firstly, the framework of integrated similarity measurement of cloud model is established by combining the location and shape similarity. The advantages of the new method are analyzed on comparison with other methods. Then by converting the linguistic information to cloud model, the proposed similarity measurement is used to linguistic multi-attribute group decision-making problem. And an improved TOPSIS method is proposed. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by numerical example and comparative analysis. |
14,028 | Please write an abstract with title: An Intelligent Evaluation Algorithm of Practical Innovation Ability for Students, and key words: Training, Deep learning, Technological innovation, Transfer learning, Neurons, Employment, Educational technology. Abstract: The existing evaluation method indicators are not specific and the index weights are highly subjective. This paper selects the evaluation indicators to estimate the practical innovation ability of graduate students and undergraduates, and proposes an evaluation algorithm on the basis of deep belief network (DBN), and an improved algorithm based on practical innovation ability model of graduate students. Since the evaluation indicators and data distribution of undergraduate students are very similar to those of graduate students, the improved algorithm adopts the parameter based transfer learning method. The weight of the same characteristics of undergraduates and graduate students is directly multiplied by the difference factor as the initial weight of the undergraduate fine-tuning. The weight of disparate characteristics for undergraduates and graduates needs to be fine-tuned and re-trained. Experiment results show the improved algorithm has wider application ranges and higher accuracy rate, overcomes the problem of strong subjectivity about index weights, and it is beneficial to promote reform of talent training and the overall improvement of talent training quality. The comprehensive evaluation algorithms on the basis of fuzzy mathematics, the evaluation algorithms of probabilistic neural networks, the general deep learning evaluation algorithms, and the presented algorithm are compared to verify the effectiveness of the proposed evaluation algorithm. |
14,029 | Please write an abstract with title: A duty cycle control circuit for high speed applications, and key words: Clocks, Character generation, Circuit optimization, Pulse width modulation converters, Delay, Frequency, Pulse width modulation, Tuning, Tuned circuits, Communication system control. Abstract: An accurate and programmable CMOS duty-cycle control (DCC) circuit for high-speed applications is discussed. Proposed DCC circuit has a first order transfer function the accuracy of which is just limited by the on-chip device mismatch. Operating at 1GHz frequency, the duty-cycle of the output clock can be tuned between 45 to 60% by changing the charge and discharge currents of a charged-pump circuit (CPC). CPC's current is controlled through five controlling bits. The circuit is designed in a 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS technology and draws 160/spl mu/A from a 1.8V supply with less than 0.3/spl times/LSB error. |
14,030 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and Development of Cost-Effective Solar PV Based DC Microgrid for Rural Applications, and key words: Renewable energy sources, Systems architecture, Microgrids, Switches, Batteries, Smart grids, Power system reliability. Abstract: To provide quality and reliable energy demand Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are integrated with conventional AC grid. However, many challenges can arise while interfacing the renewable energy sources with AC grid. Recent research has proved that the establishment of smart grids with integration of utility grid and renewable sources can provide highly reliable and more competent power system in the cost-effective manner. In India there are many rural areas which have limited supply of electricity. For such location DC microgrid is an attractive and effective technology because of its easy interfacing with renewable sources, utility grid, DC loads and battery storage system. Also, DC grid is proved to be much better over AC grid. This paper describes the implementation of DC microgrid technology for rural electrification that covers solar photovoltaic (PV), AC interfaces, system architecture and energy storage system. The system is purely considered for rural remote locations with or without AC grid. The loads are considered as LED lights, and DC operated Fan. The different switching conditions are considered with load, PV, battery and utility grid. The system is simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink and comprehensive analysis is provided to show the efficiency of the system. Also, the paper provides advantages and challenges of using DC microgrid technology in rural electrification. |
14,031 | Please write an abstract with title: Precise measurements of the Q factor of dielectric resonators in the transmission mode-accounting for noise, crosstalk, delay of uncalibrated lines, coupling loss, and coupling reactance, and key words: Dielectric measurements, Q measurement, Q factor, Distortion measurement, Impedance measurement, Noise measurement, Couplings, Scattering parameters, Shape measurement, Crosstalk. Abstract: Accurate measurements of the unloaded Q/sub 0/ factor of microwave resonators are necessary in many microwave applications. The most accurate values of Q/sub 0/ can be obtained by Q-circle fits from multifrequency S-parameter data. Practical measurement systems cause S-parameters of the resonators to be distorted from the circular ideal shape, rotated, and shifted from the origin resulting in errors in the Q-factor values. A novel Q-factor measurement method has been developed based on equations derived for resonators working in the transmission mode and fractional linear circle-fitting techniques. The transmission-mode Q-factor (TMQF) technique removes measurement effects of noise, noncalibrated measurement cables, connectors, coupling structures, crosstalk between the coupling loops, and impedance mismatch from the measurement data. The TMQF is especially useful in cryogenic measurements of high-temperature superconducting thin films and dielectrics since these measurements are typically done in the transmission mode and contain cables and connectors that are difficult to calibrate. The accuracy of the TMQF is better than 1% for practical measurement ranges and the method is applicable to a wide range of coupling. The range of Q factors measurable is from 10/sup 3/ up to 10/sup 7/. |
14,032 | Please write an abstract with title: Moving Average-Based Performance Enhancement of Sample Convolution and Interactive Learning for Short-Term Load Forecasting, and key words: Support vector machines, Microwave integrated circuits, Load forecasting, Convolution, Predictive models, Information filters, Feature extraction. Abstract: Efficient and accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF) is significance in modern electricity markets. However, accurate short-term load forecasting is challenging due to the non-stationary power load patterns. In this work, we propose a short-term load forecasting framework based on maximal information coefficient (MIC), moving average filter (MAF) and sample convolution and interactive learning (SCINet), Firstly, MIC is used for feature selection. Secondly, the filtered input features are decomposed using MAF individually. Finally, the data are used in an advanced SCINet for short-term load forecasting. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using datasets from two different regions of the US electricity market. In addition, we compare the prediction results with support vector regression machines (SVR), long short-term memory networks (LSTM), temporal convolutional networks (TCN), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), and sample convolution and interaction networks (SCINet). The proposed model achieves accurate prediction results among all the machine learning models used in this paper. |
14,033 | Please write an abstract with title: Monitoring the condition of insulator shed materials in overhead distribution networks, and key words: Polymers, Surface roughness, Rough surfaces, Degradation, Aging, Surface cracks, Surface discharges. Abstract: Methods of sampling and analyzing the surface material of sheds of composite insulators are reviewed. It is shown that scanning electron microscopy gives useful information from slivers cut from the insulator surfaces, and emission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy enables derivation of indicators of material oxidation to be developed from surface swabbing with solvents. FTIR absorption spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance FTlR spectroscopy give indicators of surface chalking for ehtylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) insulators. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to determine surface layer elemental composition and concentration of oxidized bonds. The techniques are applied to field aged 275 kV EPDM and silicone rubber insulators and tentative correlations developed between surface condition and leakage current. Cluster analysis of results from sampling of a large population of EPDM insulators shows that the surface analysis methods facilitate grouping by location and manufacturer. |
14,034 | Please write an abstract with title: Optimizing open-source FPGA CAD tools, and key words: Benchmark testing, Hardware, Field programmable gate arrays, Tuning. Abstract: The development of open-source FPGA CAD tools is challenging. Vendor CAD tools exist but are closed-source and specific to each FPGA family. These tools give limited opportunity for customizing and also have the disadvantage of long compile times. Several open source tools have been built, but the quality of results from these tools is still far behind commercial tools. This research is aimed at bridging some of the gap between commercial and open-source FPGA CAD tools by tuning policies of existing implementation algorithms. We build a set of synthetic benchmarks to identify the mapping between input circuit patterns and policies of a given CAD algorithm and architecture. This work discusses the framework for policy tuning and is aimed at showing that algorithm policies need to adapt to the input circuit. We demonstrate our framework with the packing step of the FPGA CAD flow and show how our approach can be used to improve the quality of results in open-source tools. |
14,035 | Please write an abstract with title: Analysis of Hierarchical Rate Splitting for Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces-Aided Downlink Multiuser MISO Communications, and key words: Monte Carlo methods, Closed-form solutions, Channel estimation, MISO communication, Probability, Downlink, Power system reliability. Abstract: An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is an emerging technology in the next-generation (B5G and 6G) wireless communications with the aim of improving the spectral/energy efficiency of the wireless networks. In this paper, we focus on multiple IRS-aided multiuser multiple-input single-output (MISO) downlink network, where each IRS is deployed near to the cell boundary of the cellular network in order to help the downlink transmission to the cell-edge users. To achieve the significant performance benefits provided by the rate-splitting (RS) transmission in multiuser scenario, two-layer hierarchical rate splitting (2L-HRS) technique is deployed at the base station (BS) to serve all the users. Furthermore, we propose an On-Off scheme for controlling the IRSs with practical phase shifts. In order to analyze the performance of the users, we derive the closed-form expressions of outage probability for both cell-edge users and near users. By extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed design framework outperforms the corresponding one-layer RS (1L-RS), the multiuser linear precoding (MU-LP) and 2L-HRS without IRS. In addition, we reveal the advantages of introducing RS-based IRS in improving the cell-users' performance. The impact of channel estimation errors due to imperfect channel state information, and the various network's parameters, such as the number of reflecting elements and the number of cell-users, on the network performance is demonstrated. |
14,036 | Please write an abstract with title: Wind dependence of quasi-specular microwave sea scatter, and key words: Sea measurements, Wind speed, Extraterrestrial measurements, Optical scattering, Radar scattering, Predictive models, Optical surface waves, Sea surface, Physical optics, Optical sensors. Abstract: It is shown that a specular-point scattering model adequately predicts the relation between the average quasi-specular microwave scattering cross section of the sea and the mean wind speed. The mean-square sea slope required in this model varies with both the upper and lower ends of the waveheight spectrum, which in themselves are functions of wind speed. Optical measurements of slopes confirm this physical relationship. Finally, the resultant scattering cross section predicted by the slope-dependent specular-point model is compared with a set of recent measurements, lending credence to the model and interpretation suggested here. |
14,037 | Please write an abstract with title: Graphical Visualization of the Connections of Involved Users and Identifying Influential Spreaders in a Social Network, and key words: Social networking (online), Data visualization, Surges, Testing. Abstract: According to the latest research, the use of social media to track the spread of radical ideas and extremist threats has attracted the attention of researchers for over 10 years. In recent years, there has been a surge in research interest in identifying criminals through social media accounts and analyzing the visualization of the connections of the users involved, since criminals actively use social media, and the number of calls for extremism through social media is growing every year. In this paper, we consider the current problem of using identification methods based on public data of user profiles and social network analysis to identify nodes for the dissemination of criminal information in social networks. It provides an overview of existing solutions and approaches, as well as proposes a proprietary method for identifying user profiles and analyzing graph properties. The applicability of the proposed method has been demonstrated experimentally through testing real datasets. The results of the experiment show high accuracy in detecting engaged users. |
14,038 | Please write an abstract with title: An edge-caching algorithm based on fine-grained SVC for video streaming, and key words: Video coding, Information science, Correlation, Static VAr compensators, Streaming media, Prediction algorithms, Encoding. Abstract: In recent years, with the drastic increase in the number of video requests, higher requirements have been put forward for video transmission services. This paper introduces the video caching model that work on edge-caching devices to improve QoE of users who request videos. Combined with a fine-grained scalable video coding technology, we design a new algorithm which can allocate cache space by analyzing past video request data to improve the hit rate of user video requests. Numerical results show that the proposed method can outperform ubiquitous solutions e.g. least-recently/frequently used and First Input First Output method in terms of a quantitative score over users’ experience. |
14,039 | Please write an abstract with title: Reliability and Performance Estimation for Enriched WS-SAGAS, and key words: Web services, Quality of service, Computer science, Failure analysis, Performance analysis, Layout, Protocols, Aggregates, Logic, Delay. Abstract: Over the last couple of years, the web services compositions paradigm has been gathering a considerable momentum to grasp at the opportunity of becoming the most natural solution for autonomous and heterogeneous applications integration. In this paper, we advocate that we have yet to be concerned about the reliability and performance levels that the web services composition will exhibit upon execution, which is still an ongoing research problem finding notable interest. Focusing on this issue, we propose to estimate the reliability and performance of web services compositions. We concentrate on one important aspect that has received little attention so far: the consideration of the failures repercussions on the overall composition execution performance. Specifically, our targets are twofold. Firstly, we propose to enrich WS-SAGAS with a new set of advanced aggregation patterns so that it fits with the inherent business processes complexity and thereby it allows to specify, as web services compositions, any business process no matter how it turns out to. Secondly, we propose to estimate the reliability and performance of each of these patterns, and this, in both, correct and faulty situations. Our enriched WS-SAGAS model ameliorates considerably the chances to acquire more plausible estimations of the reliability and performance because of its failure awareness. Moreover, analyzing these estimations helps to investigate the reasons that may lay behind these failures and indeed to contribute noticeably to acquire more reliable compositions execution with high performance level. |
14,040 | Please write an abstract with title: Applying Machine Learning for Intelligent Assessment of Wheelchair Cushions from Pressure Mapping Images, and key words: Training, Deep learning, Image segmentation, Machine learning algorithms, Wheelchairs, Cells (biology), Skin. Abstract: Pressure ulcers are skin and underlying tissue injuries caused by the cells' lack of oxygen and nutrition due to blood flow obstruction from constant pressure on the skin. It is prevalent in people with motion disabilities, such as wheelchair users. For both prevention and healing, wheelchair users should occasionally change their sitting posture, use cushions that evenly distribute the pressure, or relieve pressure from the sensitive areas. Occupational therapists (OTs) often use pressure mapping systems (PMS) to assess their clients and recommend them a cushion. A cushion with more uniform pressure distribution and fewer pressure concentration points is ranked the highest. This paper offers a novel approach to enhance the objectivity of PMS readings and rankings for OTs. Our method relies on image segmentation techniques to generate quantifiable measures for cushions assessment. We implemented a sequential process to generate a score representing a cushion's suitability for an individual, which begins with PMS image segmentation using machine learning, followed by a deep learning algorithm for identifying high-risk pressure points. We introduced a Cushion Index for quantifying and ranking the cushions. Clinical Relevance- By selecting proper cushions for wheelchair users, the risk of developing PUs is reduced. |
14,041 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and Validation of an IMU Based Full Hand Kinematic Measurement System, and key words: Kinematics, Data gloves, Real-time systems, Sensor fusion, Optical sensors, Adaptive optics, Haptic interfaces, Motion control. Abstract: Measurement of hand kinematics is commonly done using data gloves and optical trackers and finds application in biomechanics, motor control research, clinical assessment, virtual reality etc. While data gloves are expensive and restrict the dexterity of the hand, optical trackers are susceptible to the line-of-sight problem and can be used only in a laboratory setting. Over the last decade, the use of Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) to measure kinematics has gained traction due to their affordability and good accuracy. This paper presents the design and validation of a BNO055 IMU-based full Hand Kinematics Measurement System (HKMS). The best features from existing IMU-based devices were identified from the literature and incorporated. The HKMS streams orientation information of 16 BNO055 IMUs in real-time at 100 Hz via Wi-Fi or USB. A rigorous static and dynamic validation of the BNO055 IMU was done against 3D printed models and the highly accurate Electro Magnetic Tracking System (EMTS). The RMSE errors were found to be acceptable for the measurement of hand kinematics. Two experiments were conducted to collect hand kinematic data for various postures and object grasps using the HKMS and EMTS, respectively. Synergy analysis was done and range of motion of the joints was calculated using the two datasets. The results were compared to get an idea of the quality of the dataset collected using the HKMS. The results as well as the overall validation of the sensors indicate that the HKMS may be suitable for usage in a laboratory or clinical setup. |
14,042 | Please write an abstract with title: A Software-Defined-Networking-Enabled Approach for Edge-Cloud Computing in the Internet of Things, and key words: Cloud computing, Computer architecture, Reinforcement learning, Blockchains, Internet of Things, Resource management, Software defined networking, Edge computing. Abstract: The proliferation of smart devices has led to a huge amount of data streaming in the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the resource-limited devices cannot satisfy the demands of computing-in-tensive but delay-sensitive applications. The data delivery among devices may be tampered with by malicious users. These pose new challenges to provide secure and intelligent services in IoT. Blockchain and reinforcement learning (RL) are promising techniques for establishing a secure environment and intelligent resource management. In this article, we introduce a novel software defined networking (SDN)-enabled architecture for edge-cloud orchestrated computing to support secure and intelligent services in IoT. We first introduce the SDN-enabled architecture by integrating cloud computing, edge computing, and IoT networks. Then we provide several applications of SDN-enabled architecture in edge-cloud orchestrated computing. Next, we propose the blockchain and RL envisioned solutions to implement secure and intelligent services in IoT. Moreover, a case study of blockchain- and RL-enabled secure and intelligent computing offloading is presented to validate its effectiveness. We finally provide our conclusion and discuss several promising research directions. |
14,043 | Please write an abstract with title: Deep Learning for Moving Blockage Prediction using Real mmWave Measurements, and key words: Wireless communication, Deep learning, Wireless sensor networks, Power measurement, Simulation, Neural networks, Predictive models. Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is a key component of 5G systems and beyond. Such systems provide high bandwidth and high data rate but are sensitive to blockages. A sudden blockage in the line of sight (LOS) link leads to abrupt disconnection. Thus addressing blockage problems is essential for enhancing the reliability and latency of mmWave communication networks. In this paper, we propose a novel solution that relies only on in-band mmWave wireless measurements to proactively predict future dynamic line-of-sight (LOS) link blockages. The proposed solution utilizes deep neural networks and special patterns of received signal power, which we call pre-blockage wireless signatures, to infer future blockages. Specifically, the machine learning models attempt to predict: (i) Whether a blockage will occur in the next few seconds? (ii) At what time instance will this blockage occur? To evaluate our proposed approach, we build a mmWave communication setup with moving blockage in an indoor scenario and collect received power sequences. Simulation results on a real dataset show that blockage occurrence can be predicted with more than 85% accuracy, and the exact time instance of blockage occurrence can be obtained with less than 2 time instances (1.66s) error for prediction interval of 10 time instances (8.8s). This demonstrates the potential of the proposed solution for dynamic blockage prediction and proactive hand-off. |
14,044 | Please write an abstract with title: Filtering and filter sensitivity for stochastic parameter systems, and key words: Filtering, Filters, Stochastic systems, Differential equations, Stochastic resonance, White noise, Noise measurement, Computer errors, Stochastic processes, Covariance matrix. Abstract: This paper derives a suboptimal filter for systems having one or more stochastic parameters. Further, a sensitivity of the filter estimate error with respect to stochastic system parameters is defined. Equations suitable for digital computer solution are derived and an example is given to illustrate the application of the filter and sensitivity results to a stochastic parameter system. |
14,045 | Please write an abstract with title: Frequency and Temporal Convolutional Attention for Text-Independent Speaker Recognition, and key words: Convolution, Error analysis, Neural networks, Speech recognition, Speaker recognition, Speech processing, Spectrogram. Abstract: Majority of the recent approaches for text-independent speaker recognition apply attention or similar techniques for aggregation of frame-level feature descriptors generated by a deep neural network (DNN) front-end. In this paper, we propose methods of convolutional attention for independently modelling temporal and frequency information in a convolutional neural network (CNN) based front-end. Our system utilizes convolutional block attention modules (CBAMs) [1] appropriately modified to accommodate spectrogram inputs. The proposed CNN front-end fitted with the proposed convolutional attention modules outperform the no-attention and spatial-CBAM baselines by a significant margin on the VoxCeleb [2], [3] speaker verification benchmark. Our best model achieves an equal error rate of 2.031% on the VoxCeleb1 test set, which is a considerable improvement over comparable state of the art results. For a more thorough assessment of the effects of frequency and temporal attention in real-world conditions, we conduct ablation experiments by randomly dropping frequency bins and temporal frames from the input spectrograms, concluding that instead of modelling either of the entities, simultaneously modelling temporal and frequency attention translates to better real-world performance. |
14,046 | Please write an abstract with title: Situation awareness based automatic basestation detection and coverage reconfiguration in 3G systems, and key words: Genetic algorithms, Frequency, Student members, Downlink, Communication system traffic control, 3G mobile communication, Multiaccess communication, Cellular networks, Wireless networks, Buildings. Abstract: A novel technique for inserting basestations on an ad-hoc basis is investigated. Sector retraction and extension is used to reshape the network coverage area. Basestations are generally added to the network whenever there is a need to meet an increasing capacity demand. The replanning exercise can be both costly and time consuming. Situation awareness (SA) is the enabling functionality that allows a network redesign without a drain on resources. The simulation involves loading the network to capacity and evaluating the performance of adding a basestation 'on the fly'. Spectrum efficiency is the measure of performance used. Reconfiguration of the network area is performed by controlling the power level of the downlink pilot channel through the use of a genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of the algorithm is determined by its ability to reconfigure and redistribute the traffic. The technique is shown to offer a flexible and simple solution to the problem of UMTS network replanning for additional capacity. |
14,047 | Please write an abstract with title: Bayesian Estimation of Instantaneous Speed for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis, and key words: Estimation, Chirp, Time-frequency analysis, Bayes methods, Machinery, Transforms, Fault diagnosis. Abstract: The instantaneous speed (IS), i.e., instantaneous frequency, is an important feature to exploit the time-frequency characteristic of nonstationary signals. The IS estimation is widely used in various fields of signal processing. The IS estimation can also be regarded as a useful tool for rotating machinery fault diagnosis under nonstationary conditions. However, most of the current IS estimation methods improve the IS estimation accuracy at the cost of increasing the computational time. In this article, a method based on Bayesian estimation is proposed for estimating the fast time-varying IS in a computationally efficient manner. A linear chirp signal is modeled within the Bayesian framework, where the likelihood function and the prior probability function of the IS are derived. The past information is used as the prior to guarantee the continuity of the IS ridge, which improves the robustness against the noise or other interferences. The maximum a posteriori rule is used to estimate the IS. The proposed method not only obtains a high IS estimation accuracy for the signal whose IS is fast time-varying and broadband but also improves the computational efficiency. A simulated signal and two experimental signals are considered for investigating the performance of the proposed method. |
14,048 | Please write an abstract with title: Effect Analysis of Missile Decoy Distribution on Exo-atmosphere Kinetic Interceptor, and key words: Missiles, Mathematical model, Acceleration, Standards, Kinetic theory, Rotation measurement, Force. Abstract: With the rapid development of the missile defense technology, the diversification confrontation measures of missile are widely used. The confrontation process between interceptor and missile equipped with Decoy is analyzed. The relative model between interceptor and missile is established in rotation coordinate of Line of Sight. The interceptor’s endgame effect is studied based on CADET (Covariance Analysis Describing Function Technique). Finally, the effectiveness is taken to demonstrate though a numerical simulation in this paper. |
14,049 | Please write an abstract with title: Decreased Theta Power Reflects Disruption in Postural Control Networks of Fragile X Premutation Carriers, and key words: Task analysis, Electroencephalography, Neural activity, Correlation, Force, Visualization, Stability analysis. Abstract: FRM1 premutation carriers exhibit various subtle deficits in balance and stability, prior to the development of the movement disorder Fragile X Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Force plate posturography has increasingly been combined with the temporal sensitive imaging methods such as EEG to offer insight into the neural mechanisms which govern postural control. This study investigated cortical theta power during continuous balance and its relationship to balance performance in Fragile X premutation carriers. Eight premutation carriers and 6 controls stood on a force platform under altered sensory and cognitive conditions while postural sway and high-density EEG data were simultaneously recorded. Carriers exhibited greater sway area when sensory input was reduced (p=0.01) and cognitive load was increased (p=0.01), as well as significantly reduced frontal theta power compared to the Control Group. The relationship between theta power and postural control seen in the control group may indicate an increase in error detection caused by reduced visual input and greater discrepancies between expected and actual balance state. While the lower theta power in frontal regions of carriers may indicate a disruption in neural networks underpinning postural control. Such results provide new insight into the neural correlates of balance control in Fragile X premutation carriers. |
14,050 | Please write an abstract with title: Rejection of Non-meaningful Activities, and key words: Testing, Hidden Markov models, Light rail systems, Humans, Surveillance, Performance evaluation, Test pattern generators, Face recognition. Abstract: The rejection of non-meaningful activities is an important issue in human activity recognition (HAR) systems. This rejection is often operated as a hypothesis test based on a model representing all non-meaningful patterns. Such a 'non-meaningful' model is often difficult to obtain in reality. This paper presents a new test, the pairwise likelihood ratio test (PLRT), to reject non-meaningful activities. The model for non-meaningful activities is not required in this test. Moreover, instead of using a fixed likelihood-ratio threshold, the distribution of the likelihood ratios is used as a measurement to improve the rejection accuracy. Two approaches to combine multiple PLRTs into a stronger classifier are also presented |
14,051 | Please write an abstract with title: Effective integration of object tracking in a video coding scheme for multisensor surveillance systems, and key words: Video coding, Layout, Video codecs, Cameras, Video surveillance, Security, Object detection, Bandwidth, Costs, Filters. Abstract: This paper deals with the interaction and integration of two important elements of most video surveillance systems: object tracking and video coding. Both elements are open research topics and in general they are studied separately. In the domain of video surveillance the convergence of the two subjects can be extremely important to build viable applications in a number of emerging security scenarios. In this context we propose a spatio-temporal filter based on object tracking that improves coding performances and post-coding analysis. The filter is an alternative to complex object-based video codecs in many video surveillance scenarios. It increases the spatio-temporal redundancies of input signal discarding noise and unwanted moving objects. We demonstrate that the compression performances of successive codecs are increased. Moreover, the decoded stream implicitly represents the regions of interest detected on the original signal. |
14,052 | Please write an abstract with title: Systemic Risk in Power Markets based on Financial Resilience and Financial Reliability under High Penetration of Renewables, and key words: Power markets, Uncertainty, Renewable energy sources, Resilience, Systematics, Risk analysis, Reliability theory. Abstract: Over the past 20 years, the rapid integration of renewable energy has resulted in power markets that are increasingly complex, interconnected, and uncertain. Similar to the banking system's financial crisis in 2008 due to chained reactions, severe financial losses due to uncertainty at a large renewable farm could induce significant financial losses at other market participants. The spread of such financial shocks can be worsened by centralized market clearing, and systemic financial risks consequently germinate in power market operations. Therefore, our previous work has compared systemic risk with systematic risk in the power market with uncertainties. However, the scope of our previous work has been limited to risk indices. This paper aims to broaden the study by proposing the theoretical foundation of systemic risk analysis in power markets with uncertainties. First, a power market financial network is defined to describe the cash inflow/outflow of all participants, and the financial contagion is employed to model the interlinks between two entities. Then, two financial properties, financial resilience and financial reliability, are proposed to evaluate the systemic risk in market settlements with uncertainties. Finally, the proposed theoretical foundation of systemic risk is demonstrated on the Texas synthetic 2000-bus system with 70% renewable penetration. |
14,053 | Please write an abstract with title: Sub-Messages Scheduling in GNSS Packet Broadcasting By Message Splitting, and key words: Earth, Global navigation satellite system, Satellite constellations, Processor scheduling, Satellite broadcasting, Receivers, Integer linear programming. Abstract: Recently, global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have started offering additional services to improve the precision of positioning, authenticate the GNSS signal, and broadcast messages (e.g., almanacs or information needed for search and rescue purposes). In all these scenarios, possibly long messages must be broadcast over the low-rate satellite-ground communication link. By splitting the message into sub-messages, each transmitted by a different satellite, the receiver can decode them simultaneously, achieving a higher equivalent data rate. In this paper we address the problem of scheduling sub-message transmissions on a constellation of satellites for transmission over error-free and erasure channels. For the error-free case we aim at maximizing the area over the earth, where the entire message can be decoded. Both optimal (by binary linear programming) and sub-optimal low-complexity solutions are investigated. For erasure channels we consider two possible targets: either the minimization of the maximum packet error rate (PER) on the earth surface, or, in a dual fashion, the maximization of the area where all sub-messages are received with PER below a given threshold. Both problems are framed as integer linear programming problems, and again suboptimal, less computationally demanding solutions are also developed. |
14,054 | Please write an abstract with title: The Research on trafficability of Large-sized Vehicles at Small-radius Curves in Myanmar Pale – Gangaw Road, and key words: Analytical models, Solid modeling, Systematics, Roads, Stability criteria, Software, Safety. Abstract: The research team used UAV aerial survey, continuous section velocity measurement with laser technology, GPS and other means to take a detailed look at the current status of the infrastructure of the selected section of Pale-Gangaw Road. On this basis, a systematic analysis of the current status of road facilities, traffic, vehicles, traffic accidents and traffic safety facilities was carried out. They also used the risk assessment model and software to analyze the overall traffic safety risks along the whole line, and key observations were made on hair pin turns, clarify the high-risk points and sections and analyze the risk causes. The causes of high risks in key points and sections were further analyzed and corresponding safety improvement suggestions were put forward. |
14,055 | Please write an abstract with title: A Novel Continual Beam Scanning Periodic Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antenna, and key words: Microwave antennas, Microwave technology, Microwave integrated circuits, Simulation, Millimeter wave technology, Prototypes, Microstrip antennas. Abstract: In order to eliminate the limitations of the open-stopband (OSB) on the scanning performance of the traditional periodic leaky-wave antennas, a novel continual backward-to-forward beam scanning periodic microstrip leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is presented in this paper. The OSB is eliminated by simultaneously introducing the slots, the metallic vias, and the parasitic patches. The simulation results show that the continual backward-to-forward beam scanning of the proposed antenna is realized from 7.4 GHz to 10.05 GHz. A scanning range of 92° of the main-beam with the maximum gain of 14.4 dBi is achieved. The antenna gain of 14.2 dBi is achieved at broadside with no significant degradation, implying that the OSB is eliminated. The proposed antenna in this paper provides a new design scheme for the periodic microstrip LWAs. |
14,056 | Please write an abstract with title: All-optical add-drop node for packet-switched networks, and key words: Optical pulse generation, Pulse modulation, Polarization, Power generation, Tunable circuits and devices, Timing, Optical noise, Optical packet switching, Optical fiber communication, Signal generators. Abstract: We demonstrated all-optical packet add/drop for all-optical packet-switched networks. Intelligent all-optical add-drop of packets is performed based on all-optical processing of packet headers. The header and payload rates are 5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s respectively. |
14,057 | Please write an abstract with title: HomeShield: A Credential-Less Authentication Framework for Smart Home Systems, and key words: Smart homes, Internet of Things, Authentication, Smart phones, Servers. Abstract: Smart home systems have become more and more prevailent in recent years. On the one hand, they make our everyday life more convenient; on the other hand, they suffer from the two notorious security problems, namely, the open-port problem and the overprivilege problem, making their security situations extremely worrying and uncheerful. In this article, we proposed HomeShield, a novel credential-less authentication framework to shield smart home systems by effectively defending against the attacks resulted from these two security problems without the need for sensitive credentials. We further detailed an implementation of HomeShield based on the side channels that are publicly available in Android smartphones serving as controllers of smart home systems and presented its workflow in protecting against various attacks caused by the open-port and overprivilege problems. Finally, we tested our HomeShield implementation on a real-world smart home system and considered four threat models that cover basically all practical attacks, including Mirai and its variants. We also considered the effectiveness of our HomeShield implementation on the SmartApps of the Samsung SmartThings platform, which also suffers from the open-port and overprivilege problems, even though its overprivilege issue has been extensively studied by the recently proposed works, such as ContexIoT and SmartAuth. The evaluation results indicate that our HomeShield realization can successfully defend against over 90% attack trials with an average latency of less than 1 s. |
14,058 | Please write an abstract with title: Efficient Word Size Modular Multiplication over Signed Integers, and key words: Computers, Quantum computing, Transforms, Standardization, NIST, Public key cryptography, Digital arithmetic. Abstract: As an efficient multiplication method for polynomial rings, Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is a fundamental algorithm that is both practically useful and theoretically established. Chung et al. proposed a method to perform NTT-based polynomial multiplication for NTT-unfriendly rings that do not have suitable primitive roots. They applied their proposal to lattice-based cryptography using NTT-unfriendly rings and speeded up several schemes. At ARITH 2021, Plantard proposed a modular multiplication algorithm that improves the speed of NTT if moduli are not large (a few dozen of bits), which is the case for typical lattice-based cryptography. It is natural to expect that Plantard's method improves Chung et al.‘s NTT when applied to them, however, this is not possible as Chung et al. requires the use of signed integers while Plantard's method assumes unsigned integers. A simple fix would cause a slowdown and a non-constant-time operation. To overcome this problem, we propose an efficient method for calculating the modular multiplication for signed integers based on Plantard's method. Our proposal generally incurs no overhead from the original and works in a constant-time fashion. To show the effectiveness of our proposal, we provide experimental implementation results on a lattice-based cryptographic scheme Saber. Currently, NIST is selecting candidates for standardization of post-quantum cryp-tography in preparation for the compromise of current public key cryptography by quantum computers, and has completed the selection of the final candidates. Saber is one of the finalists for the NIST standardization project, |
14,059 | Please write an abstract with title: Multilevel Classification and Detection of Cardiac Arrhythmias With High-Resolution Superlet Transform and Deep Convolution Neural Network, and key words: Electrocardiography, Feature extraction, Heart, Support vector machines, Transforms, Heart beat, Convolutional neural networks. Abstract: Atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation are the two most common cardiac arrhythmia. These cardiac arrhythmias cause heart strokes and other heart complications leading to an increased risk of heart failure. Early and accurate cardiac arrhythmia detection is vital to preventing various heart-related diseases. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a popular and reliable method to detect cardiac arrhythmia and heart-related diseases. However, sometimes, it becomes difficult and time-consuming to interpret the ECG signal, even for a cardiac expert. This study proposes a deep learning-based method to effectively classify and detect cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation) using a time–frequency (TF) spectrogram of ECG records. The proposed framework utilizes superlet transform (SLT) to transform the 1-D ECG signal into a 2-D TF spectrogram. The last layer of the pretrained convolutional neural networks, namely, AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and DenseNet, is modified and then used to classify the ECG records into healthy heart, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation. The proposed method is tested using ECG signals from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, the MIT-BIH malignant database, the Fantasia database, the AF termination challenge database, and the CU ventricular tachyarrhythmia database. The proposed method with DenseNet-201 architecture provides the best performance with an overall test accuracy of 96.2%. The proposed method reduces the system complexity as it does not require noise removal, handcrafted features, and beat detection. Furthermore, the proposed system automatically classifies the ECG signal into healthy heart, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation. |
14,060 | Please write an abstract with title: Generalized bounds on the crest-factor distribution of OFDM signals with applications to code design, and key words: OFDM, Signal design, Frequency division multiplexing, Binary codes, Upper bound, Algorithm design and analysis, Peak to average power ratio, Information theory, Quadrature amplitude modulation, Wireless communication. Abstract: In this paper generalized bounds on the crest-factor (CF) distribution in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission for both independent and dependent subcarriers are derived. Here, the latter situation represents the coded case. For independent subcarriers, a general path for bounding practical constellations is provided. Moreover, a complete characterization of their asymptotic behavior is devised and discussed. The results are shown to carry over to the spherical constellations improving on recent results. For dependent subcarriers, the focus is mainly on binary codes where bounds on the CF distribution are obtained in terms of the distance distributions and their duals. The asymptotic behavior of codes is analyzed and it is shown that the upper bound on the effective crest-factor of a large class of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes behaves asymptotically as radiclogN. Finally, two applications of the results to code design are presented: first, fixed phase shifts on the subcarriers for all codewords are used and an algorithm to calculate the phase shifts is designed. That way, it is proved that the effective CF of any binary code can be scaled to be of order radiclogN for large N without sacrificing on rate. Furthermore, the same approach is applied to calculation of the phases of redundant subcarriers for each codeword. It is shown by simulations that the values can be effectively chosen so that the CF is significantly reduced with nonexponential complexity |
14,061 | Please write an abstract with title: Performance of power control algorithms in wideband CDMA systems, and key words: Power control, Wideband, Multiaccess communication, Bit error rate, Interference, Programmable control, Adaptive control, Frequency, Fading, Error probability. Abstract: In cellular WCDMA systems, power control is used to assist the receiver to achieve minimum signal power deviation from its desired mean value. By minimising the signal power variation, the desired bit error rate of the desired user can be achieved while causing minimum interference to other multiple access users. We investigate two power control algorithms. Namely, the conventional fixed step-size power control algorithm and the newly proposed adaptive step-size algorithm. Simulations on a frequency selective fading, L-resolvable multipaths reverse link system were carried out. Lastly, results in terms of bit error probability for the above mentioned algorithms were presented. |
14,062 | Please write an abstract with title: An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and its application to solve constrained optimization problems, and key words: Information science, Heuristic algorithms, Sociology, Information sharing, Benchmark testing, Particle swarm optimization, Statistics. Abstract: This paper presents an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO) for constrained nonlinear optimization problems. The main improvements of the original PSO are the incorporation of particle local information and the introduction of dynamic inertia weight. A new velocity update equation is proposed, which consider the local information around each particle. During consecutive generations, an dynamic inertia weight is produced to improve the search speed and search precision of IPSO. In addition, a dynamic multi-stage penalty function is used to deal with the constraints and a modified feasibility-based rule is adopted to update the personal best position and the global best position of the IPSO. The effectiveness of the proposed IPSO is validated through a set of benchmark constrained test functions and an engineering optimization problem. The experimental results show that IPSO can obtain some solutions better than or as well as those previously reported in the literature, which reveals that the proposed IPSO is a promising approach to solve this sort of optimizing problems. |
14,063 | Please write an abstract with title: Mutual multi-image compression based on fractal mating coding, and key words: Fractals, Image coding, Decoding, Rate-distortion, Image storage, Photonics, Protection, Propulsion, Computational modeling, Computer simulation. Abstract: Conventional fractal coding techniques explore only the self-similarity in an image (i.e., the intra-image similarity) to achieve compression. The paper proposes a fractal mating coding (FMC) method that also utilizes the similarity between two or more images (i.e., the inter-image similarity). In the proposed FMC method, two or more images are mutually encoded and decoded. This provides the security/protection property that only mutually encoded images can be correctly decoded. Computer experiments for the proposed FMC method are provided and the simulation result shows that the peak signal-to-noise ratio can be improved, on average, by more than 1 dB under the same bit rate for the test images |
14,064 | Please write an abstract with title: Design of fault-tolerant digital filters based on redundant residue number arithmetic for over-the-air reconfiguration in software radio communication systems, and key words: Fault tolerant systems, Digital filters, Digital arithmetic, Software radio, Computer simulation, Hardware, Automatic repeat request, Forward error correction, Error correction, Computer errors. Abstract: Over-the-air reconfiguration is a key characteristic of software defined radio communication systems. It offers great advantages in terms of cost-effective software deployment to a large number of user terminals. It also enables manufacturers and service providers to introduce additional features in hardware components after their shipment. Even though automatic repeat request (ARQ) or forward error correction (FEC) schemes are used for error control in transmission of configuration data (CD), the received configuration data may not be error free, therefore, the erroneous CD result in implementation of faulty circuits. In order to reduce the effects of the CD error, fault-tolerant processing is provided in circuits to be reconfigured over the air. We designed fault-tolerant digital filters based on redundant residue number arithmetic. A computer simulation model is described and simulation results are presented for the filters operating in the presence of simulated hardware failures. |
14,065 | Please write an abstract with title: Improved Deep Learning in OFDM Systems With Imperfect Timing Synchronization, and key words: Receivers, OFDM, Neurons, Discrete Fourier transforms, Synchronization, Channel estimation. Abstract: The paper proposes a deep neural network (DNN) based receiver to outperform the state-of-the-art w/o timing synchronization error in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Moreover, the closed-form of a traditional minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver is derived in the presence of inter-symbol-interference. The derived receiver is used to benchmark the performance of the proposed DNN. |
14,066 | Please write an abstract with title: SAT-Based Data-Flow Mapping Onto Array Processor, and key words: Simulated annealing, Very large scale integration, Throughput, Space exploration, Topology, Sparse matrices, Pipeline processing. Abstract: Recently, it has been common to perform parallel processing in machine learning. Reconfigurable array processor is drawing attention in terms of easy custom adjustment and high performance. We propose a method to map a data-flow onto an array processor using a SAT solver. The proposed method is combined with an automatic transformation method, which changes the order of calculations, to generate a more efficient computation scheme. We have solved mapping problems of matrix-vector multiplication. In our experiment, a SAT solver was more scalable than an ILP solver. Our method handled a dataflow of more than a hundred nodes using MAC operation. The automatic transformation under the associative and commutative laws is less scalable but successfully reduced calculation time. We have also mapped sparse matrix multiplication with varying latency and throughput and generated faster schedules utilizing the sparsity. |
14,067 | Please write an abstract with title: Practical oscillation-based test of integrated filters, and key words: Circuit testing, Filters, Circuit faults, Oscillators, Transfer functions, Automatic testing, System testing, Feedback circuits, Feedback loop, Electrical fault detection. Abstract: Oscillation-based test (OBT) techniques show promise in detecting faults in mixed-signal circuits and require little modification. to the circuit under test. Comparing both the oscillation's amplitude and frequency yields acceptable test quality. OBT seems especially appealing for filters but requires adaptation to handle monolithic circuits or the analog-core-based design of complex mixed-signal ICs. |
14,068 | Please write an abstract with title: DUN: Dual-path Temporal Matching Network for Natural Language-based Vehicle Retrieval, and key words: Visualization, Silver, Databases, Conferences, Natural languages, Urban areas, Feature extraction. Abstract: Retrieving vehicles matching natural language descriptions from collections of videos is a novel and uniquely challenging task, requiring consideration not only of vehicle types and colors, but also of temporal relations, e.g., "A white crossover keeping straight behind a silver hatch-back." To perform this task, we propose Dual-path Temporal Matching Network (DUN). DUN uses a pre-trained CNN and GloVe to extract visual and text features, respectively, and GRUs to mine temporal relationships in videos and sentences. Furthermore, the proposed network can attain superior performance by including techniques such as re-ranking. With its simple structure, DUN achieved second place on the AI City Challenge 2021 Track 5. The codes are available at https://github.com/okzhili/AICITY2021_Track5_DUN. |
14,069 | Please write an abstract with title: Design of fuzzy sliding mode control for DC-DC converter, and key words: Fuzzy control, Sliding mode control, DC-DC power converters, Switches, Voltage control, Control systems, Switched-mode power supply, Electric variables control, Robustness, Stability. Abstract: This paper presents a variable structure type sliding mode control (SMC) under current mode control for dc-dc boost type converter having non-minimum phase characteristic. The robustness of the proposed controller is verified for load and line variations. To reduce the chattering and to improve stability, a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) is designed. A detailed derivation of control law is presented by using Flippov's method and Lyapunov method for SMC and FSMC respectively. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation results are presented. |
14,070 | Please write an abstract with title: Resonant gate tunneling current in double-gate SOI: a simulation study, and key words: Silicon on insulator technology, MOSFETs, Resistance, Partial differential equations, Quantum theory, Semiconductor device modeling, Green's functions, Quantum wells. Abstract: Gate tunneling current in fully depleted, double-gate (DG) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is characterized based on quantum-mechanical principles. The gate tunneling current for symmetrical DG SOI with ground-plane (t/sub ox/ = 1.5 nm and T/sub SI/ = 5 nm) is shown to be higher relative to single-gate (bulk) MOS structure. The tunneling is enhanced as the silicon layer becomes thinner since the thinner silicon layer acts a deep quantum well. The simulated I/sub G/-V/sub G/ of DG SOI has negative differential resistance like that of the resonant tunnel diodes at the gate bias /spl sim/ 1.4 V. |
14,071 | Please write an abstract with title: The future of cloud computing Highly Distributed with Heterogeneous Hardware, and key words: Semiconductor device modeling, Cloud computing, Data centers, Moore's Law, Market research, Fabrics, Telecommunications. Abstract: The cloud is transforming, both in terms of the extent of distribution and in the diversity of compute and storage capabilities. On-premises and edge data centers (DCs) are emerging, and hardware (HW) accelerators are becoming integral components of formerly software-only services. |
14,072 | Please write an abstract with title: 3-D Space Visualization System Using Ultrasonic Sensors as an Assistive Device for the Blind, and key words: Acoustics, Assistive devices, Ultrasonic imaging, Visualization, Distance measurement, Sensor systems. Abstract: This study proposes a new assistive device for the blind that uses more than one-dimensional data to draw objects. The study aims to convert three-dimensional (3-D) spatial information into sound information using 6-axis and ultrasonic sensors, and to draw a 3-D depiction of the space ahead for the user. Fourteen participants were involved in testing, wherein 4 were visually impaired. Moreover, the male to female ratio was 7:3, with the average age of participants at 28.8 years. An initial sound recognition experiment was designed to assess the device's accuracy through participant use. Recognition rates were 70% for normal participants and 88% for the blind participants. Additional experiments expanded the environmental conditions by requiring participants to discern the distances of 10 objects, positioned at both high and low locations. Two different scenarios were employed: stationary and walking scenarios. The stationary distance measurement participants scored an average of 96 points, while the walking participants averaged 81 points. Under the given conditions, this study found that its assistive device for the visually impaired can draw a 3-D space with 88.5% accuracy. This probability promises a basic level of utility that can assist those with visual impairment in controlled environments, such as hospitals and homes. |
14,073 | Please write an abstract with title: Hardware Redaction via Designer-Directed Fine-Grained eFPGA Insertion, and key words: Fabrication, Reverse engineering, Very large scale integration, FinFETs, Hardware, Generators, Delays. Abstract: In recent years, IC reverse engineering and IC fabrication supply chain security have grown to become significant economic and security threats for designers, system integrators, and end customers. Many of the existing logic locking and obfuscation techniques have shown to be vulnerable to attack once the attacker has access to the design netlist either through reverse engineering or through an untrusted fabrication facility. We introduce soft embedded FPGA redaction, a hardware obfuscation approach that allows the designer substitute security-critical IP blocks within a design with a synthesizable eFPGA fabric. This method fully conceals the logic and the routing of the critical IP and is compatible with standard ASIC flows for easy integration and process portability. To demonstrate eFPGA redaction, we obfuscate a RISC-V control path and a GPS P-code generator. We also show that the modified netlists are resilient to SAT attacks with moderate VLSI overheads. The secure RISC-V design has 1.89x area and 2.36x delay overhead while the GPS design has 1.39x area and negligible delay overhead when implemented on an industrial 22nm FinFET CMOS process. |
14,074 | Please write an abstract with title: Distributed Separated-Decorrelation LMS Algorithms Over Sensor Networks With Noisy Inputs, and key words: Decorrelation, Signal processing algorithms, Noise measurement, Convergence, Estimation, Steady-state, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Abstract: When the input is a highly correlated and noisy signal over sensor networks, it will lead to the severe performance degeneration of traditional distributed algorithms in terms of convergence rate and steady-state error. To tackle such an issue, this paper proposes distributed bias-compensated separated-decorrelation least mean-square (BC-SDLMS) algorithms. Due to the adoption of new separated-decorrelation structure and bias-compensated term, the steady-state mean-square error with the proposed algorithms can be reduced in comparison with the previous decorrelation schemes. The mean-square analysis is also carried out, which indicates that the proposed algorithms can converge to an unbiased solution. Moreover, an effective estimate for the noise variance at the input terminal of every node is designed. Finally, simulation comparisons are made between the proposed BC-SDLMS algorithms and the competing methods in terms of convergence rate and steady-state error for different colored and noisy inputs. |
14,075 | Please write an abstract with title: Intelligent Urban Traffic Orbit Current Limiting Model Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithm, and key words: Rails, Public transportation, Urban areas, Convergence, Optimization, Search problems, Conferences. Abstract: With the development of the economy and society and the accelerating pace of life, people have higher travel requirements. Compared with the traditional urban transportation ways, the subway has the advantages of larger passenger capacity and higher efficiency. Besides, the subway can also alleviating traffic congestion on the ground and reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, the development of underground urban rail transit has become a major trend in the world. However, some problems need to be solved, such as passengers' travel routes choosing and the government's guidance on peak traffic flow, due to the large correlation between rail transit lines, the sharp increase in traffic volume during peak periods, and the major differences in passenger flow between the various sections. Taking Beijing urban rail as an example, this paper analyzed the travel data of each station in some time periods, established the corresponding optimization model, and gave the measures to optimize the travel route and implement the site current limit, which has practical significance for solving urban rail transit problems. |
14,076 | Please write an abstract with title: Design of Micro Dynamic Simulation Laboratory for Distribution Network, and key words: Analytical models, Adaptation models, Power engineering, Power transmission lines, System dynamics, Power system dynamics, Dynamics. Abstract: With the rapid development of distributed generation, energy storage and other devices, and the wide application of new power electronic components, the distribution network has gradually turned into a complex system with two-way flow of power flow. The traditional simulation methods which divided into digital simulation method and dynamic simulation method are no longer applicable. Based on the traditional dynamic simulation method of distribution network, this paper puts forward a micro dynamic simulation experiment method to adapt to the development of modern distribution network, considering the experimental area, equipment investment, construction period, later expansion, applicable safety and other factors. It shows a system method to select micro simulation generator, motor, bus, transmission line, transformer and other electrical equipments. A drawing of 110kV distribution network micro dynamic simulation laboratory is presented, and the distribution network micro dynamic simulation laboratory is constructed and displayed. |
14,077 | Please write an abstract with title: Analyzing the Impacts of Diversity on Organizational Resilience: Analytical Review and Formulation, and key words: Organizations, Resilience, Uncertainty, Leadership, Cultural differences, Decision making, Collaboration. Abstract: The successful implementation of diversity to structure organizational resilience (OR) requires the leadership's ability to recognize and study the controlling elements of the phenomena that can guarantee organizations to have a greater ability to respond to crises facing them provided there has been an establishment of a solid foundation and the essential group of people, funding, decapitation plans, and technology. This study primarily focuses on three major elements, such as the structure of an organization, the system setup of such organization, and the existence of diversity within that organization under study. Within these elements, we discuss subfactors evolving around them while emphasis is placed mostly on diversity and further discussion will be needed on other subfactors highlighted in this study. The work is presented in the following fundamental requirements that define OR in a diverse environment. The OR system structure presents the levels of preparedness, collaboration, trustworthiness, responsibility, and adaptability that allow organizations to measure their agility; the technical framework of OR shows the ability to improve individual management disciplines of organizations to manage risks; and the protocol will implement OR systems into the reliable, attainable, and successful system. |
14,078 | Please write an abstract with title: Robust Charging Schedule for Autonomous Electric Vehicles With Uncertain Covariates, and key words: Costs, Charging stations, Batteries, Optimization, Degradation, Vehicle-to-grid, Uncertainty. Abstract: Autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) will become an inevitable trend in the future transportation network and have an important impact on the power grid. It is difficult to find the optimal distributed charging solution for AEVs to minimize the system cost with some uncertainties. In this paper, we investigate an AEVs charging and discharging problem with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. We aim to minimize the total electricity cost and battery degradation cost of AEVs and charging station batteries with V2G services, which takes the random arrival and departure of AEVs into account. We first propose a distributed charging framework of AEVs and charging stations by clustering method with the constraint of limited AEVs for each charging station in a region and formulate a distributed offline optimization problem. Then we formulate a distributed online charging optimization problem and propose a distributed online AEV charging scheduling (DOAS) algorithm to get an optimal charging solution. To study a more practical case, we reformulate the distributed online optimization problem with the uncertainties from base loads, renewable energy and charging demands. Furthermore, to improve the time efficiency of DOAS algorithm, we reduce the dimension of the distributed problem and design a dimension-reduction DOAS (DDOAS) algorithm. To seek a robust solution with some uncertainties, we propose a DDOAS algorithm with DRO based on Wasserstein distance (DDODW). Simulation results show that DOAS and DDOAS algorithms can have a close-to-optimal charging cost and a significantly less battery degradation cost of charging stations, compared with centralized online charging scheduling algorithm and DDOAS algorithm is more time-efficient than DOAS algorithm. The proposed DDODW algorithm can provide a robust solution for the energy schedule |
14,079 | Please write an abstract with title: A new type of ultimate-Shannon-limit channel codes, and key words: Circuits and systems, Error correction codes, Digital communication, Wireless sensor networks, Wireless networks, Turbo codes, Technology transfer. Abstract: In most existing digital communication systems, the received signal strength is usually larger than the noise level. Alternatively, the bit-energy-to-noise-power-spectral-density (Eb/N0) is assumed to be greater than 0 dB. However, in some specific applications such as deepspace communications and quantum key distribution, the received signal power is smaller than the noise power. Under such circumstances, strong error correction codes are required to provide a reliable link between the transmitter and the receiver. In this talk, a new type of error-correction code called “protograph-based low-density parity-check Hadamard codes” is introduced. The codes are shown to provide excellent error performance not only when Eb/N0 is smaller than 0 dB, but also when Eb/N0 approaches the ultimate Shannon limit -1.59 dB. |
14,080 | Please write an abstract with title: Morphological Component Analysis of Long-Duration Ringdown from Elastic Objects Imaged with the Sediment Volume Search Sonar, and key words: Roads, Oceans, Time series analysis, Signal processing algorithms, Tail, Signal processing, Search problems. Abstract: A common problem in signal processing is decomposing a signal comprised of several components into its constituent parts. This paper uses Morphological Component Analysis (MCA) to decompose experimentally collected Sediment Volume Search Sonar (SVSS) data into short-duration and longduration components. The SVSS is a synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) system designed for detection of ordnance at shallow water depths. In the implementation of MCA, Enveloped Sinusoid Parseval (ESP) frames are used to represent the signal components with sparse representations obtained via the Split Augmented Lagrangian Shrinkage Algorithm (SALSA). Ultimately, we are able to isolate late-time ringing of metallic objects both on top of and buried beneath sediment and generate sonar imagery using the two separated components to demonstrate the isolation. |
14,081 | Please write an abstract with title: Fuzzy Expert System for Constraint Handling in Real World Optimization, and key words: Constraint handling, Process control, Writing, Programming, Prediction algorithms, Reliability, Expert systems. Abstract: Optimization techniques have increasingly been applied in industrial environments over the past years. Even so, requirements and restrictions of real world problems, like technical standards and including physical impossibilities, are not so easy to include. Often, these constraints are hard coded in the computer program and the user cannot update them without the help of a programmer. In most cases, they are used as must regions in the search space. However, in real world problems the restrictions usually are not so strict. Expert systems have a knowledge base that resides outside of the computer program and relies on a set of rules that can be easily updated by the user. Fuzzy logic can make flexible the restrictions provided by specialists’ knowledge about the problem. This paper aims to propose a Fuzzy Expert System (FES) to better handle the constraints in real life engineering and business optimization problems. The proposed system was tested for optimizing an engineering problem comparing two known swarm algorithms, PSO and wFSS. The latter one is multimodal and suggest multiple feasible solutions, which is even better for supporting decisions. The results of the study show that the proposed method can achieve good and feasible solutions on the given problems and, consequently, increase competitiveness. |
14,082 | Please write an abstract with title: Beam-performance improvement of the SPring-8 storage ring, and key words: Storage rings, Stimulated emission, Stability, Undulators, Filling, Intrusion detection, Fluctuations, Optical devices, Statistics, Cooling. Abstract: The SPring-8 storage ring has improved its reliability and beam performance. At the beginning of year 2001, a project of beam orbit stabilization started aiming for the stability of sub-micron. By two years' activities, we have taken a remarkable progress on improvement of the orbit stability of the SPring-8 storage ring. Recently, optics of the ring was changed from the Double Bend Achromat type to new one with finite dispersion at the straight section for insertion devices. The horizontal emittance of 3 nm.rad was obtained which is close to the theoretical value. To increase time-averaged brilliance in several bunch operation, we have prepared a top-up operation in user time from September 2003. In this paper, the operational status and recent beam performance of the SPring-8 storage ring are presented. |
14,083 | Please write an abstract with title: Meteorological and Terrain Effects on RF Propagation, and key words: Radio frequency, Wireless communication, Atmospheric measurements, Atmospheric modeling, Predictive models, Tools, Data models. Abstract: Both terrain profile and near-ground meteorological conditions can have significant effects on the propagation of Radio Frequency (RF) radiation, especially for near-ground propagation paths. High-resolution terrain data obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and range-dependent gradient of the lower atmospheric refractive index calculated from near real-time weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) were used as inputs to the Aerospace Radio Frequency Propagation Tool (APRT) propagation model. Field measurements show that the model using the near real-time weather data generates more accurate propagation loss predictions than the model using constant weather data. |
14,084 | Please write an abstract with title: Corona Discharge of Practical Operated Transmission AC Lines, and key words: Degradation, Power transmission lines, Pollution, Accelerated aging, Conductors, Corona, Discharges (electric). Abstract: The corona discharge of transmission lines is one of the main reasons causing electromagnetic environmental issues. We selected practical operated lines from Shandong province of China to explore the effect of pollution grade and service year on the corona discharge of practical operated lines. Experimental results show that corona discharge becomes more serious as the service year lengthens. When the operated years are close, the general environment along the transmission lines plays an important role in electromagnetic environment degradation. Comparation of the photon number of operated lines with data obtained using corona cage improve that corona cage test can be equivalent to the transmission line. |
14,085 | Please write an abstract with title: Development and evaluation of a passively operating load-responsive transmission, and key words: Torque, Actuators, Switches, Magnetic switching, Mechanical systems, Safety, Couplings, Magnets, Magnetic sensors, Mechanical sensors. Abstract: A passively operating transmission capable of switching its reduction ratio in response to load torque was developed. The reduction ratio is switched by a clutch that responds to the load torque using a passive magnetic mechanism without any accessory actuators, sensors, electronics or power supplies. This load-responsive transmission contributes to reduce the power, size and weight of the mechanical system and improves its safety and agility since a variant load can be actuated efficiently using a minimal actuator. |
14,086 | Please write an abstract with title: A Radio-on-DWDM Transport System Employing Double External Light Injection Techniques, and key words: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Wavelength division multiplexing, Optical fiber communication, Optical transmitters, Optical fiber polarization, Stimulated emission, Optical distortion, Optical saturation, Intermodulation distortion. Abstract: A radio-on-dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) transport system employing double external light injection techniques to improve systems' performance is proposed and demonstrated. Such a proposed radio-on-DWDM transport system is suitable for the application of microwave optical links. |
14,087 | Please write an abstract with title: Real-Time UAV Correlation Filter Based on Response-Weighted Background Residual and Spatio-Temporal Regularization, and key words: Correlation filter (CF), residual learning, temporal spatial regularization, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Abstract: Correlation filter (CF) is widely used in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tracking because of its efficient performance. However, due to the existence of edge effects, CF will be confused so that the peak of the response is no longer obvious, resulting in tracking drift and template degradation, thereby degrading CF performance. To handle the problem, we propose a new CF for this problem. First, we introduce a response-weighted background residual term to make CF learn the background in a targeted manner according to the strength of the response. Second, a history filter model is constructed and a spatio-temporal regularization term is introduced to improve the robustness of CF. Finally, we conduct experiments on two challenging UAV benchmarks, DTB70 and UAV123_10fps. The results show that our tracker achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance compared with 15 other SOTA trackers, and can run at 58 frames/s on a single CPU, meeting the needs of UAV real-time tracking. |
14,088 | Please write an abstract with title: Color Analysis of Silk Fabrics Dyed Based on “The Qianlong Palette”, and key words: Pollution, Color, Fabrics, Raw materials, Pollution measurement, Computational intelligence. Abstract: Based on the Munsell color system and CIE LAB color system, this paper analyzes the color characteristics of dyed silk fabrics based on “The Qianlong Palette”, and finally determines the influence of concentration of dye liquor, Alum and black Alum, on the chromaticity characteristics of dyed silk fabrics. As a result, the dominant hue for a total of 210 naturally dyed silks fabrics was yellowish families followed by purple-blueness and reddish ones in the Munsell notation, without blueness and blue-greenish ones. We found that the lightness gradually decreases with the increase of the concentration of dye liquor. The value and chroma of all dyed silk fabrics are affected by alum and black alum which are likely to cause the value and chroma of most natural plant-dyed silk fabrics to decrease. |
14,089 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and performance evaluation of a flexible and efficient server assisted signature protocol, and key words: Protocols, Digital signatures, Public key cryptography, Computational efficiency, Public key, Decision support systems, Message authentication, Delay, Personal digital assistants, Security. Abstract: One method to reduce the computational costs of generating public key signatures on constrained devices is to get help from a verifiable server. In this paper, we propose a (verifiable) server assisted signature protocol, which is the first one that totally eliminates public key operations for the ordinary user. Our protocol is also more efficient and flexible in terms of storage since unlike previous ones the user does not need to save the server's signature to prove it's cheating. |
14,090 | Please write an abstract with title: Glasses Influence on the Eyes Exposed to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation, and key words: Biological system modeling, Biological tissues, Metals, Glass, Electromagnetic radiation, Mobile handsets, Mathematical models. Abstract: The investigation of the influence of the metal frame spectacles on the electric field and Specific Absorption Rate distribution within the user’s eyes exposed to the mobile phone electromagnetic field is presented in the paper. Numerical analysis of electric field distribution and Specific Absorption Rate has been performed when user's eye is exposed to radiation of the mobile phone operating at 2.45 GHz. Numerical solutions are obtained solving the equations of electromagnetic wave propagation. Accordingly, the obtained results are given for biological tissues within user’s eyes. The 3D models of human head and human eye and spectacles have been developed. The results obtained for the models with and without glasses have been compared in order to determine the effects of the presence of described glasses on distributions of values of interest. |
14,091 | Please write an abstract with title: A microfabrication strategy for cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer arrays, and key words: Mass spectroscopy, Electrodes, Bonding, Silicon, Etching, Micromechanical devices, Fabrication, Doping, Dielectrics and electrical insulation, Voltage. Abstract: This paper presents a microfabrication process for the realization of miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometers, based on silicon MEMS technologies. In order to create these traps, several techniques are presented. Porous silicon etching technique resulting in vertical holes has been used to fabricate end-plates. The ring electrode (hole diameter 1.5 mm) has been fabricated using ultrasonic mechanical drill technique. Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) was also used for fabrication of both ring electrode arrays and end-plate holes. The surfaces of the ring electrode and the end-plates have been made conducting by n+ doping. CYTOP films have been used both as a bonding layer and an insulator to bond the ring electrode to end-plates while ensuring electrical isolation. The thickness of CYTOP films has been chosen to ensure that it can withstand voltages up to 200 V while maintaining its bond strength. |
14,092 | Please write an abstract with title: Improved Lightweight YOLOv5 Using Attention Mechanism for Satellite Components Recognition, and key words: Satellites, Target recognition, Computational modeling, Neck, Image recognition, Feature extraction, Detectors. Abstract: Recognizing typical components of the satellite is a challenging task for on-orbit services. This article proposes a YOLOv5-based satellite components recognition model (YSCRM) on a computationally limited platform. In particular, feature fusion layers and selective kernel networks (SK-Nets) are introduced to handle the complex multimodal recognition problem of the components, improving the model’s feature selection and representation capability and significantly increasing the recognition accuracy. The transformer encoder modules are used at the end of the Yolov5 Neck to explore the prediction potential with the self-attention mechanism. The channel sparseness training method is implemented to reduce the model size to deploy the model on an embedded platform. Moreover, for the purpose of enlarging the training datasets and their diversity, a data generation approach based on the synthetic images generated by 3ds Max and a data augmentation method based on cycle-consistent adversarial network (Cycle-GAN) are presented in this research. The proposed hybrid dataset is used for training and testing, and extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments are performed. The results demonstrate that the YSCRM has significant recognition performance, and the five typical components, solar panel, body, tripod, nozzle, and docking ring, can be recognized with high accuracy, which indicates that the proposed model can be used for real-world scenarios. |
14,093 | Please write an abstract with title: Transient stability assessment of AC/DC hybrid power system with VSC-MTDC, and key words: Wiring, Statistical analysis, Stability criteria, Power system stability, Hybrid power systems, Circuit stability, Topology. Abstract: Flexible DC transmission (VSC-HVDC) after a large number of access to the power system, the flexible control and unique topological structure will greatly change the system fault response characteristics. This paper aims at studying the effect of VSC-MTDC system of different topological structures and different control modes on power system transient stability. In this paper, firstly, a four terminal flexible HVDC transmission system is constructed. The statistical analysis of clearing time critical with different topologies in three phase short circuit fault is carried out. Through statistical analysis, the relationship between VSC-MTDC topology and transient stability is obtained. Based on that, studying the influence of control mode on transient stability, in turn, four converters are set to the constant DC voltage control, analysis of the impact of control on the stability of the power grid integrated proximal and distal line fault. Finally combined with extended equal area criterion (EEAC) analyze qualitatively the influence of VSC-MTDC accessing on the transient stability of power system. |
14,094 | Please write an abstract with title: iCUS: Intelligent CU Size Selection for HEVC Inter Prediction, and key words: Encoding, Complexity theory, Optimization, Computational modeling, Support vector machines, Signal processing algorithms, Heuristic algorithms. Abstract: The hierarchical quadtree partitioning of Coding Tree Units (CTU) is one of the striking features in HEVC that contributes towards its superior coding performance over its predecessors. However, the brute force evaluation of the quadtree hierarchy using the Rate-Distortion (RD) optimisation, to determine the best partitioning structure for a given content, makes it one of the most time-consuming operations in HEVC encoding. In this context, this paper proposes an intelligent fast Coding Unit (CU) size selection algorithm to expedite the encoding process of HEVC inter-prediction. The proposed algorithm introduces (i) two CU split likelihood modelling and classification approaches using Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Bayesian probabilistic models, and (ii) a fast CU selection algorithm that makes use of both offline trained SVMs and online trained Bayesian probabilistic models. Finally, (iii) a computational complexity to coding efficiency trade-off mechanism is introduced to flexibly control the algorithm to suit different encoding requirements. The experimental results of the proposed algorithm demonstrate an average encoding time reduction performance of 53.46%, 61.15%, and 58.15% for Low Delay B, Random Access, and Low Delay P configurations, respectively, with Bjøntegaard Delta-Bit Rate (BD-BR) losses of 2.35%, 2.9%, and 2.35%, respectively, when evaluated across a wide range of content types and quality levels. |
14,095 | Please write an abstract with title: Kernel-Based Hamilton–Jacobi Equations for Data-Driven Optimal and H-Infinity Control, and key words: Mathematical model, Optimal control, Kernel, Computational modeling, Nonlinear dynamical systems. Abstract: This paper presents a data-driven method for designing optimal controllers and robust controllers for unknown nonlinear systems. Mathematical models for the realization of the control are difficult to develop owing to a lack of knowledge regarding such systems. The proposed multidisciplinary method, based on optimal control theory and machine learning with kernel functions, facilitates designing appropriate controllers using a data set. Kernel-based system models are useful for representing nonlinear systems. An optimal and an H-infinity controller can be designed by solving Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) equations, which unfortunately, are difficult to solve owing to the nonlinearity and complexity of the kernel-based models. The objective of this study consists of overcoming two challenges. The first challenge is to derive exact solutions to the HJ equations for a class of kernel-based system models. A key technique in overcoming this challenge is to reduce the HJ equations to easily solvable algebraic matrix equations, from which optimal and H-infinity controllers are designed. The second challenge is to control an unknown system using the obtained controllers, wherein the system is identified as a kernel-based model. Additionally, this study analyzes probabilistic stability of the feedback system with the proposed controllers. Numerical simulations demonstrate control performances of both the derived optimal and H-infinity controllers and stability of the feedback system. |
14,096 | Please write an abstract with title: On the Application of Parsimonious Periodic Autoregressive Models to Bursty Impulsive Noise in Low-Voltage PLC Networks, and key words: Low voltage, Biological system modeling, Time series analysis, Power line communications, Length measurement, Mathematical models, Data models. Abstract: This paper proposes Parsimonious Periodic Autoregressive (PPAR) models for modelling the bursty impulsive noise present in low-voltage power line communication (PLC) networks in the frequency range of 1 – 30 MHz. The acquired impulsive noise time series is seasonal and exhibit an autocorrelation structure that depends not only on the time lag between observations but also the season of the window length period of measurements. Assuming the seasons are grouped into groups of one or more seasons with similar autoregressive (AR) characteristics, individual AR models for various seasons are combined to obtain a single model for all seasons in a given group. Consequently after grouping, the parameters of the more PPAR models are estimated and diagnostically checked, validated through measurement data acquired from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and compared to other periodic time series models. |
14,097 | Please write an abstract with title: Systematic Derivation of Variational Expressions for Electromagnetic and/or Acoustic Waves, and key words: Electromagnetic scattering, Acoustic waves, Electromagnetic fields, Electromagnetic coupling, Tensile stress, Maxwell equations, Microwave devices, Coupling circuits, Circuit analysis, Magnetic anisotropy. Abstract: A systematic procedure generalized to derive the variational expressions for electromagnetic and/or acoustic field problems is proposed. It is shown that the variational expressions useful to treat the systems involving electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves or both can be formulated systematically all from the simple and basic principle of least action point of view. |
14,098 | Please write an abstract with title: Comparison of radiation hardening techniques for standard CMOS technologies, and key words: CMOS technology, Radiation hardening, Inverters, Circuits, MOSFETs, Electron traps, Threshold voltage, Ionizing radiation, X-rays, Electron mobility. Abstract: This paper is mainly concerned with the comparison of two well-known hardness techniques on the circuit level rather than on the technology level (low-cost standard CMOS technology is assumed). The inverter has been taken as a case study. The implementation technology is CMOS 0.6/spl mu/ from AMS. |
14,099 | Please write an abstract with title: A digital imaging based multifunctional flame monitoring system, and key words: Digital images, Fires, Monitoring, Optical sensors, Combustion, Instruments, Fossil fuels, Probes, Furnaces, Assembly systems. Abstract: This paper presents an imaging-based multifunctional instrumentation system for the on-line monitoring and characterization of fossil fuel fired flames. The system includes an optical probe that transmits light from the flames in a furnace into an optical assembly, where the light is split into four beams in specific spectral ranges. Two high-performance monochromatic charge-coupled device cameras capture light from the flames and transmit the image signals to a microcomputer, where the signals are converted into digital images. Dedicated application software, incorporating novel digital image processing algorithms, two-color pyrometry, and power spectral analysis, has been developed to process the flame images. A range of flame parameters, including ignition point and area, spreading angle, brightness, nonuniformity, flicker, and temperature, are derived from the images. Experimental results obtained using a 1 MWth coal fired combustion test facility (CTF) demonstrate that the system is capable of providing instantaneous and quantitative measurement of the flame parameters on an on-line continuous basis. The flame parameters measured are found to be sensitive to combustion conditions, and therefore can be used as indicators of flame stability. |
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