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Please write an abstract with title: Industrial Internet of Things: Digital Twins, and key words: Digital twin, Industrial Internet of Things, Manufacturing, Data models, Production, Industries, Computer architecture. Abstract: The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), contributes to the industrial sector by expanding its manufacturing processes with its modern devices and intelligent systems. Today, the industrial sector is in a race to increase the insertion of technologies in its supply chain and production activities. For this, IIoT uses tools like the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Could Computing, Artificial Intelligence and, recently, the Digital Twins, theme of this article. This study intends to explore and discuss the particularities of Digital Twins and their fundamental characteristics for the development of their reference architecture model, such as their internal structure, runtime environment, semantic orientation, among other aspects.
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2,601
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Please write an abstract with title: IoTReplay: Troubleshooting COTS IoT Devices with Record and Replay, and key words: Performance evaluation, Degradation, Interference, Critical infrastructure, Security, Object recognition, Edge computing. Abstract: Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices have been expanding at a blistering pace in recent years. Many of these devices have not been thoroughly tested for their security and dependability prior to shipment. These COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) IoT devices pose severe security threats to not only their users but also critical infrastructures, as evidenced by the infamous Mirai botnet attack. This work explores how to use the record and replay technique to troubleshoot COTS devices. To this end, we have developed an edge-assisted system called IoTReplay, which identifies contextual events in an IoT system that may affect the operations of the target IoT device. These contextual events are recorded when the IoT device is operating in the real world and then replayed in a test environment. We evaluate the performance of IoTReplay for troubleshooting four different types of COTS IoT devices. Our experiments demonstrate that IoTReplay is able to replay execution sequences of these devices with high fidelity while causing negligible interference with the operations of these IoT devices in the real world.
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2,602
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Please write an abstract with title: Automated Student Attendance Tracker for End Semester Examination using Face Recognition System, and key words: Industries, Face recognition, Green products, Education, Cameras, Real-time systems, Recording. Abstract: The keeping and recording of a class attendance log manually is not very efficient for end semester examination hall tickets generation due to maintaining minimum attendance percentage for each subjects. Since offering proxies for absentees or skipping class has become amusing and a fantasy among students of the current age. Manually recording attendance in logbooks becomes challenging and vulnerable to manipulation. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to present the automatic attendance system. This system recognizes each student's face to automatically identify them in the classroom and record their attendance and also record wherever roaming inside the campus. By photographing students' faces in real time, this system was created. The reference faces in the dataset are compared to the detected faces, marking the attendees' attendance. At the end of the semester all the student’s attendances are calculated automatically and give notification to students, parents and class advisors for the status of attendance percentage. Based on the detailed results, hall tickets are automatically generate in the college exam cell. The final project is completed and reports were generated.
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2,603
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Please write an abstract with title: A Survey on Human Activity Recognition using Sensors and Deep Learning Methods, and key words: Human computer interaction, Deep learning, Computer vision, Wearable computers, Activity recognition, Security, Task analysis. Abstract: One of the most difficult challenges in the field of computer vision is human activity recognition (HAR). The main purpose of intelligent video system is to determine the actions and activities of the individual. This action monitoring system can be used in a variety of settings, which include human-computer interaction, tracking, security, and health monitoring. Detecting activity in an uncircumscribed territory remains a challenging task with multiple challenges, despite ongoing efforts in this area. Throughout this article, some recent research papers that include different approaches are analyzed to detect different human activities. Wearable devices and phone sensors are required for this task. The vision-based approach has become a prevalent HAR technique, according to the researchers.
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2,604
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Please write an abstract with title: Day-ahead Multistage Stochastic Optimization of a Group of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, and key words: Photovoltaic systems, Procurement, Vehicle-to-grid, Power engineering, Uncertainty, Computational modeling, Stochastic processes. Abstract: This paper deals with the day-ahead optimal scheduling of a parking lot with several bidirectional charging stations for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs), part of a grid-connected system including also a photovoltaic (PV) generating unit and local loads. In the proposed approach, a central dispatching unit implements a multistage stochastic optimization to obtain the day-ahead scheduling of the charging stations considering the uncertainties associated with PV generation, non-dispatchable loads and the connected electric vehicles. The scenario tree is built by means of a reduction technique based on k-medoids so that all the representative scenarios included in the tree are feasible. The objective is the minimization of the expected daily procurement costs, exploiting the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services provided by the parking lot. The performance of the procedure is assessed by using different case studies.
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2,605
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Please write an abstract with title: DeepSplicer: An Improved Method of Splice Sites Prediction using Deep Learning, and key words: Proteins, Splicing, RNA, Computational modeling, Predictive models, Prediction algorithms, Organisms. Abstract: Post-transcriptional splicing of ribonucleic acid (mRNA) entails removing regions of RNA sequences (Introns) that do not include information for protein synthesis. Thus, accurate splicing site detection is integral for understanding gene structure and, as a result, protein synthesis for biological and medicinal applications. However, the necessity to develop an advanced computational algorithm arises because existing splice site (SS) prediction methods are either computationally inefficient or expensive. Considering this, we present DeepSplicer-a deep learning-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for locating splice sites. In this work, we compared the ability of the existing SS prediction algorithms model to identify SS in organisms-Homo sapiens, Oryza sativa japonica, Arabidopsis thaliana, DrosophUa melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans-to ours. Using a 5-fold cross-validation test, DeepSplicer achieves an accuracy of 96.65% for acceptor homo sapiens dataset and 94.75% for donor homo sapiens dataset. The datasets used and models generated are available at our GitHub repository here: https://github.com/OluwadareLab/DeeoSolicer.
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2,606
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Please write an abstract with title: Piecewise linear operations on sigma-delta modulated signals, and key words: Piecewise linear techniques, Delta-sigma modulation, Circuits, Filters, Libraries, Logic gates, Signal processing, Information processing, Neural networks, Chaotic communication. Abstract: Piecewise linear (PWL) circuits operating on sigma-delta (/spl Sigma//spl Delta/) modulated signals are proposed. The proposed circuit library includes an absolute circuit, a min/max selector and a negative resistance. As an application of the PWL circuits, a median filter is presented. It is structured with 23% of logic gates consumed by an equivalent filter with 8-bit parallel signal form. It is expected that application of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ domain signal processing including proposed PWL operations to other modern information processing and communication systems such as neural networks and chaotic communication systems will reduce their hardware cost.
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2,607
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Please write an abstract with title: Applications and Performance Analysis of Bridging with Layer-3 Forwarding on Wireless LANs, and key words: Performance analysis, Wireless LAN, Routing, Wireless communication, Media Access Protocol, Communication system traffic control, Throughput, Delay, LAN interconnection, Local area networks. Abstract: This paper presents an in-depth study of applying the bridging technology with layer-3 forwarding (L3F) in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN). L3F addresses a limitation of wireless communications at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, and uses the information at the network layer (IP address) to forward packets. It has the flexibility of IP routing without the complexity of routing and subnet configurations. The detailed procedure of L3F is presented in this paper, along with thorough performance analysis using a high capability traffic generator and analyzer. The performance results, as measured by throughput and latency, show that the L3F performance is comparable to traditional layer-2 bridging and significantly better than IP routing. This paper also presents two practical applications of using L3F: one is in the Small Office and Home Office (SOHO) to interconnect multiple LAN segments, and the other is in the multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks.
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2,608
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Please write an abstract with title: Ultrahigh-Resolution Autofocusing for Squint Airborne SAR Based on Cascaded MD-PGA, and key words: Electronics packaging, Synthetic aperture radar, Signal to noise ratio, Radar, Signal processing algorithms, Imaging, Azimuth. Abstract: Squint ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generally uses the extended Omega-K algorithm (EOK) for range cell migration correction (RCMC). However, the extra range migration and defocusing (ERMD) will be introduced by the EOK when there are motion errors. This problem will be severe as the squint angle increases, which may sharply reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and lead to the failure of the existing autofocus methods. In this letter, a UHR autofocus algorithm based on cascaded map-drift (MD)-PGA is proposed. The MD is used for the rough estimation to improve the SNR and the phase gradient algorithm (PGA) is used to accurately estimate the residual error based on a relatively high SNR. The new algorithm combines the advantages of MD and PGA, which can solve the problem of severe defocusing. The processing of airborne real data validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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2,609
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Please write an abstract with title: Optimal Adaptive Control for Nonlinear Uncertain Systems, and key words: Estimation error, Adaptation models, Uncertain systems, Parameter estimation, Simulation, Optimal control, Cost function. Abstract: How to achieve a compromise between the accuracy of parameter estimation and the robustness of system is still a challenging task in adaptive control field. To address this issue, a novel optimal adaptive control (OAC) strategy is proposed for a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) system with uncertain dynamics. To realize this purpose, a low-pass filter operation is first employed for the linearized system to derive the parameter estimation error information. Then, a cost function concerning the tracking error and estimation error is established. Then, the MIT rule is introduced to reconstruct a new optimal adaptive law driven by the parameter estimation error information. In this framework, both the tracking error and parameter estimation error can converge to zero simultaneously. The asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed in terms of the Lyapunov theorem. Finally, comparative simulation results are provided to exemplify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
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2,610
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Please write an abstract with title: Identifying Parkinson’s Disease using Multimodal Approach and Deep Learning, and key words: Neurological diseases, Deep learning, Spirals, Transformers, Usability, Task analysis, Intelligent systems. Abstract: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disease resulting in motor impairments that decrease patients’ quality of life. It is a condition currently without a cure. This study proposes an approach to Parkinson’s disease detection using multimodal analysis, combining handwriting and voice data. We introduce the use of image transformer architectures to classify Parkinson’s disease patients from healthy subjects, as early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease contributes to the management of motor symptoms. Data-efficient image transformer with self-supervised learning on DINO obtained an accuracy of above 90% on a combination of spiral and meander drawings from the NewHandPD dataset. In comparison, an audio spectrogram transformer obtained an accuracy of above 80% on the sustained vowel phonations of /a/ and /o/ from the PC-GITA corpus. This work considers using a multimodal approach in identifying Parkinson’s disease and the usability of transformer architectures in image and audio spectrogram classification tasks.
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2,611
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Please write an abstract with title: A linear matrix inequality approach for the control of uncertain fuzzy systems, and key words: Linear matrix inequalities, Control systems, Fuzzy systems, Mathematical model, Fuzzy control, Nonlinear systems, Stability, Nonlinear control systems, Lyapunov method, Vectors. Abstract: This article proposes a linear controller to tackle nonlinear plants represented by a fuzzy plant model whose membership functions depend on some unknown parameters of the nonlinear plant. The unknown parameters are within known bounds. The stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed based on the Lyapunov stability theory. We show that the stability condition derived is the same as that of the relaxed stability condition given by Wang et al. (1996), in which the fuzzy controller depends on membership functions of the fuzzy plant model. However, the structure of the proposed linear controller is much simpler than that of the nonlinear fuzzy controller. The derived stability condition is formulated into a linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem. By solving the LMIs, the parameters of the linear controller can be obtained. The LMIs can be solved readily by using software tools such as MATLAB.
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2,612
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Please write an abstract with title: A Computational Attractive Interval Power Flow Approach With Correlated Uncertain Power Injections, and key words: Correlation, Evidence theory, Computational modeling, Estimation, Computational efficiency, Ellipsoids, Load flow. Abstract: This paper presents a new computational attractive interval power flow(PF) approachwith correlated uncertain power injections while maintaining high estimation accuracy.The key idea is to integrate the ellipsoid convex model with the evidence theory. This allows us to effectively account for uncertain power injection correlations and eliminate irrelevant focal elements, yielding significantly improved computational efficiency. Extensive comparisons with other approaches demonstrate its effectiveness under various conditions.
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2,613
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Please write an abstract with title: Role of extensible physics engine in surgery simulations, and key words: Physics, Engines, Surgery, Medical simulation, Virtual reality, Libraries, Design optimization, Robots, Aerospace simulation, Deformable models. Abstract: Surgery simulations are of significant value in medical training as they provide a less costly mean of training new surgeons. The quality of a surgery simulation is defined by how realistic it is in a physical sense. These physics aspects however have little to do the high-level functionalities of the application. Most VR (virtual reality) applications use libraries called physics engine for enforcing physics laws in their virtual worlds. Although the concept of using physics engines is ideal for development of VR applications, in practice it does impose many limitations. For instance, there are many physical laws in the world, and one single physics engine cannot provide all of them. In addition, each physical law can be implemented differently; some are optimized for fast response, others are designed for maximum precision. Most existing physics engines are specialized for common applications such as gaming, robotic or flight simulations. In surgery applications, the requirements are different; therefore different physics laws are needed. In particular, laws are needed for simulating cutting and skin deformation. In addition, these laws must be enforced with a high precision level. We discuss how xPheve was used to develop a cataract eye surgery simulation. xPheve is a physics engine that allows extension and customization of the simulation physics through development and integration of reusable law components. This work discusses how xPheve can benefit the development of the surgery simulations.
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2,614
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Please write an abstract with title: The Use of Grey Literature and Google Scholar in Software Engineering Systematic Literature Reviews, and key words: Systematics, Google, Software, Bibliographies, Software engineering, Unified modeling language, Predictive models. Abstract: Objective of the study is to calculate: a) grey literature evidence in the selected Systematic literature reviews (SLRs); b) Google Scholar indexing for the extracted primary studies from the selected SLRs. We have randomly selected 20+ SLRs from Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, Springer Link and ACM. Result: a) Random selection of 20+ SLRs and grey literature calculation verifies that the grey literature percentage ranges around 5.7% to 9.1%; b) The second phase showed that Google Scholar was successful in retrieving around ~91% of the primary studies.
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2,615
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Please write an abstract with title: A novel acoustic simulation of cochlear implant hearing: effects of temporal fine structure, and key words: Cochlear implants, Auditory system, Acoustic devices, Signal processing algorithms, Speech enhancement, Acoustic signal processing, Upper bound, Speech processing, Ear, Pediatrics. Abstract: Acoustic simulations of cochlear implant signal processing have been widely used to determine the upper bounds on speech perception using these devices. These simulations assume that the only temporal information delivered to the inner ear is the envelope of the signal and that spectral cues, determined by the number of channels present, are the primary determinant of speech perception ability. While highly informative, such simulations fail to explain open-set speech perception obtained by some patients who received single channel implants as young children. In addition, some implant recipients enjoy and appreciate music to an extent not possible if envelope is the sole source of temporal information. A novel acoustic simulation algorithm is described which allows varying the degree to which temporal fine structure is delivered to the cochlea. Use of this algorithm demonstrates that while high levels of speech perception in quiet can be provided with only six channels of envelope, inclusion of even small amounts of temporal fine structure dramatically improves perception of speech in noise, timbre and melody.
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2,616
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Please write an abstract with title: Pushing manipulation by humanoid considering two-kinds of ZMPs, and key words: Humanoid robots, Foot, Humans, Stability, Intelligent systems, Intelligent robots, Hardware, Legged locomotion, Manipulators, Leg. Abstract: This paper discusses the pushing manipulation of an object by a humanoid robot. For such a pushing task, we show that there are two kinds of ZMPs, i.e., the conventional "Zero Moment Point (ZMP)" considering all sources of the force/moment acting in the foot supporting area, and the "Generalized Zero Moment Point (GZMP)" which is an generalization of ZMP for a humanoid robot whose hands do not contact with an object. We first obtain the stable region of the GZMP on the floor. Moreover, since the difference between these two ZMPs corresponds to the magnitude of contact force applied by the hands, we propose the pushing manipulation by a humanoid robot by modifying the desired ZMP trajectory for a humanoid. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulation results.
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2,617
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Please write an abstract with title: On joint information embedding and lossy compression, and key words: Watermarking, Distortion measurement, Entropy coding, Data encapsulation, Decoding, Maintenance, Random variables, Rate-distortion. Abstract: In this paper, the best achievable tradeoffs between /spl Delta/, R/sub e/ and R/sub c/, that maintain reliable estimation of V is characterized. The attack-free version of the public problem of joint information embedding and entropy coding, where the covertext, the watermark and the stegotext are drawn from finite alphabets. It is possible to attribute a different watermark to each codebook, and thus, the watermark can be correctly retrieved according to the codebook to which the composite sequence belongs. The achievable rate region can also be expressed in terms of the maximum achievable embedding capacity. The watermark by the joint typicality property of the decompressed composite sequence with the source sequence and the watermark are evaluated.
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2,618
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Please write an abstract with title: Synchronization and channel estimation for UWB signal, and key words: Channel estimation, Timing, Delay estimation, Ultra wideband technology, Multipath channels, Propagation delay, Pulse shaping methods, Computer vision, Band pass filters, Bandwidth. Abstract: Synchronization and channel acquisition for ultra-wideband signals are investigated. The channel impulse response is estimated via two approaches: a least-squares method which ignores channel structure, and a subspace technique which finds channel sparseness and then exploits this structure for final channel estimation. Symbol and frame synchronization is also accomplished using least squares methods. Performance is investigated through the evaluation of mean-squared channel estimation error and probability of error with a RAKE receiver employing the channel estimates for an indoor wireless channel. It is observed that the subspace method exploiting the clustered property of the channel yields the best performance at the expense of complexity.
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2,619
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Please write an abstract with title: Energy extraction in the CERN Large Hadron Collider: a project overview, and key words: Large Hadron Collider, Superconducting magnets, Protection, Superconducting coils, Electromagnets, Detectors, Diodes, Superconductivity, Energy dissipation, Switches. Abstract: In case of a resistive transition (quench), fast and reliable extraction of the magnetic energy, stored in the superconducting coils of the electromagnets of a particle collider, represents an important part of its magnet protection system. In general, the quench detectors, the quench heaters and the cold by-pass diodes across each magnet, together with the energy extraction facilities provide the required protection of the quenching superconductors against damage due to local energy dissipation. In CERN's LHC machine the energy stored in each of its eight superconducting dipole chains exceeds 1300 MJ. Following an opening of the extraction switches this energy will be absorbed in large extraction resistors located in the underground collider tunnel or adjacent galleries, during the exponential current decay. Also the sixteen, 13 kA quadrupole chains (QF, QD) and more than one hundred and fifty, 600 A circuits of the corrector magnets will be equipped with extraction systems. The extraction switch-gear is based on specially designed, mechanical high-speed DC breakers, in certain cases combined with capacitive snubber circuits for arc suppression. This paper is an overview of the complete project with emphasis on the arguments and motivation for the choice of equipment and methods. It presents the basic properties of the principal components, the operational aspects and the present state of advancement. Finally, it highlights the implications of the extraction process on other systems of the LHC collider.
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2,620
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Please write an abstract with title: Some experiments on the automatic correction of power-factor to a predetermined value, and key words: Synchronous motors, Meters, Induction motors, Switches, DC motors, Relays, Mirrors. Abstract: The experiments described in the paper involve the direct use of a power-factor meter to control the periodic short-circuiting of the exciter field regulator of a synchronous condenser to effect the automatic correction of the power-factor of the condenser and load to a predetermined value. At the commencement, the author realised the difficulties likely to be encountered with the use of a power-factor meter for this purpose as against the use, for example, of a solenoid connected to the mains as a standard of reference in a voltage regulator. The paper describes the application of the power-factor correction apparatus with the attendant difficulties to a synchronous induction motor and a salient-pole synchronous motor. The final tests of each of the series described proved the basic principle of the apparatus to be feasible.
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2,621
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Please write an abstract with title: Using amplifiers with poor linearity to linearize amplifiers with good linearity, and key words: Linearity, Power amplifiers, Radio transmitters, Frequency, Nonlinear distortion, Circuit testing, Receivers, Welding, Intermodulation distortion, Hardware. Abstract: A new linearization method is presented where a device with poor linearity is combined with a second device having good linearity. The resulting composite device has much better linearity than the two original devices. The new method is applicable to both receivers and transmitters, and is implemented as an integrated circuit without external components. Third order intermodulation distortion is canceled by appropriate design of the gains and intercept points of two amplifiers. Finally, hardware test data is presented both for an integrated circuit prototype and for a prototype using off-the-shelf amplifiers.
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2,622
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Please write an abstract with title: Minimum-energy control of a traction motor, and key words: Traction motors, Control systems, Linear systems, Laboratories, Time of arrival estimation, Land transportation, Land vehicles, Road vehicles, Optimal control, Stability. Abstract: Minimum-energy control is obtained for a nonlinear second-order model of a ground transportation vehicle with a dc traction motor for which regenerative braking is possible.
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2,623
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Please write an abstract with title: Optimal Design of Battery Charging Converters Based on Energy Efficiency, and key words: Battery chargers, Semiconductor devices, Bridge circuits, Zero voltage switching, Energy efficiency, Batteries, Topology. Abstract: In pursuit of efficient battery charging systems, zero-voltage switching phase shift full bridge (ZVS-PSFB) converter topology has been widely used for medium to high power levels. Also, there are zero-voltage zero-current switching (ZVZCS) techniques that implement secondary side passive auxiliary circuits and reduce the conduction loss in semiconductor devices resulting in better efficiency. However, battery charging is a nonlinear load where the power converter operates from heavy load to light load. In such operations, a power converter can be considered more efficient if it consumes less energy in a charging cycle rather than a high peak efficiency at a particular load. The aim of this paper is to investigate such an approach. The basic phase shift full bridge (PSFB) circuit and two efficiency improvement variants proposed in the literature (ZVZCS-PSFB) are considered for the study. An analytical approach is considered for estimating the losses over a full charging cycle. Rating of the battery charger considered is 40V-130V, 5kW. The study confirms the premise that higher efficiencies in certain load conditions is not a sufficient consideration in the design of battery charging converters. Simulation study is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
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2,624
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Please write an abstract with title: Plant disease classification using deep learning, and key words: Deep learning, Performance evaluation, Pipelines, Neural networks, Manuals, Predictive models, Signal processing. Abstract: Agriculture plays a crucial role in the Indian economy. Early detection of plant diseases is very much essential to prevent crop loss and further spread of diseases. Most plants such as apple, tomato, cherry, grapes show visible symptoms of the disease on the leaf. These visible patterns can be identified to correctly predict the disease and take early actions to prevent it. The conventional method is the farmers or plant pathologists manually observe the plant leaf and identify the type of disease. In this project, a deep learning model is trained to classify the different plant diseases. The convolutional neural network (CNN) model is used due to its massive success in image-based classification. The deep learning model provides faster and more accurate predictions than manual observation of the plant leaf. In this work, the CNN model and pre-trained models such as VGG, ResNet, and DenseNet models are trained using the dataset. Among them, the DenseNet model achieves the highest accuracy.
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2,625
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Please write an abstract with title: A Survey on In-Network Computing: Programmable Data Plane and Technology Specific Applications, and key words: Servers, Cloud computing, Switches, Tutorials, Protocols, Field programmable gate arrays, Fabrics. Abstract: In comparison with cloud computing, edge computing offers processing at locations closer to end devices and reduces the user experienced latency. The new recent paradigm of in-network computing employs programmable network elements to compute on the path and prior to traffic reaching the edge or cloud servers. It advances common edge/cloud server based computing through proposing line rate processing capabilities at closer locations to the end devices. This paper discusses use cases, enabler technologies and protocols for in-network computing. According to our study, considering programmable data plane as an enabler technology, potential in-network computing applications are in-network analytics, in-network caching, in-network security, and in-network coordination. There are also technology specific applications of in-network computing in the scopes of cloud computing, edge computing, 5G/6G, and NFV. In this survey, the state of the art, in the framework of the proposed categorization, is reviewed. Furthermore, comparisons are provided in terms of a set of proposed criteria which assess the methods from the aspects of methodology, main results, as well as application-specific criteria. Finally, we discuss lessons learned and highlight some potential research directions.
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2,626
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Please write an abstract with title: Traffic Engineering in a Shared Inter-DC WAN via Deep Reinforcement Learning, and key words: Wide area networks, Routing, Bandwidth, Quality of service, Load management, Reinforcement learning, Programming. Abstract: To reduce the investment on network infrastructure, many online service providers have begun to adopt the shared inter-DataCenter Wide Area Network (inter-DC WAN) that connects different datacenters and Internet Service Providers (ISPs). The shared inter-DC WAN accommodates two kinds of traffic, i.e. delay-sensitive ISP-facing traffic and high-throughput inter-DC traffic. Traffic Engineering (TE) in the shared inter-DC WAN should determine the routing paths for all traffic to achieve link load balancing, while select lower-latency egress routers for ISP-facing traffic to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS). Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on jointly optimizing routing paths selection and egress router selection to strike a balance between QoS and link load balancing. Specifically, we first formulate the TE problem in the shared inter-DC WAN as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. Then, a TED method is proposed to jointly optimize the egress router selection and routing path selection by learning an intelligent agent with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). The learnt agent can self-adaptively and rapidly select the optimal egress routers by considering the utilization-latency balance when traffic demand changes. Finally, we conduct extensive evaluations on Alibaba WAN with real traffic traces to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
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2,627
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Please write an abstract with title: A new approach for real time motion imation using robust statistics and MPEG domain applied to mosaic images construction, and key words: Robustness, Statistics, Video sequences, Motion analysis, Motion estimation, Computer vision, Computational efficiency, Transform coding, Streaming media, Tracking. Abstract: Dominant motion estimation in video sequence is a task that must be often be solved in computer vision problems but involves a high computational cost due to the overwhelming amount of data to be treated when working in image domain. In this paper we introduce a novel technique to perform motion analysis in video sequences taking advantage of the motion information of MPEG streams and its structure, using imaginary line tracking and robust statistics to overcome the noise present in compressed domain information. In order to demonstrate the reliability of our new approach, we also show the results of its application to mosaic image construction problem.
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2,628
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Please write an abstract with title: Time Synchronization Scheme of Underwater Platforms Using Wireless Acoustic and Optical Communication, and key words: Wireless communication, Location awareness, Wireless sensor networks, Autonomous underwater vehicles, Optical fiber communication, Acoustics, Formation control. Abstract: Time synchronization in autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) formations is significant for joint underwater survey tasks. Maintaining a common time scale can improve the efficiency of cooperative localization, formation control, and data fusion. Instead of using atomic clocks to limit the offset and drift of time, we propose an acoustic and optical cooperative method to synchronize the clocks. Acoustic communication is used to guide the establishment of the optical link and to share the states of the AUVs, while optical communication is used to measure the time difference between the clocks of the two AUVs. The field experiments demonstrated that our proposed method can perform time synchronization in real scenarios.
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2,629
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Please write an abstract with title: Dynamic Boundary Guarding Against Radially Incoming Targets, and key words: Upper bound, Vehicle dynamics, Vehicle routing, Task analysis, Steady-state, Limiting, Numerical simulation. Abstract: We introduce a dynamic vehicle routing problem in which a single vehicle seeks to guard a circular perimeter against radially inward moving targets. Targets are generated uniformly as per a Poisson process in time with a fixed arrival rate on the boundary of a circle with a larger radius and concentric with the perimeter. Upon generation, each target moves radially inward toward the perimeter with a fixed speed. The aim of the vehicle is to maximize the capture fraction, i.e., the fraction of targets intercepted before they enter the perimeter. We first obtain a fundamental upper bound on the capture fraction which is independent of any policy followed by the vehicle. We analyze several policies in the low and high arrival rates of target generation. For low arrival, we propose and analyze a First-Come-First-Served and a Look-Ahead policy based on repeated computation of the path that passes through maximum number of unintercepted targets. For high arrival, we design and analyze a policy based on repeated computation of Euclidean Minimum Hamiltonian path through a fraction of existing targets and show that it is within a constant factor of the optimal. Finally, we provide a numerical study of the performance of the policies in parameter regimes beyond the scope of the analysis.
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2,630
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Please write an abstract with title: Multi-disruption resilience assessment of urban supply networks of basic necessities, and key words: resilience, basic necessities, urban supply network, linear programming. Abstract: Urban supply networks of basic necessities play a crucial role in ensuring the normal life of urban residents. However, in the post-pandemic era, urban supply networks continue to encounter various uncertainties and potential risks. In this paper, we develop a linear programming model to assess the performance of an urban supply network under disruptions. Based on this model, a quantitative resilience metric is developed to evaluate changes of urban supply networks performance under multi-disruption scenarios. Moreover, we examine the impact of emergency response plans on enhancing urban supply networks’ resilience. The quantitative findings demonstrate the positive influence of emergency response plans on improving the actual performance and resilience of urban supply networks. These results highlight the effectiveness of such plans in mitigating disruptions and ensuring the smooth operation of urban supply networks. This study contributes valuable insights into the assessment and management of urban supply networks.
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2,631
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Please write an abstract with title: Over- and Underapproximating Reach Sets for Perturbed Delay Differential Equations, and key words: Perturbation methods, Reachability analysis, Differential equations, Safety, Trajectory, Delays, Robustness. Abstract: This article explores reach set computations for perturbed delay differential equations (DDEs). The perturbed DDEs of interest in this article is a class of DDEs whose dynamics are subject to perturbations, and their solutions feature the local homeomorphism property with respect to initial states. Membership in this class of perturbed DDEs is determined by conducting sensitivity analysis of solution mappings with respect to initial states to impose a bound constraint on the time-lag term. The homeomorphism property of solutions to such class of perturbed DDEs enables us to construct over- and underapproximations of reach sets by performing reachability analysis on just the boundaries of their permitted initial sets, thereby permitting an extension of reach set computation methods for ordinary differential equations to perturbed DDEs. Three examples demonstrate the performance of our approach.
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2,632
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Please write an abstract with title: Comparison of Mechanistic and Learning-based Tip Force Estimation on Tendon-driven Soft Robotic Catheters, and key words: Radio frequency, Learning systems, Three-dimensional displays, Force, Estimation, Phantoms, Soft robotics. Abstract: Researchers have adopted mechanistic and learning-based approaches for tip force estimation on soft robotic catheters. Typically the literature attributes the mech-anistic methods with more accuracy while indicating the learning-based methods outpace in computational time. In this study, a previously validated mechanistic tip force estimation method was compared with four learning-based methods, i.e. support-vector-regression (SVR), random-forest (RF), Ad-aBoost (Ada), and deep neural network (DNN). The learning-based methods were trained on experimental data acquired from a robotic catheter, developed in-house. The accuracy of force estimation using the five methods were compared with the ground truth forces in a teleoperated catheter manipulation test. Moreover, the capability of the learning-based models in contact detection, i.e., detection of the onset of tip contact, were compared with the ground truth. The results showed that the mechanical model had a mean-absolute error (MAE) of 8.8 mN while the MAE of SVR, RF, Ada, and DNN were 5.6, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.1 mN, respectively. Moreover, the accuracy and precision of the mechanistic model for contact detection was 89.2% and 91.7%, respectively, while these were 97.0%, 97.7%, 97.6%,and 97% and 97.9%, 98.3%, 97.8%, and 98.8% for the SVR, RF, Ada, and DNN, respectively. The comparison showed that with hyper-parameter optimization the learning-based models surpassed the mechanistic model in accuracy and precision, while both method approaches revealed acceptable performance for the proposed application.
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2,633
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Please write an abstract with title: Human Internal Organs Diagnostics based on Heart Biophysical Signals, and key words: Measurement, Heart, Training, Neural networks, Signal processing algorithms, Biological systems, Software. Abstract: The report is devoted to research aimed at studying and implementing a method of human internal organs diseases diagnosing that is based on biophysical signals of the heart. The research includes the development of a remote diagnostics system, an application of information analysis methods to various registered signals of cardiac activity, as well as a development of a system based on deep learning. The paper introduces a set of metrics for evaluating the results obtained, an original numerical experiment that has been set up using original developed mathematical software complex and results of the evaluation of several models for solving the problem of automated diagnostics of diseases.
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2,634
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Please write an abstract with title: The Emerging Discursive Characteristics of Masculinity to Represent Fatherhood in Advertising, and key words: Data collection, Advertising, Interviews, Information systems. Abstract: This study aimed to analyze how the different masculinities construct the discursive characteristics to represent fatherhood in the spots of the Samsung brand. A qualitative study was the approach selected to undertake the study, as a means for understanding the meaning that individuals or groups ascribe to a phenomenon, or experience, in a particular context. Semi-structured interview was the main data collection technique chosen. Through the snowball technique and theoretical sampling, ten parents between 36 to 45 years old (all Samsung consumers) were interviewed. The evidence from this study indicates that family conditioning and new manifestations of masculinities contribute to changes in paternal representations, granting previously unseen characteristics for the construction of an empathic advertising discourse close to parents.
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2,635
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Please write an abstract with title: Educational approach for a BIM collaboration, and key words: Scientific computing, Computational modeling, Collaboration, Computer architecture, Tools, Collaborative work, Computational intelligence. Abstract: This article provides feedback on the methodology put in place for learning BIM in order to prepare future designers to integrate these new methods and tools into their practice. The objective of this course is to encourage and make learners aware of the challenges of cooperation for the success of architectural projects which mobilize complementary skills and expertise divided between distributed responsibilities. Based on recent advances in collaborative design, the course anticipates professional practices: it presents emerging BIM methods and tools for cooperation and implements them in an original technological context, dedicated to collaborative work, between the design and the execution phase of an architectural project. At the end of this article, we present to you the contributions, the limits and the perspectives envisaged in favor of a better implementation of BIM towards a Collaboration 4.0 in the architecture and construction sector.
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2,636
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Please write an abstract with title: Protocols for the selection, adjustment, and adaptation of transmission parameters in dynamic spectrum access networks, and key words: Access protocols, Intelligent networks, Propagation losses, Modulation, Radio transmitters, Payloads, Frequency estimation, Switches, Bandwidth, Quality of service. Abstract: We describe and evaluate protocols for the selection, adjustment, and adaptation of transmission parameters for sessions in dynamic spectrum access networks, the protocols respond to time and frequency assignments that are provided for a session by a spectrum access system, select the modulation format and the initial code rate for the session, adjust the initial transmitter power to compensate for any errors in propagation-loss estimates, and adapt the code rate throughout the session to variations in the propagation loss
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2,637
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Please write an abstract with title: Leakage current properties of Ba/sub 0.7/Sr/sub 0.3/TiO/sub 3/ thin films depending on the film thickness, and key words: Leakage current, Binary search trees, Dielectric materials, Dielectric thin films, Capacitors, Sputtering, Electrodes, Current measurement, Temperature measurement, Temperature distribution. Abstract: High permittivity materials such as Ba/sub 0.7/Sr/sub 0.3/TiO/sub 3/ (BST) have attracted much attention as thin film materials for capacitors in further DRAM generations. Of particular interest are not only the dielectric constant but also the leakage current. Therefore the leakage current properties of BST were investigated as a function of the film thickness and the temperature. BST thin films were prepared by using chemical solution deposition (CSD) on platinum bottom electrodes in a thickness range from 26 nm up to 310 nm. To obtain a capacitor structure Pt top electrodes were sputtered on top of the BST. A result of this work is that the leakage current properties of thin films improve with decreasing thickness (at a constant electric field). For an estimation of the barrier height the leakage current properties were measured at different temperatures in a range from room temperature up to 600 K. From these measurements the barrier height can be estimated.
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2,638
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Please write an abstract with title: A novel implementation of sleeping posture classification using RANC ecosystem, and key words: Neuromorphic engineering, Computational modeling, Ecosystems, Neural networks, Computer architecture, Sensor systems, Hardware. Abstract: Sleeping posture recognition plays a vital role in various clinical applications. Many studies show that pressure sensor-based solutions work well for assessing in-bed positions. In recent years, Neuromorphic Computing has attracted many researchers' attention due to its advantage of energy efficiency. Surprisingly, the applications of Neuromorphic Computing in sleeping posture classification have been still lacking. This study proposed a novel approach that combines a preprocessing technique and an ensemble model based on a neuromorphic computing architecture called RANC. Experimental results confirm that our proposed method can gain 99.99% and 92.4% accuracy in the Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) validation for 3 and 17 sleeping postures, respectively. This result greatly surpasses the previous SNN-based sleeping posture classification method.
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2,639
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Please write an abstract with title: Partition Method of Power System State Estimation Parallel Computing Based on Substations, and key words: Substations, Power measurement, Computational modeling, Simulation, Data models, Sparse matrices, Servers. Abstract: For distributed and parallel power systems state estimation, a partition method is proposed with the goal of minimizing the total computation time. Firstly, the structure of the gain matrix in the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) is analyzed. Secondly, in the processing of substations data based on sparse matrix technique, the calculating path is analyzed; According to the path set of calculation and the location of substations, a time-consuming model of distributed and parallel state estimation is established. Taking into account the balance of computational burden, time consumption and resource allocation, the method presented in this paper can give a better partition scheme, and simulation results turn out it is practical and easy to implement.
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2,640
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Please write an abstract with title: Treatment of cervical dentin abrasion hypersensitivity by diode laser and glass ionomer cement, and key words: Diode lasers, Glass, Teeth, Dentistry, Educational institutions, Building materials, Optical materials, Optical control, Optical pulses. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of diode laser combined with glass ionomer cement in the treatment of cervical dentin abrasion hypersensitivity.
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2,641
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Please write an abstract with title: Flow Contrastive Estimation of Energy-Based Models, and key words: Data models, Adaptation models, Maximum likelihood estimation, Computational modeling, Training, Gallium nitride. Abstract: This paper studies a training method to jointly estimate an energy-based model and a flow-based model, in which the two models are iteratively updated based on a shared adversarial value function. This joint training method has the following traits. (1) The update of the energy-based model is based on noise contrastive estimation, with the flow model serving as a strong noise distribution. (2) The update of the flow model approximately minimizes the Jensen-Shannon divergence between the flow model and the data distribution. (3) Unlike generative adversarial networks (GAN) which estimates an implicit probability distribution defined by a generator model, our method estimates two explicit probabilistic distributions on the data. Using the proposed method we demonstrate a significant improvement on the synthesis quality of the flow model, and show the effectiveness of unsupervised feature learning by the learned energy-based model. Furthermore, the proposed training method can be easily adapted to semi-supervised learning. We achieve competitive results to the state-of-the-art semi-supervised learning methods.
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2,642
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Please write an abstract with title: Modeling and Simulating Daily Power Budgets for Sustainable Data Centers, and key words: Data centers, Data models, Servers, Computational modeling, Energy consumption, Biomass. Abstract: A novel energy-efficient scenario that makes possible to maintain sustainable data centers to feed part of resources through renewable energy sources has emerged. As renewable energies are accumulated in the form of power budgets, data centers must adapt a slice of the processing resources required to meet applications at those limits. This work is modeling and simulating the computing capacity of a data center according to daily power budgets from different sources of renewable energy. The results showed that based on the daily energy harvest of today's renewable energy sources, intelligent resource orchestration could use such energy so that up to 40% of what is needed to maintain a quality-of-service data center comes from non-polluting sources.
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2,643
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Please write an abstract with title: Blind separation and deconvolution of MIMO system driven by colored inputs using SIMO-model-based ICA with information-geometric learning, and key words: Deconvolution, MIMO, Independent component analysis, Speech, Microphones, Finite impulse response filter, Filtering, Signal processing, Information science, Electronic mail. Abstract: We propose a new two-stage blind separation and deconvolution algorithm for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)- FIR system driven by colored sound sources, in which a new single-input multiple-output (SIMO)-model-based ICA (SIMO-ICA) and blind multichannel inverse filtering are combined. SIMO-ICA can separate the mixed signals, not into monaural source signals but into SIMO-model-based signals from independent sources. After SIMO-ICA, a simple blind deconvolution technique for the SIMO model can be applied even when each source signal is temporally correlated. The simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm can successfully achieve the separation and deconvolution for a convolutive mixture of speech.
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2,644
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Please write an abstract with title: On the Use of Specification-Based Assertions as Test Oracles, and key words: Automatic testing, Software testing, Costs, Fault diagnosis, System testing, Computer science, Educational institutions, Formal specifications, Software systems, Impedance matching. Abstract: The "oracle problem" is a well-known challenge for software testing. Without some means of automatically computing the correct answer for test cases, testers must instead compute the results by hand, or use a previous version of the software. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of revealing software faults by augmenting the code with complete, specification-based assertions. Our evaluation method is to (1) develop a formal specification, (2) translate this specification into assertions, (3) inject or identify existing faults, and (4) for each version of the assertion-enhanced system containing a fault, execute it using a set of test inputs and check for assertion violations. Our goal is to determine whether specification-based assertions are a viable method of revealing faults, and to begin to assess the extent to which their cost-effectiveness can be improved. Our evaluation is based on two case studies involving real-world software systems. Our results indicate that specification-based assertions can effectively reveal faults, as long as they adversely affect the program state. We describe techniques that we used for translating high-level specifications into code-level assertions. We also discuss the costs associated with the approach, and potential techniques for reducing these costs.
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2,645
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Please write an abstract with title: A Survey on Training Free 3D Texture-less Object Recognition Techniques, and key words: Training, Three-dimensional displays, Image recognition, Cameras, Object recognition, Time factors, Robots. Abstract: Local surface feature based 3D object recognition is a rapidly growing research field. In time-critical applications such as robotics, training free recognition techniques are always the first choice as they are free from heavy statistical training. This paper presents an experimental analysis of 3D texture-less object recognition techniques that are free from any training. To our best knowledge, this is the first survey that includes experimental evaluation of top-rated training free recognition techniques on the datasets acquired by an RGBD camera. Based on the experimentation, we briefly present a discussion on potential future research directions.
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2,646
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Please write an abstract with title: Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Guided Tissue Temperature Mapping during Ablation Therapies, and key words: Temperature measurement, Heating systems, Ultrasonic imaging, Biological system modeling, Imaging, Measurement by laser beam, Medical treatment. Abstract: Successful laser ablation treatment procedures require the accurate placement of the ablation catheter tip within the diseased tissue, real-time tissue temperature monitoring, and estimating the heat diffusion from the catheter tip to the surrounding tissues. Poor catheter tip visualization due to ultrasound (US) imaging artifacts, poor contrast, and lack of real-time thermometry and heat diffusion maps lead to unsafe or incomplete treatments. Our previous in vivo animal studies validated the real-time catheter tip tracking and thermometry capabilities of photoacoustic (PA) imaging. During laser ablation studies, the continuous wave (CW) laser light energy exiting the catheter tip is converted into heat and diffused into the surrounding tissue. Using US imaging and tissue classification, it is possible to develop a tissue heat diffusion map. PA measures the temperature at the catheter tip. Therefore, the combination of US and PA imaging can provide real-time tissue temperature maps that could be overlaid over US structural images and can provide effective treatments.
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2,647
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Please write an abstract with title: Line Level Modi (Heritage script) OCR using Attention based Encoder-Decoder Architecture, and key words: Integrated optics, Image segmentation, Image recognition, Text recognition, Architecture, Neural networks, Information processing. Abstract: A large number of historical documents exist in the Modi script. These documents need to be preserved and digitized so that people know more about history written in Modi. Very little work has been done for the digitization of the Modi script documents. Deep learning-based solutions help to generate text output and reduce the digitization time for Modi documents. Most of the work happened only at the character level in the Modi OCR (Optical Character Recognition). This is the first effort to recognize the line images of the Modi script.Modi OCR has three major challenges. First, there are no word boundaries in Modi script like the Marathi language. All the words are connected so word length is more as compared to other Indian languages. Second, Modi documents are mainly handwritten. Third, Text is written on plain documents which make line segmentation more difficult.This paper aims to solve the first problem with the deep neural network. We do not have a real annotated dataset for the Modi script. We generate 303571 Modi line images synthetically with noise and blur for this experiment using in-house developed MODI_SAHO font. This paper describes the usage of OpenNMT architecture for recognition due to the flexibility of hyperparameter tuning. We use a neural encoder-decoder model with the attention mechanism for the Modi OCR. We evaluated the text recognition performance on synthetically generated line images. Our method is evaluated on the basis of the text output of line images. The accuracy of the test set is achieved 99.97%. Our major contribution is to show text recognization of very long words with the encoder-decoder architecture. Our contribution helps the researcher community in building long connected words OCR.
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2,648
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Please write an abstract with title: Singular self-trapped periodic lattices in anisotropic photorefractive media, and key words: Lattices, Anisotropic magnetoresistance, Photorefractive effect, Optical modulation, Refractive index, Physics, Optical propagation, Optical diffraction, Nonlinear optics, Optical refraction. Abstract: This work generalizes the concept of two-dimensional nonlinear lattices with spatially modulated phase structure, or singular lattices, in anisotropic nonlocal self-focusing media. This study introduces novel stationary solutions, such as triangular patterns with the edge-type dislocations, and the square and hexagonal lattices with vortex phase dislocations. Experimetally, new types of self-trapped waves in a photorefractive SBN-crystal are generated and their guiding properties are investigated. Results demonstrated that these waves can be robust and observable for different lattice periods.
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2,649
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Please write an abstract with title: Controller design for a nonlinear system with inputs restricted to a direct product of Minkowski balls, and key words: Nonlinear control systems, Control systems, Nonlinear systems, Lyapunov method, Computer simulation, Information science, Protection, State feedback. Abstract: In this paper, we propose a continuous controller for a nonlinear system such that the inputs are restricted to a direct product of Minkowski balls. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller by computer simulation.
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2,650
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Please write an abstract with title: Monolithic All-Semiconductor PCSELs emitting at 1.3µm, and key words: Surface emitting lasers, Photonic crystals, Wavelength division multiplexing. Abstract: We demonstrate for the first time a monolithic all-semiconductor photonic crystal surface emitting WDM laser device operating across the O-band between 1298 and 1340nm with SMSR exceeding 35dB on all channels.
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2,651
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Please write an abstract with title: Ethics and Design in the Smart Bikeshare Domain, and key words: Instruments, Technological innovation, Economics, Lenses, Production, Smart cities. Abstract: Contemporary or 'smart' bikeshare schemes have exploited the capacity of information and communications technologies to automate systems and deliver improved mobility and convenience for citizens in a way that is both sympathetic to the environment and cost effective for service providers. However, there is a growing consensus that smart bikeshare is a technology appropriated by elite interests and complicit in processes economic and social stratification. This is evident in uneven service distribution and in design configurations which exclude already marginalized groups. Using an ethical lens derived from critical technology studies, this paper draws on a case study from Hamilton, Canada, which demonstrates the potential of reflexive design practices to address these issues and produce new sociotechnical arrangements which understand system users as active participants in the creation of the systems they appropriate.
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2,652
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Please write an abstract with title: Spoken Language Understanding on the Edge, and key words: Performance evaluation, Privacy, Microcontrollers, Machine learning, Reproducibility of results, Real-time systems, Energy efficiency. Abstract: We consider the problem of performing Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) on small devices typical of IoT applications. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we outline the design of an embedded, private-by-design SLU system and show that it has performance on-par with cloud-based commercial solutions. Second, we release the datasets used in our experiments in the interest of reproducibility and in the hope that they can prove useful to the community.
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2,653
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Please write an abstract with title: Feed polarization for parallel currents in reflectors generated by conic sections, and key words: Feeds, Polarization, Focusing, Reflector antennas, Solids, Ellipsoids, Wires, Conductors, Dipole antennas. Abstract: The family of surfaces of revolution obtained from conic sections are the sphere, ellipsoid, paraboloid, hyperboloid, and plane. These "conic" surfaces find various uses as reflectors in antenna systems because of their focusing or imaging properties. When any of the "conic" reflectors are used, it is of interest to specify an "ideal" polarization of the incident field such that the currents induced in the reflector flow in parallel paths. This specification will permit the reflector to be formed by parallel conducting wires or slats. This paper presents a method for determining the "ideal" feed polarization that should be incident upon a "conic" reflector. It is specified in terms of the polarization characteristics of elemental electric and magnetic dipoles. It will be shown that for any "conic" surface, the "ideal" polarization can always be specified in terms of crossed electric and magnetic dipoles whose relative intensities are related to the eccentricity of the "conic" reflector.
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2,654
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Please write an abstract with title: Fast local motion-compensation algorithm for video sequences with brightness variations, and key words: Video sequences, Brightness, Motion estimation, Computational complexity, Entropy, PSNR, Histograms, Cameras, Circuit testing, Robustness. Abstract: Proposes a fast local motion-compensation algorithm that improves motion-compensation performance for video sequences with brightness variations. The brightness variation parameters, a multiplier and an offset field for image intensity, are robustly estimated and local motions are compensated. We also propose the frame classification method based on the cross entropy between histograms of two successive frames, to detect the frame with brightness variations. Simulation results show that the proposed method yields a higher peak signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional methods, with a low computational load, when the video scene contains large brightness changes.
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2,655
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Please write an abstract with title: Monotonicity of the Trace–Inverse of Covariance Submatrices and Two-Sided Prediction, and key words: Entropy, Tin, Covariance matrices, Estimation, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, Writing, Tools. Abstract: It is common to assess the “memory strength” of a stationary process by looking at how fast the normalized log–determinant of its covariance submatrices (i.e., entropy rate) decreases. In this work, we propose an alternative characterization in terms of the normalized trace–inverse of the covariance submatrices. We show that this sequence is monotonically non-decreasing and is constant if and only if the process is white. Furthermore, while the entropy rate is associated with one-sided prediction errors (present from past), the new measure is associated with two-sided prediction errors (present from past and future). Minimizing this measure is then used as an alternative to Burg’s maximum-entropy principle for spectral estimation. We also propose a counterpart for non-stationary processes, by looking at the average trace–inverse of subsets.
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2,656
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Please write an abstract with title: Power from the sea: a plan to develop ocean energy to meet consumer utility needs, and key words: Oceans, Renewable energy resources, Project management, Predictive models, Power system modeling, Economic forecasting, Weather forecasting, Power generation economics, Environmental economics, Marine technology. Abstract: The Neptune Sciences, Inc. (NSI), Renewable Energy Group has developed a project management plan to develop "Power from the Sea" technologies in well defined phases. Using a multi-phase process, NSI will first provide renewable power solutions to military bases and then to residential communities, state and local businesses. The NSI Renewable Energy Group has focused their project management expertise in three types of renewable energy: Off-shore Wind Turbines (OSWTs); Current/Tide Energy Converters (C/TECs); and Wave Energy Converters (WECs). Solar energy is an area of planned expansion for the group. This paper includes an outline of the NSI Renewable Energy Group project management approach for WEC projects, a discussion of various wave energy technologies, including their states of development and commercialization potential, non-grid connected applications for WECs are discussed including distributed generation, power desalination plants, hydrogen generation, and beach erosion abatement. The NSI Wave Renewable Energy Group consists of experts in weather and wave modeling, environmental permitting, WEC performance modeling for project specific siting plans, and economic modeling, to determine an accurate forecast of the project cost of energy and internal rate of return. NSI uses the Distributed Integrated Ocean Prediction System (DIOPS) to estimate the wave energy in the customer's area of interest, to determine the ocean wave energy resource potential available for a particular customer. DIOPS allows for deep-water waves to be propagated across ocean basins, using the WAve Model (WAM), over the shelf, using a variety of nearshore wave models including Delft Hydraulics Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN), the Steady-state WAVE model (STWAVE), and the REFraction/DIFfraction model (REF/DIF). DIOPS can also propagate the resultant wave spectra into the surf zone, via the Navy Standard Surf Model (NSSM). Using an extensive database of WEC developers, NSI is able to determine the optimum performing and economically efficient WECs, which can be employed in the customer's operating area. At the same time, NSI has personnel experienced in obtaining the necessary environmental permits for installing the best performing WEC that conforms to the environmental sensitivities of the area. By using existing commercial technologies, and applying them to the customer's need, NSI is able to develop "green energy" solutions, which meet both the customer's power requirements and monetary budgets.
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2,657
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Please write an abstract with title: Experimental demonstration of net coding gain of 10.1 dB using 12.4 Gb/s block turbo code with 3-bit soft decision, and key words: Gain, Turbo codes, Forward error correction, Large scale integration, Optical recording, Bit error rate, Bit rate, Circuits, Optical fibers, Concatenated codes. Abstract: Turbo FEC for 10 Gb/s optical transmission has been experimentally demonstrated, for the first time. Using a newly developed 3-bit soft decision LSI, a record coding gain was achieved with only 24.6% redundancy for an input BER of 1.98/spl times/10/sup -2/.
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2,658
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Please write an abstract with title: High Sensitivity Core-Shell Structure (CSS)-Based Fiber Sensor for Monitoring Analytes in Liquids and Gases, and key words: Sensitivity, Refractive index, Permittivity, Dispersion. Abstract: A compact and robust mid-infrared refractive index-based microstructured fiber sensor with high sensitivity is developed for monitoring analytes in liquids and gases. Resonant core-shell elements facilitate its exceptional performance. The theory underpinning them is explained, and the evolution of the fiber structure is presented. The material choices and details of the microstructure leading to its optimization are described. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized fiber sensor can readily detect refractive index variations in the range from 1.0 to 1.41 and that its wavelength sensitivities are 2510 and 4303 nm/RIU for analyte detection, respectively, in gases and liquids. It is an excellent candidate for environmental monitoring applications.
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2,659
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Please write an abstract with title: Local Search Heuristic for the Optimisation of Flight Connections, and key words: Airports, Urban areas, Optimization, Search methods, Classification algorithms, Traveling salesman problems. Abstract: Kiwi.com proposed a real-world NP-hard optimisation problem with a focus on air travelling services, determining the cheapest connection between specific areas. Despite some similarities with the classical TSP problem, more complexity is involved that makes the problem unique. It is Time-dependent, Asymmetric and involves areas that contain sets of cities from which exactly one is visited. In addition to this, infeasibility adds more complexity to the problem since there are no flights available between specific points in the network for certain days. While solving such computationally difficult problems, exact methods often fail, particularly when the problem instance size increases; Then alternative approaches, such as heuristics, are preferred in problem solving. In this study, we present an effective local search method for solving Kiwi.com problem. The empirical results show the success of the approach, which embeds four simple operators, on most of the released instances.
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2,660
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Please write an abstract with title: EMI Evaluation of a SiC MOSFET Module with Organic DBC Substrate, and key words: Couplings, MOSFET, Silicon carbide, Electromagnetic interference, Layout, Multichip modules, Leakage currents. Abstract: This work evaluates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) of a silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET multi-chip power module (MCPM) with emerging organic direct bonded copper (ODBC) substrates. The thin, ductile organic insulator in ODBC substrates allows for thick copper to be used. The thick Cu enables higher current capacity and improved heat spreading. However, the thin dielectric increases capacitive coupling within the power module. This work evaluates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics of a SiC half-bridge module using ODBC substrates, and compares them to a commercial SiC module using standard ceramic DBC substrates. To mitigate the effects of the ODBC module’s increased capacitive coupling, a common-mode equivalent model (CEM) is leveraged to design a unique substrate layout that enables cancellation of leakage current through the baseplate. The proposed method shows that the ODBC module can achieve over 20 dB lower baseplate leakage current compared to a commercial power module for a single-phase half-bridge inverter implementation.
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2,661
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Please write an abstract with title: Fig Fruit Recognition Method Based on YOLO v4 Deep Learning, and key words: Deep learning, Measurement, Location awareness, Image recognition, Image color analysis, Robustness, Telecommunications. Abstract: Image-based fig fruit recognition is a key technology to achieve smart fig planting management. However, compared with apples and mangoes, fig fruits are less different in color from the background and have more dense branches and leaves. This makes the detection of fig fruits more challenging. In this paper, we propose a fig recognition method based on YOLO v4 deep learning technique to achieve fast and accurate recognition and localization of fig fruits in complex environment images. This paper also compares the detection effect of YOLO v4 with Faster R-CNN and YOLO v3 algorithms, which were widely used in the field of fruit recognition in the past, on the same fig dataset. The experimental results show that the detection effect of the fig fruit recognition model constructed based on the YOLO v4 algorithm has improved to a certain extent in terms of average precision and other core metrics. It proves that YOLO v4 deep learning method has good detection effect on figs in complex environment and can provide technical support for intelligent fig planting management.
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2,662
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Please write an abstract with title: Performance of forward link broadband OFCDM packet wireless access using MMSE combining scheme based on SIR estimation, and key words: OFDM, Diversity reception, Frequency estimation, Throughput, Mean square error methods, Code division multiplexing, Bandwidth, Signal to noise ratio, Error analysis, Fading. Abstract: This paper proposes a pilot channel assisted minimum mean square error (MMSE) combining scheme in orthogonal frequency and code division multiplexing (OFCDM) based on actual signal-to-interference power ratio (SIR) estimation and investigates the throughput performance in a broadband channel with a near 100-MHz bandwidth. In the proposed MMSE combining scheme, the combining weight of each sub-carrier component is accurately estimated from the channel gain, noise power, and transmission power ratio of all the code-multiplexed channels to the desired one, by exploiting the time-multiplexed common pilot channel in addition. to the coded data channel. Simulation results elucidate that the required average received signal energy per bit-to-noise spectrum density ratio (E/sub b//N/sub 0/) for the average packet error rate (PER)=10/sup -2/ is improved by 0.6 and 1.2 dB by using the proposed MMSE combining Instead-of the conventional equal gain combining (EGC) in a 24-path Rayleigh fading channel (exponential decay path model, maximum delay time is approximately 1 /spl mu/sec) in an isolated cell environment, when the number of multiplexed codes = 8 and 32, respectively, with the spreading factor of 32. Furthermore, when the average received E/sub b//N/sub 0/=10 dB, the achievable throughput, i.e., the number of simultaneously multiplexed codes for the average PER=10/sup -2/ in the proposed MMSE combining, is increased by approximately 1.3 fold that of the conventional EGC.
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2,663
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Please write an abstract with title: The PXI carrier: a novel approach to ATE instrument development, and key words: Instruments, System testing, Radio frequency, Application software, Baseband, Integrated circuit testing, Backplanes, Connectors, Calibration, Production facilities. Abstract: The PXI carrier is a module designed for OPENSTAR open-architecture ATE systems (Rajsuman and Masuda, 2004) that allows PXI instruments to be integrated into an ATE test head. The PXI carrier fixes several problems inherent in using PXI instruments for ATE, and allows quick turn-around of solutions that would otherwise require lengthy ATE module development. This paper describes the PXI carrier, and then describes two applications of the PXI carrier, an RF test module and a baseband AWG/digitizer module
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2,664
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Please write an abstract with title: Satellite sounding channel optimization in the microwave spectrum, and key words: Satellite broadcasting, Frequency, Microwave theory and techniques, Atmosphere, Bandwidth, Temperature, Water, Atmospheric measurements, Optimization methods, Acoustic sensors. Abstract: A method is presented for creating a set of optimal channels for microwave sounding of the atmosphere. The method finds the combinations of center frequencies and bandwidths that provide optimal skill at retrieving a profile of atmospheric characteristics, such as the air temperature or water vapor concentration. The measure of optimality is a function of the degrees of freedom for the signal. The method is capable of considering several environmental regimes (e.g. latitude, season, surface type, scan angle) simultaneously while performing the optimization. Applications of the method are presented for satellite sounding at frequencies near 60, 118, and 183 GHz. The optimized channel sets compare favorably to channel sets from planned operational sensors, in terms of optimality measures and retrieval performance. For tropospheric sounding, optimal channels have spectrally broader passbands than have typically been used in satellite sounding instruments. For water vapor sounding on the 183-GHz line, the number of channels needed to achieve the full retrieval potential is shown to depend on the radiometer noise level and on the vertical structure of the water vapor profiles.
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2,665
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Please write an abstract with title: Comprehensive Evaluation Method On Wind Power Absorption Capacity Of Regional Power Grid, and key words: Wind power generation, Wind speed, Wind farms, Capacity planning, Power system stability, Transient analysis, Thermal stability. Abstract: In order to evaluate the maximum available wind power capacity more accurately, a comprehensive evaluation method based on peak load regulation capability, static security and transient stability is proposed. With the help of stochastic production simulation technology, the wind power capacity absorbed by the power grid under the constraint of traditional peak load regulation capacity is modified, the combined capacity of each wind power access point is globally optimized by enumeration method, and the transient stability of the system is verified by setting large disturbance conditions, and finally the maximum wind power capacity that can be absorbed by the regional power grid is obtained.
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2,666
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Please write an abstract with title: AVESTOR/spl trade/ lithium-metal-polymer batteries: conclusions to be drawn from field trial results, and key words: Batteries, Fault location, Testing, Research and development, Commercialization, Telecommunications, Temperature, Performance evaluation, Job shop scheduling, Databases. Abstract: AVESTOR has developed a revolutionary design for stationary lithium-metal-polymer (LMP) batteries, a first in the industry. Through 20 years of extensive research and development, AVESTOR's efforts have resulted in a battery that offers new levels of high energy density, reliability and long life under the most extreme environmental conditions. The AVESTOR LMP battery is now into its commercialization phase with the telecommunications sector being the first commercial market. In this paper, data collected from AVESTOR IMP battery systems in uncontrolled environments will be analysed. AVESTOR has been monitoring almost 100 batteries, installed in nearly 30 field trial sites in telecommunications stationary applications chosen by the telecom operators, some of which have been in service since 1999. In these sites, AVESTOR LMP batteries replaced existing lead acid batteries and have been supporting real service loads and been subject to event-triggered discharges as well as forced discharges. Lithium-metal-polymer batteries in these trials operated in harsh environments and, in most cases, regularly experienced very high temperature conditions. At each field trial site, forced discharge tests were performed on a regularly scheduled basis. Forced discharges were provoked by disconnecting the site primary power source and allowing the batteries to carry the system load for a period of time roughly equal to that expected to utilize the full capacity of the battery reserve. The total field trial plan to date has provided a database covering over 87 forced discharges tests, covering a range of loads equivalent to C/4 to C/22 conditions and discharges that lasted from 2.8 to 21.5 hours. Extensive data has been collected at all installations using AVESTOR's remote monitoring system. This system, in communication with the battery module's integrated electronic control system, is able to track individual electrochemical cell parameters, in real time, permitting internal temperatures, cell voltage levels, and current to be studied in detail during charge, discharge or float operation. In this paper, this data is analysed and compared to laboratory data, demonstrating the battery system performance and assessing any impact of real application environments on battery functionality and capacity.
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2,667
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Please write an abstract with title: Fault Diagnosis of Microgrids Using Branch Convolution Neural Network and Majority Voting, and key words: Location awareness, Convolution, Fault detection, Computational modeling, Neural networks, Microgrids, Fault location. Abstract: Fault diagnosis is an important guarantee for the stable and safe operation of microgrids, which consists of fault detection and fault localization. However, most current researches separately deal with these two issues, which cannot obtain completed fault diagnosis results. This paper proposes a solution based on deep learning, namely branch convolution neural network (CNN) with a majority voting (B-CNN-MV) model, to simultaneously realize fault detection and fault localization through two branches. One of the branches realizes fault detection and the other performs fault localization. Firstly, in each branch, the CNN module extracts the two-dimensional image features of each sample in the spatial dimension and outputs primary classification results. Then, the classification results from the CNN module within one period of data constitute the temporal dimension input for the following majority voting module. Finally, the majority voting modules after each branch employ these temporal dimension inputs to calculate the final fault type and location results. Through this new design, the information on accurate fault type and fault location can be obtained simultaneously. Moreover, the test results show the proposed B-CNN-MV model can also achieve a high accuracy even in the case of insufficient data.
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2,668
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Please write an abstract with title: Re-routing instability in IEEE 802.11 multi-hop ad-hoc networks, and key words: Spread spectrum communication, Ad hoc networks, Throughput, Telecommunication traffic, Wireless LAN, Videoconference, Internet telephony, Fluctuations, Media Access Protocol, Turning. Abstract: TCP throughput instability is a well-known phenomenon in IEEE 802.11 multi-hop ad-hoc networks. However, we find that this problem is not restricted to TCP traffic only, but also occurs in UDP traffic. The associated throughput oscillations are not acceptable for real-time applications such as video conferencing and voice-over-IP. The paper re-defines this throughput fluctuation as a "re-routing instability problem" since it is caused by the triggering of the re-routing function. In particular, we show that the throughput instability is mainly induced by re-routing, not the binary exponential back-off of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Turning off the re-routing function, for example, eliminates the problem. We believe that this is the first paper to study this phenomenon in the context of re-routing instability. We propose to modify the ad-hoc routing protocols with a "don't-break-before-you-can-make" strategy. The scheme does not require modifications of the IEEE 802.11 standard, making it readily deployable using existing commercial wireless LAN (WLAN) products. Simulations show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the throughput variation in a traffic flow by 50-70% and improve the average throughput by up to 11%.
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2,669
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Please write an abstract with title: Effect of Package Pick and Place Process to Induce Chip Crack in Package by Different Stress Modes, and key words: Stress, Force, Standards, Electronics packaging, Metals, Loading, Load modeling. Abstract: Due to strong demand for thin profile package in smart phone with higher memory density (more dies in the package), each component in memory package, such as substrate thickness, solder ball height, EMC thickness and gap between top chip and EMC top surface has been reduced to meet required total package thickness. The mechanical point of view, Si chip has the highest modulus and more prone to defect by external stress. In this paper, possible stress modes to create chip crack during pick and place process during SMT and the best combination of pick and place process for thin multi-chip package were investigated and provided meaningful process parameters for available pick and place models.
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2,670
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Please write an abstract with title: Mission Oriented Flocking and Distributed Formation Control of UAVs, and key words: Target tracking, Trajectory tracking, Scalability, Search problems, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Graph theory, Task analysis. Abstract: This paper presents the development of a novel autonomous search, detect and task execution model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) distributed formations. This work studies the problems of formation flocking, tracking and collision avoidance for a distributed formation of UAVs by use of multi-agent graph theory and artificial potential field approach in the first stage, based upon the proposed algorithm the second stage implements target search, detection and mission execution tasks, while the last stage carries out the re-flocking of the vacant UAVs. In order to validate the model, simulations were performed for every stage of the process to evaluate the desired flocking and task execution performance of the distributed formation. Finally, the results obtained from the simulations indicate that UAVs using the proposed model are able to execute the mission as per desired performance goals.
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2,671
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Please write an abstract with title: Fuzzy Decision Support System for Recommendation of Crop Cultivation based on Soil Type, and key words: Soil, Fertilizers, Feature extraction, Rough sets, Fuzzy logic, Prediction algorithms. Abstract: Soil with essential nutrients is capable of supporting crop cultivation. But some nutrient level in the soil is declining because of the usage of more fertilizers. Due to this, the crop production is falling. Hence, to increase the crop yield, the proposed methodology exploits all the soil micro and macronutrients of the soil to predict the crop suitability for a region. During the data categorization, beyond rough set, the fuzzy logic is used to handle the boundary values of the numerical features to improve the accuracy of the prediction. Rough set based rule induction method is used to generate the rules and the crop suitability is predicted according to the fuzzy rules. The results are benchmarked with algorithms like CN2, LEM2, AQ, and Indiscernibility. The discretized and fuzzified datasets are considered for experimental purposes. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated based on the different evaluation parameters like precision, recall, f1 score, and accuracy. The experimental results proved that fuzzy rules evolved by the LEM2 algorithm give higher prediction accuracy when compared to other algorithms for both the discretized and fuzzified datasets.
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2,672
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Please write an abstract with title: Heteroscedastic Projection Based M-Estimators, and key words: Parameter estimation, Noise robustness, Computer vision, Maximum likelihood estimation, Vectors, Computer errors, Computer Society, Pattern recognition. Abstract: Robust regression methods, such as RANSAC, suffer from a sensitivity to the scale parameter used for generating the inlier-outlier dichotomy. Projection based M-estimators (pbM) offer a solution to this by reframing the regression problem in a projection pursuit framework. In this paper we modify the pbM formulation to obtain an improved pbM algorithm. Furthermore, the modified algorithm is easily generalized to handle heteroscedastic data . The superior performance of heteroscedastic pbM, as compared to simple pbM, is experimentally verified.
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2,673
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Please write an abstract with title: Efficient and Reconfigurable Multi-cell Battery Pack for Portable Electronic Devices with Simultaneous Charging and Discharging Capability, and key words: Simulation, Asia, Prototypes, Topology, Batteries, State of charge. Abstract: In this paper, an efficient and reconfigurable multi-cell battery pack for portable electronic devices with simultaneous charging and discharging capability is proposed. Based on the status of the load current, the operational principle of the proposed topology is analyzed to achieve cell balancing under simultaneous charging and discharging. Balancing characteristics are then analyzed, and a prototype circuit has been built to verify the proposed topology with the experimental results. Finally, the proposed topology is compared to other cell to cell topologies in converter type, size, and balancing speed.
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2,674
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Please write an abstract with title: Fuzzy aggregating functions for multiobjective VLSI placement, and key words: Very large scale integration, Fuzzy sets, Fuzzy logic, Open wireless architecture, Fuzzy control, Petroleum, Minerals, Vehicles, Equations. Abstract: When fuzzy logic is used with multi-objective optimization, min/max operators may not be desirable. This is primarily due to the lack of compensation/submission of min/max. To overcome this, ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators were proposed by R.R. Yager (1988). OWA requires the selection of a control parameter /spl beta/, which is different for different problem instances. In this paper, we propose new fuzzy aggregating functions that simulate the fuzzy AND/OR logic and that have the advantages of OWA without the need of any control parameter. A comparison with OWA for VLSI cell placement using simulated evolution produced encouraging results.
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2,675
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Please write an abstract with title: Optimal Design of Layered Cylindrical Shells with Minimum Weight Under Impulse Loading, and key words: Vibrations, Shape, Loading, Buildings, Optimization methods, Boundary conditions, Reliability engineering. Abstract: The problem of minimizing the mass of layered orthotropic constant-thickness non-closed shells at impulse loading is solved. The shell behavior is described within the framework of the improved theory. According to the extension method, the complex-shape shell can practically be extended to an auxiliary layered cylindrical non-closed simply supported rectangular-shape shell with the same composition of layers. An auxiliary shell is a body whose contour shape and boundary conditions yield a simple analytical solution. In this case, the auxiliary shell is a simply supported non-closed cylindrical layered one with a rectangular plan-view shape, making it possible to find the problem solution as a trigonometric series. To meet the specified boundary conditions, we apply compensating loads to the auxiliary shell. The adaptive optimization method with hybrid elements is applied to solving the problem of optimal shell design. The effect of the geometrical parameters on the optimum design of a two-layer composite shell is investigated. In addition, extremums corresponding to optimum shells and plates are found.
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2,676
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Please write an abstract with title: Collecting Spatial Data Under Local Differential Privacy, and key words: Geography, Differential privacy, Histograms, Correlation, Shape, Perturbation methods, Estimation. Abstract: By adding noise to real data locally and providing quantitative privacy protection that can be rigorously mathematically proven, Local differential privacy is the suitable technology for the private collection of two dimensional location data. Most current solutions discretize the location information into grids, and then apply LDP-based frequency oracle to obtain distribution information of all users for spatial range query. However, the discretization step of gridding will result in a more or less loss of accuracy, while eliminating the inherent correlation between adjacent grids. Thus leading to a large overall error. Drawing on the idea of continuous perturbation on finite intervals, we propose a two-dimensional continuous density estimation method, called LTD-EM. It takes advantage of numerical nature of the map domain and uses the near-neighbor perturbation and EM algorithm. We also optimize the algorithm considering the irregular shape of the geography map. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the spatial range query provided by LTD-EM is significantly better than that of existing solutions.
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2,677
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Please write an abstract with title: An Enhanced Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm with Decomposition for Signed Community Detection Problem, and key words: Art, Error analysis, Clustering algorithms, Evolutionary computation, Search problems, Minimization, Data mining. Abstract: Community detection is useful for better understanding of the structure of complex networks, and aids in the extraction of required information from such networks. Community detection problem can be modelled as an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. Many optimization algorithms (both single -objective and multi-objectives) have been implemented to address community detection problem, where the first objective is usually representing the maximization of the internal connections, while the second objective represents the minimization of the external connections between the communities or clusters. In this research, an enhanced mutation operator is proposed for improving the search performance of multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with decomposition (MOEA/D), based on the types of the connections between the nodes. The proposed algorithm was evaluated based on a set of five benchmark datasets, in terms of Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Weighted NMI (WNMI), Signed Modularity (Qs), and Error rate (Error). The results showed that our proposed enhanced algorithm has attained the best position as compared to the standard version of MOEA/D, and other state of art research papers.
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2,678
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Please write an abstract with title: Automotive Velocity Sensing Using Millimeter-Wave Interferometric Radar, and key words: Surface roughness, Rough surfaces, Radar, Estimation, Sensors, Velocity measurement, Angular velocity. Abstract: In this article, we demonstrate the use of interferometric radar for high-accuracy measurement of the ground speed of a moving vehicle. Recent work has shown the capability of radar systems using interferometric antenna apertures to directly measure the angular velocity of objects. In this work, we apply this new measurement to the automotive application of velocity estimation. We start by formulating the interferometric response from a ground surface, which is modeled as a summation of independent point scatterers. Next, we present two velocity estimation methods: a Bayesian method that uses a signal model and a neural network-based approach. We then describe a 40-GHz interferometric radar system that we have developed and present on-vehicle measurements. Finally, we present the results of the two estimators and compare these results with the theoretical accuracy of the system. We show that the Bayesian and neural net estimators achieved a root-mean-square velocity error of 0.403 and 0.183 m/s, respectively.
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2,679
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Please write an abstract with title: Distributed Secondary Frequency Control for Microgrids Under Weak Communication Conditions, and key words: Decentralized control, Microgrids, Bandwidth, Stability analysis, Reliability, Frequency control, Convergence. Abstract: Consensus-based control is a typical distributed control method that has been widely applied in microgrids. As a distributed control method, the performance of consensus-based control depends greatly on reliable communication networks. In practical systems, weak communication conditions, e.g. low communication bandwidths and communication failures, will significantly deteriorate the performance of consensus-based control and even affect the microgrid's stability. This paper focuses on consensus-based secondary frequency control of microgrids under weak communication conditions. In order to mitigate the influence of weak communication conditions, a fully decentralized event-triggered strategy and a time-varying control gain are introduced, and a distributed secondary frequency control method with finite-time convergence performance is developed. A detailed performance analysis of the proposed control is presented, which provides theoretical guidance for its practical application. Simulation based on MATLAB/Simulink verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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2,680
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Please write an abstract with title: DSSE in European-Type Networks Using PLC-Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure, and key words: Voltage measurement, Time measurement, Measurement uncertainty, Power measurement, Real-time systems, Phase measurement, Current measurement. Abstract: This paper addressesthe problem of real-time state estimation in European-type four-wire low-voltage distribution networks with advanced metering infrastructure based on power line communication (PLC). The main drawback of this type of infrastructure is its high latency and a sequential data sampling process. Both factors make it difficult to obtain instantaneous values from the smart meters in a timely and adequate manner to estimate the real-time state of the system. This problem may be solved in the future with the deployment of metering systems based on other technologies such as 5G. However, PLC technology prevails in many countries, and is not likely to be replaced in the medium term. In the meantime, a solution is needed to provide acceptable real-time state estimates in low voltage networks, not to hinder the active management of these assets in the context of smart grids. In this work, a solution is proposed that allows estimating the state of the low voltage network with a reasonable accuracy considering the low quality of the measurements provided by the deployed infrastructure. The system is validated using a portion of a real pilot network located in the north of Spain fed by a transformer station with seven feeders.
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2,681
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Please write an abstract with title: Design and Analysis of a Novel Modular Electromagnetic Actuator for Micro-Nano Satellite Application, and key words: Force, Satellites, Electromagnetics, Permanent magnets, Actuators, Magnetization, Attitude control. Abstract: A novel modular electromagnetic actuator for micro-nano satellite application is proposed in this article. This actuator is combined with two functional units. The permanent magnet connection unit is used to realize the static connection of two micro-nano satellites with no power loss. The electromagnetic separation unit is used for the separation motion and transposition motion. Different magnetization types and topologies for these two units are compared. The attractive force characteristics for the permanent magnet connection unit are analyzed, and the attractive force ratio is used as an index to choose the proper magnetization type. For the electromagnetic separation unit, the repulsive force per mass is an important parameter for selecting a good topology. To suppress the magnetic field interference, the magnetic shielding structures are also designed. The results are based on 3D finite element calculation. Finally, the prototype of two cube frames with the proposed electromagnetic actuator are manufactured, and they perform well in tests, which verifies the related analysis and design.
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2,682
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Please write an abstract with title: Snow Avalanche Backscatter Characteristics and Their Benefit for Avalanche Mapping with Local Resolution Weighting, and key words: Radar remote sensing, Snow, Sensor phenomena and characterization, Radar imaging, Orbits, Surface roughness, Rough surfaces. Abstract: Snow avalanches cause a sudden change of surface roughness which makes them detectable with synthetic aperture radar (SAR). However, in mountainous terrain the slant imaging geometry of SAR sensors complicates detection because the spatial resolution and the backscatter characteristics vary with the local incidence angle relative to the terrain. To improve detection we 1) characterize avalanche backscatter characteristics using a manually created dataset of 914 drawn avalanche outlines and 2) apply local resolution weighting (LRW) to merge Sentinel-1 (S1) acquisitions from ascending and descending orbits. We show that avalanches appear brightest at incidence angles of 55 ± 20°; such angles are weighted considerably stronger by LRW. For avalanche segmentation with LRW we obtain a higher F1 score (0.75) compared to an unweighted orbit average (F1 = 0.68) or single orbits (F1 = 0.5) when applying a fixed threshold on the backscatter difference.
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2,683
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Please write an abstract with title: Leakage current correction in quasi-static C-V measurements, and key words: Leakage current, Capacitance-voltage characteristics, Current measurement, Dielectric measurements, Gate leakage, MOS capacitors, Capacitance measurement, Interface states, MOSFETs, High-K gate dielectrics. Abstract: The gate current in a MOS structure can deform the result of a quasi-static capacitance-voltage measurement. In this paper, several correction methods are presented and discussed to compensate for this effect. Limitations of all methods are quantified and workarounds are proposed.
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2,684
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Please write an abstract with title: Joint Secure Design of Downlink and D2D Cooperation Strategies for Multi-User Systems, and key words: Device-to-device communication, Downlink, Precoding, Covariance matrices, Eavesdropping, Optimization, Additive noise. Abstract: This work studies the role of inter-user device-to-device (D2D) cooperation for improving physical-layer secret communication in multi-user downlink systems. It is assumed that there are out-of-band D2D channels, on each of which a selected legitimate user transmits an amplified version of the received downlink signal to other legitimate users. A key technical challenge for designing such systems is that eavesdroppers can overhear downlink as well as D2D cooperation signals. We tackle the problem of jointly optimizing the downlink precoding, artificial noise covariance, and amplification coefficients that maximize the minimum rate. An iterative alternating optimization algorithm is proposed based on the matrix fractional programming. Numerical results confirm the performance gains of the proposed D2D cooperation scheme compared to benchmark secret communication schemes.
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2,685
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Please write an abstract with title: Theoretical and experimental investigation of the emergence of surface states on photonic crystals as hybrid dielectric metasurface bound states of the termination layer, and key words: Corrugated surfaces, Photonic crystals, Metamaterials, Dielectrics, Numerical models, Surface states. Abstract: We perform theoretical and experimental investigations of the association between surface states of finite, corrugated dielectric photonic crystal and dark modes of dielectric metasurfaces consisting of an isolated single layer of dielectric scatterers. Our findings provide a novel perspective on the emergence and nature of surfaces modes arising from the corrugation of the terminal layer of a photonic crystal that would otherwise not support any surface states. It occurs that the emergent surface modes can be physically interpreted as bound states of the effective dielectric metasurface formed by the isolated corrugation layer, which selectively interact and hybridize with the band structure of the bulk photonic crystal.
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2,686
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Please write an abstract with title: Secret handshakes from pairing-based key agreements, and key words: Security, Educational institutions, Cryptography, Cryptographic protocols, Authentication, Java, Privacy. Abstract: Consider a CIA agent who wants to authenticate herself to a server but does not want to reveal her CIA credentials unless the server is a genuine CIA outlet. Consider also that the CIA server does not want to reveal its CIA credentials to anyone but CIA agents - not even to other CIA servers. We first show how pairing-based cryptography can be used to implement such secret handshakes. We then propose a formal definition for secure secret handshakes, and prove that our pairing-based schemes are secure under the Bilinear Diffie-Hellman assumption. Our protocols support role-based group membership authentication, traceability, indistinguishability to eavesdroppers, unbounded collusion resistance, and forward repudiability. Our secret-handshake scheme can be implemented as a TLS cipher suite. We report on the performance of our preliminary Java implementation.
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2,687
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Please write an abstract with title: Analysis of Ventilation Load Flexibility Depending on Indoor Climate Conditions, and key words: Ventilation, Buildings, Humidity, Temperature measurement, Heating systems, Pollution measurement. Abstract: Load flexibility and Demand Response are becoming increasingly important to balance the electricity supply and demand. Ventilation systems can be used as flexible loads in an electric power system. A number of studies in the field of load flexibility deal with ventilation system control in reference to measured temperature. However, inadequate attention is paid to the effect of using ventilation shutdown for providing load flexibility to pollutant concentration. This paper presents a ventilation shutdown period estimation according to indoor air quality (IAQ) for different space sizes and numbers of occupants. This study shows how long the ventilation system can be shut down before a pollutant concentration or temperature reaches its boundary considering the average level as an initial condition. Simulations were carried out to demonstrate an application of ventilation system 2-point control and to verify that this will not jeopardize the IAQ for normal conditions.
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2,688
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Please write an abstract with title: Image Compression Based on Neuroscience Models: Rate-Distortion Performance of the Neural Code, and key words: image compression, neuro inspired compression, full reference Image Quality Assessment, neural code. Abstract: Image compression still remains one of the most challenging scientific fields as it is widely used in almost every kind of application. To design ground-breaking architectures the image processing community concentrated at first on visual perception. However, understanding how the visual system senses the semantics of the visual scene is still a big issue. Recently, a neuro-inspired compression (NICE) system was introduced, trying to encode the visual information by mimicking the firing mechanisms of neurons. The performance of this system was promising but inefficient when opposed to the JPEG standard. In this work, we aim at improving the architecture design of the NICE system. Thus, we propose 3 different architectures and we show that the quality of the reconstruction is substantially enhanced. In addition, the NICE system outperforms the JPEG standard according to the assessment of two full-reference metrics; the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structure similarity index measure (SSIM), except for very low bits per pixel values.
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2,689
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Please write an abstract with title: Integrated system design, analysis and database-driven simulation model generation, and key words: System analysis and design, Data analysis, Analytical models, Data models, Relational databases, Manufacturing systems, Failure analysis, Silver, Virtual prototyping, Guidelines. Abstract: This paper discusses an integrated framework of IDEF methods for generating a common data model usable for discrete manufacturing systems. From this data model, a simulation model is automatically generated using a database-driven and atom-based approach. A case study has been included to demonstrate the concept. A prototype function model, a data model and the resulting simulation model were constructed to show the feasibility of the approach. The concept and guidelines provided are expected to increase knowledge reusability between IDEF methods and improve simulation model reusability and maintainability through the features of the relational database technologies. Although the case study was performed for a semiconductor manufacturer, this concept can be easily extended to other areas.
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2,690
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Please write an abstract with title: A Physics-based Virtual Reality Simulation Framework for Neonatal Endotracheal Intubation, and key words: Pediatrics, Training, Computational modeling, Haptic interfaces, Atmospheric modeling, Three-dimensional displays, Deformable models. Abstract: Neonatal endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a complex procedure. Low intubation success rates for pediatric residents indicate the current training regimen is inadequate for achieving positive patient outcomes. Computer-based training systems in this field have been limited due to the complex nature of simulating in real-time, the anatomical structures, soft tissue deformations and frequent tool interactions with large forces which occur during actual patient intubation. This paper addresses the issues of neonatal ETI training in an attempt to bridge the gap left by traditional training methods. We propose a fully interactive physics-based virtual reality (VR) simulation framework for neonatal ETI that converts the training of this medical procedure to a completely immersive virtual environment where both visual and physical realism were achieved. Our system embeds independent dynamics models and interaction devices in separate modules while allowing them to interact with each other within the same environment, which offers a flexible solution for multi-modal medical simulation scenarios. The virtual model was extracted from CT scans of a neonatal patient, which provides realistic anatomical structures and was parameterized to allow variations in a range of features that affect the level of difficulty. Moreover, with this manikin-free VR system, we can capture and visualize an even larger set of performance parameters in relation to the internal geometric change of the virtual model for real-time guidance and post-trial assessment. Lastly, validation study results from a group of neonatologists are presented demonstrating that VR is a promising platform to train medical professionals effectively for this procedure.
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2,691
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Please write an abstract with title: Medical IMAGE-Based Numerical Simulation of the Abdominal Aorta Flow, and key words: Geometry, Cardiovascular system, Solid modeling, Three-dimensional displays, Bifurcation, Tools, Numerical simulation. Abstract: Blood hemodynamics have a crucial role in the treatment of the cardiovascular disease. In this paper, the 3D model segmentation was based on Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) reconstructed images with pixel spacing 0.703125/0.703125 and slice thickness 1.25 mm. The reconstructed abdominal aorta's geometry was meshed and numerically investigated separately in SimVascular and Ansys tools. It is important to mention that both numerical simulations predict the complexity of the, namely flow separation (acceleration and recovery area) that induce low and high WSS regions and enhanced particle residence time near to the artery wall. Practically, both solvers used in this paper increase researchers' effort in the cardiovascular system's fundamental understanding.
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2,692
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Please write an abstract with title: An experimental evaluation of a novel acknowledgment scheme over GEO-satellite links, and key words: Internet, Bit error rate, Operating systems, Testing, Protocols, TCPIP, Control systems, Bandwidth, Information science, Delay. Abstract: Selective acknowledgement (SACK) and negative acknowledgment (NAK) are well-known schemes in the current Internet. Selective negative acknowledgement (SNACK) is a novel scheme which integrates the capabilities of both SACK and NAK, developed for space Internet. There has been some work done in discussing the performance of the SNACK scheme based on the methodology of the scheme or by considering SNACK as an isolated entity. It is necessary to have a side-by-side, controlled experimental comparison of the effectiveness of SNACK and the widely used SACK with the operating systems fully involved. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of SNACK over GEO-satellite links in an experimental manner using the SGLS testbed, by comparing it with the widely used SACK. It has been found that at low BERs (<=10/sup -6/), SNACK and SACK show similar performance. At a higher BER (around 10/sup -5/), SNACK significantly increases link utilization and shows superior performance over SACK. SNACK is better suited for long delay and high BER channels and thus makes it favorable over SACK in the experimented communication environments.
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2,693
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Please write an abstract with title: Can Facial Pose and Expression Be Separated With Weak Perspective Camera?, and key words: Cameras, Two dimensional displays, Three-dimensional displays, Face, Shape, Estimation, Computational modeling. Abstract: Separating facial pose and expression within images requires a camera model for 3D-to-2D mapping. The weak perspective (WP) camera has been the most popular choice; it is the default, if not the only option, in state-of-the-art facial analysis methods and software. WP camera is justified by the supposition that its errors are negligible when the subjects are relatively far from the camera, yet this claim has never been tested despite nearly 20 years of research. This paper critically examines the suitability of WP camera for separating facial pose and expression. First, we theoretically show that WP causes pose-expression ambiguity, as it leads to estimation of spurious expressions. Next, we experimentally quantify the magnitude of spurious expressions. Finally, we test whether spurious expressions have detrimental effects on a common facial analysis application, namely Action Unit (AU) detection. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that severe pose-expression ambiguity exists even when subjects are not close to the camera, leading to large false positive rates in AU detection. We also demonstrate that the magnitude and characteristics of spurious expressions depend on the point distribution model used to model the expressions. Our results suggest that common assumptions about WP need to be revisited in facial expression modeling, and that facial analysis software should encourage and facilitate the use of the true camera model whenever possible.
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2,694
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Please write an abstract with title: Optical constants of Cu(ln,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin films from normal incidence transmittance and reflectance, and key words: Optical films, Optical refraction, Optical sensors, Optical variables control, Sputtering, Reflectivity, Ellipsometry, Extinction coefficients, Transistors, Optical surface waves. Abstract: The present contribution reports on the optical constants of Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin films deposited by co-evaporation with five representative In/Ga-ratios varying from pure CulnSe/sub 2/ to pure CuGaSe/sub 2/. The optical properties of the films are characterized by spectral transmittance and reflectance at normal incidence. Fitting the optical spectra with a model of flat layers yields the optical constants for wavelengths between 350 and 2000 nm. We compare our results to recently published bulk data that are obtained by spectral ellipsometry. The comparison shows a good agreement between the refractive indices, but significantly lower extinction coefficients for our thin films. The reason for the observed differences most probably lies in the surface versus bulk sensitivity of the different determination methods.
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2,695
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Please write an abstract with title: Large Signal Analysis of a Parametric Harmonic Generator, and key words: Signal analysis, Signal generators, Semiconductor diodes, Polarization, Reflection, Frequency conversion, Dielectrics, Voltage, Circuits, Power transmission. Abstract: Large signal analysis of a harmonic generator using a semiconductor diode reveals a larger possible efficiency than a similar small signal analysis. As higher harmonic numbers are reached, large signal analysis becomes increasingly more important in predicting the maximum conversion efficiency. It is shown that there exists an optimum value for the diode bias voltage and an optimum coupling of the load and generator to the diode, and that the diode operating voltage should almost drive the diode into conduction. An expression is derived for the maximum conversion efficiency for any harmonic, and it is shown that the conversion loss increases with increasing harmonic number, approximately 2.9 db per n for large harmonic numbers in a typical case.
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2,696
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Please write an abstract with title: Pandemic Policymaking, and key words: Manifolds, COVID-19, Social computing, Pandemics, Manifold learning. Abstract: This study leverages a high dimensional manifold learning design to explore the latent structure of the pandemic policymaking space only based on bill-level characteristics of pandemic-focused bills from 1973 to 2020. Results indicate the COVID-19 era of policymaking maps extremely closely onto prior periods of related policymaking. This suggests that there is striking uniformity in Congressional policymaking related to these types of large-scale crises over time, despite currently operating in a unique era of hyperpolarization, division, and ineffective governance.
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2,697
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Please write an abstract with title: Wideband 3D performance analysis of a modular antenna array in a street canyon scenario for 5G networks, and key words: Antenna Array, Street Canyon, mm-wave, 5G. Abstract: This paper presents the results of wideband measurements at 60 GHz within a street canyon scenario. Simultaneous measurements of a modular antenna array and a horn antenna were used to estimate the Angle of Arrival, Angle of Departure and Angular Spread at both the receiver and transmitter. These parameters were then compared between the two antenna types to assess the practicality of the antenna array for estimation of angular information to inform future beamforming deployment. Within Line-of-Sight, the two systems had Angular Spread values below 25° with the horn antenna having a mean value 8° lower than the array. For Non Line-of-Sight, the receiver had mean angular spread values at 24.3° and 25.3° for the array and horn respectively, whereas at the transmitter the array's spread rose to 45.5° and the horn's rose to 55.3°. The variation in the estimate of angular spread could be attributed to the physical separation of the two systems at the transmitter side.
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2,698
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Please write an abstract with title: A Unified Approach for Tracking UAVs in Infrared, and key words: Visualization, Target tracking, Motion estimation, Conferences, Process control, Estimation, Switches. Abstract: With complex camera and object movement, the tracked object often suffers camera motion, out of view, dramatic scale variation, etc., which severely influence tracking performance. Due to the fast speed and tiny size of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV), it is crucial to design a robust framework for tracking UAVs. This paper carefully designs a unified framework, including a local tracker, camera motion estimation module, bounding box refinement module, re-detection module and model updater. The camera motion estimation module achieves motion compensation for the local tracker. Then, the bounding box refinement module aims to measure an accurate bounding box. If the target is missing, we switch to the re-detection module to re-localize the target when it reappears. We also adopt a model updater to control the updating process and filter out unreliable samples. Numerous experimental results on 9 visual/thermal datasets show the effectiveness and generalization of our framework.
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2,699
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Please write an abstract with title: Learning with Laptops: Information Technology and the Transformation of an MBA Program, and key words: Portable computers, Information technology, Educational technology, Educational institutions, Logic, Computer networks, Wireless networks, Lenses, Fabrics, Central Processing Unit. Abstract: Laptop computers and wireless networks are becoming part of the landscape of many MBA programs, finding their way into the innermost sanctum of academia: the classroom. The consequences of introducing information technologies in the educational environment, however, are far from clear. Through the lens of Bourdieu’s theory of practice, we explore how a mandatory laptop program was woven into the institutional fabric of an MBA program and the means by which information technologies altered student practices. We attend to how IT was implicated in a struggle between the students and the faculty for control of classroom use of laptops and networks. In revealing the variety of interests at stake and the different logic deployed by students and faculty in this confrontation, we hope to open a space for the mutual recognition of opposing viewpoints and for the possibility of joint ownership of the problem.
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