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6,300 | Please write an abstract with title: Multiobjective trajectory optimization for electric trains, and key words: Propulsion, Space technology, Power demand, Constraint optimization, Hardware, Strategic planning, Transportation, Motor drives, Force control, Control systems. Abstract: This paper develops a method for generating Pareto efficient trajectories that provide optimal tradeoffs between two conflicting attributes-the total energy consumed and the total time taken to complete each trajectory. Straightforward formulations of the multiobjective optimization problem in these attributes are difficult to solve because of certain nonlinearities in train models and certain constraints on train trajectories. A discrete reformulation is developed to circumvent these difficulties and produce computationally feasible algorithms. The results from the algorithms can be used to develop operating strategies for existing systems and to compare hardware alternatives in planning new systems. An illustration is included. |
6,301 | Please write an abstract with title: Fast Implementation of SHA-3 in GPU Environment, and key words: Graphics processing units, Optimization methods, Cryptography, Software, Servers, NIST, Computer architecture. Abstract: Recently, Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) have been widely used for general purpose applications such as machine learning applications, acceleration of cryptographic applications (especially, blockchains), etc. The development of CUDA makes this General-Purpose computing on GPU possible. In particular, currently GPU technology has been widely used for server-side applications so as to provide fast and efficient service to a number of clients. In other words, servers need to process a large amount of user data and execute authentication process. Verifying the integrity of transmitted data is essential for ensuring that the data is not modified during transmission. Hash functions are the cryptographic algorithm which can verify the integrity of data and there are SHA-1, SHA-2, and SHA-3 standard hash functions. In 2015, Keccak algorithm was selected for SHA-3 competition by NIST. However, until now, software implementations of SHA-3 have not provided enough performance for various applications. In addition, SHA-3 and SHAKE using SHA-3 are being used in many Post-Quantum Cryptosystems (PQC) submitted to NIST PQC competition. Therefore, SHA-3 optimization research is required in the software environment. We propose an optimized SHA-3 software implementation on GPU environment. For performance efficiency, we propose several techniques including optimization of SHA-3 internal process, inline PTX optimization, optimized memory usage, and the application of asynchronous CUDA stream. As a result of applying the proposed optimization method, our SHA-3(512) (resp. SHA-3(256)) implementation without CUDA stream provides a maximum throughput of 88.51 Gb/s (resp. 171.62 Gb/s) on RTX2080Ti GPU. Furthermore, without the application of CUDA stream, our SHA-3(512) software on GTX1070 provides about 49.73% improved throughput compared with the previous best work on GTX1080, which shows the superiority of our proposed optimization methods. Our optimized SHA-3 software on GPU can be efficiently used for block-chain applications and several PQCs (especially, key generation process in Lattice-based cryptosystems). |
6,302 | Please write an abstract with title: A Coupled Integral Equation / Foldy-Lax Multiple Scattering Formulation to Characterize Topological One-Way Edge States, and key words: Surface waves, Conferences, Computational modeling, Gyromagnetism, Integral equations, Scattering, Mathematical models. Abstract: The coupled integral equation - Foldy-Lax multiple scattering method is applied to compute the reflection-free topological one-way edge states induced by wave interactions with the interface between gyromagnetic scatterers and a PEC boundary. The scattered field of gyromagnetic scatterers is represented in terms of the exciting cylindrical wave coefficients and its scattering T matrix. The PEC boundary is also regarded as a scatterer and its scattered field is linked to the excitation fields with a surface integral equation discretized by method of moments. This multiple scattering formulation directly couples the scattered field of PEC wall with gyromagnetic scatterers. This method needs to compute the T matrix of gyromagnetic scatterer only once and significantly reduces the number of unknowns. Field results are compared with results from COMSOL simulations. The comparisons confirm the accuracy of the proposed method and show that it is far more efficient than COMSOL. The proposed approach can be a useful tool for topological wave device analysis and design. |
6,303 | Please write an abstract with title: Neural Networks Based Frequency-Locked Loop for Grid Synchronization Under Unbalanced and Distorted Conditions, and key words: Frequency locked loops, Adaptive systems, Neural networks, Signal generators, Frequency estimation, Synchronization, Frequency synchronization. Abstract: Precise knowledge of amplitude, phase and frequency of the grid voltages is essential for grid synchronization of distributed generation units. Nevertheless, grid parameters estimation becomes complex under nonideal conditions. Therefore, a novel frequency adaptive neural network-based frequency-locked loop (FANN-FLL) strategy for unbalanced and distorted conditions is proposed in this paper. The FANN-FLL is based on a FANN configured as a quadrature signal generator, allowing fast and accurate fundamental symmetrical components estimation. To make the system frequency adaptive, the FANN weight vector is exploited in a new frequency estimation method. Simulation tests under highly unbalanced and distorted grid conditions are carried out. Obtained results demonstrated the superiority of the FANN-FLL compared with the decoupled double synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop. |
6,304 | Please write an abstract with title: Calibration Method for Industrial Robots Based on the Principle of Perigon Error Close, and key words: Calibration, Robot kinematics, Service robots, Laser beams, Robot sensing systems, Measurement by laser beam, End effectors. Abstract: For the problem that the self-error of industrial robot calibration device has influence on calibration accuracy, a calibration method of industrial robots based on the principle of Perigon Error Close is proposed. In the method, the theory that the sum of circular indexing interval errors around a circle is zero is applied to robot calibration to improve robot calibration accuracy. The calibration principle of the proposed method is provided in detail and the calibration equation is derived in this paper. The calibration system based on the proposed method was constructed with one semiconductor laser and two position sensing detectors (PSDs) fixed on a rotary table. Based on the position error data obtained from laser spot position on the PSDs, the robot kinematics parameter errors were identified by using Levenberg Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The robot calibration experimental setup was constructed and the related verification experiments were carried out. The model parameter identification experiment validates the feasibility of the proposed method for industrial robot calibration. The calibration compensation experiment results of industrial robots show that the maximum position error of the robot is reduced by 71.9% and the average position error is reduced by 77.8%, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method for industrial robot calibration. |
6,305 | Please write an abstract with title: The Case of Digital Transformation in Grocery Business: A Conceptual Model of Digital Grocery Ecosystem, and key words: Industries, Technological innovation, Mortar, Digital transformation, Biological system modeling, Ecosystems, Companies. Abstract: Companies are increasingly looking for ways to understand and innovate their business models by leveraging digital transformation. Evolving consumer attitudes and behaviors, technological advances, new competitive pressures, and laser thin margins—accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic—are driving digital transformation in the grocery business. We introduce a conceptual model of digital grocery ecosystem to advance our understanding of digital transformation of the grocery business. We analyze digital transformation initiatives of the top five grocery companies in the United States using inductive research and content analysis. We find that brick and mortar, e-commerce companies, as well as new start-ups, are making major investments in all aspects of the digital grocery ecosystem—the online shopping experience for the digital consumer, digital store operations, pickup and delivery mechanisms, and advanced analytical and digital marketing capabilities. Retailers are also connecting their investments to enhanced customer loyalty, revenue, and ultimately profit. |
6,306 | Please write an abstract with title: Joint source-channel coding using combined TCQ/CPM: iterative decoding, and key words: Iterative decoding, Quantization, Channel coding, Continuous phase modulation, Modulation coding, Additive white noise, Nonlinear distortion, AWGN, Phase modulation, Iterative algorithms. Abstract: An iterative decoding approach to joint source and channel coding (JSCC) using combined trellis-coded quantization (TCQ) and continuous phase modulation (CPM) is proposed. The channel is assumed to be the additive white Gaussian noise channel. This iterative procedure exploits the structure of the TCQ encoder and the continuous phase modulator. The performance in terms of the signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR) is compared with that of a combined TCQ/trellis-coded modulation (TCM) system. It is shown that the combined TCQ/CPM systems are both power- and bandwidth-efficient, compared with the combined TCQ/TCM system. For source encoding rate R=2 b/sample, it is observed that the combined TCQ/CPM systems with iterative decoding working at symbol level converge faster than the systems working at bit level. The novelty of this work is the use of a soft decoder and an iterative decoding algorithm for TCQ-based JSCC systems. The combined TCQ/CPM with iterative decoding is considered for the first time. |
6,307 | Please write an abstract with title: A Deep Learning-Based Benchmarking Framework for Lane Segmentation in the Complex and Dynamic Road Scenes, and key words: Roads, Lane detection, Computer vision, Deep learning, Image segmentation, Task analysis, Benchmark testing. Abstract: Automatic lane detection is a classical task in autonomous vehicles that traditional computer vision techniques can perform. However, such techniques lack reliability for achieving high accuracy while maintaining adequate time complexity in the context of real-time detection in complex and dynamic road scenes. Deep neural networks have proved their ability to achieve competing accuracy and time complexity while training them on manually labeled data. Yet, the unavailability of segmentation masks for host lanes in harsh road environments hinders fully supervised methods’ operability on such a problem. This work proposes integrating traditional computer vision techniques and deep learning methods to develop a reliable benchmarking framework for lane detection tasks in complex and dynamic road scenes. Firstly, an automatic segmentation algorithm based on a sequence of traditional computer vision techniques has been experimented. This algorithm precisely segments the semantic region of the host lane in the complex urban images of nuScenes dataset used in this framework; hence corresponding weak labels are generated. After that, the developed data is qualitatively evaluated to be used in training and benchmarking five state-of-the-art FCN-based architectures: SegNet, Modified SegNet, U-Net, ResUNet, and ResUNet++. The performance evaluation of the trained models is done visually and quantitatively by considering lane detection a binary semantic segmentation task. The output results show robust performance, especially ResUNet++, which outperforms all the other models while testing them in different complex road scenes with dynamic scenarios and various lighting conditions. |
6,308 | Please write an abstract with title: Implementation of modified wave digital filters using digital signal processors, and key words: Digital filters, Digital signal processors, Lattices, Equations, Modems, Passband, Reflection, Floating-point arithmetic, Frequency response, Interpolation. Abstract: This paper describes the implementation of multirate modified lattice wave digital filters using digital signal processors. A cascaded interpolator, based on bireciprocal modified lattice wave digital filters, for interpolation of high quality audio signals is presented. The interpolator is implemented in an ADSP-21065L digital signal processor. The methodology for this and the results are presented. The frequency response of the cascaded interpolator realized with the ADSP-21065L processor is analyzed for an interpolation ratio R=8. This interpolator achieves a signal-to-noise and distortion ratio S/sub INAD/ near to 90 dB and a passband ripple of /spl delta//sub p//spl ap/8.10/sup -6/ dB. |
6,309 | Please write an abstract with title: Non-classical transport regimes of excitons in semiconductor quantum wells, and key words: Excitons, Spatial resolution, Solid modeling, Monitoring, Quantum wells, Spectroscopy, Zinc compounds, Optical propagation, Temperature, Photoluminescence. Abstract: We monitor directly non-classical transport of quantum-well excitons. The excitons propagate coherently up to four hundreds nanometers, followed by a hot-exciton transport on a length scale of several micrometers at low temperatures. |
6,310 | Please write an abstract with title: Unexplored Aspects in THz Ray-Tracing, and key words: Antenna measurements, Solid modeling, Three-dimensional displays, Surface waves, Ray tracing, Surface roughness, Surface topography. Abstract: Presented in this paper are unexplored aspects of terahertz (THz) ray-tracing from antennas to propagation domains. Firstly, we come forth with a realistic angle spacing (or interval) for exporting composite 3D beam antenna patterns into shooting bouncing ray-tracing (SBR) method also verified by measurement data at 300 GHz carrier frequency. Further, the simulation results obtained for random and non-random rough surfaces at the frequency of interest in a realistic simple office environment encompassing both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios are compared to highlight the unexpected disparity observed in multipath dynamics and received signal strength. The real 3D surface topography parameters are inculcated for the random whilst the non-random rough surface adopts Rayleigh-Rice (R-R) and Beckmann-Kirchhoff (B-K) modeling approaches. Next, the issue of XY-grid spacing at 300 GHz is addressed to acquire a thorough understanding of in-room wave propagation which poses unique challenges for channel modeling. |
6,311 | Please write an abstract with title: Merging Roles in the Production of Massive Online Electric Drive Courses, and key words: Training, Visualization, Costs, Software packages, Merging, Production, Product design. Abstract: The concept of merging the roles of producers of online courses is considered. It is relevant if it is necessary to quickly develop online training courses on electric drive or when converting a full-time training course into a hybrid format. The economic and technological aspects of the proposed approach are considered. Authors' capture of all the roles required to produce online courses can reduce costs and, in some cases, even improve product quality. To capture all the functions necessary for production, authors must master the technologies of capturing video from a computer screen, editing video, recording sound, editing audio tracks. To study modern electromechanical systems and electric drive control systems, knowledge of electrical machines, power electronics and control theory is required. When preparing online courses on electric drive, it is imperative to include practical exercises that are implemented using the Simulink or SimInTech visual modeling environments. |
6,312 | Please write an abstract with title: State-dependent deadline scheduling, and key words: Road accidents, Scheduling algorithm, Vehicles, Time varying systems, Real time systems, Processor scheduling, Computer science, Application software, Timing, Delay. Abstract: This paper presents a new workload model, called the state-dependent deadline model, for applications whose high-level timing requirements may change with time. The problem is how to choose target deadlines for jobs from their time-varying deadlines so that the system can meet its requirements with a high probability. In the clairvoyant case, the deadline of every job is given by a known function of time for all times after the job is released. There is an optimal deadline determination algorithm. When the future values of job deadlines are unknown, it is not possible to make optimal choices of job deadlines. Several heuristics can be used to determine deadlines in this realistic case. Simulation results show that these heuristics allow the system to achieve good processor utilization and high probability of meeting its time-varying requirements. |
6,313 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and Evaluation of GAN based Regression Model, and key words: Performance evaluation, Data handling, Predictive models, Generative adversarial networks, Data models, Curve fitting, Standards. Abstract: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are capable of generating realistic photos of objects, scenes and people that do not exist in real life. This is made possible due to the successful ability of GANs in modeling high dimensional data, handling missing data, providing multi-modal outputs and multi plausible answers. These positive features and capabilities of GANs have spearheaded research in the area of visual modeling using GAN. In this paper, an attempt is made to design a GAN model for solving regression problems. In order to assess the performance evaluation of proposed GAN model for regression problem, four basic functions and seven datasets from standard repositories are employed. It is observed that the proposed GAN model gave satisfactory results and can be employed for various other regression problems too. |
6,314 | Please write an abstract with title: Efficiency of underdamped dc SQUIDs as readout devices for flux qubits, and key words: SQUIDs, Quantum computing, Detectors, Josephson junctions, Solid state circuits, Current distribution, Superconducting devices, Extraterrestrial measurements, Coupling circuits, Inductance. Abstract: The flux state quantum bit (qubit) is promising for a solid state implementation of scalable quantum computing. The simplest flux state qubit consists of an rf SQUID with two fluxoid states, which can be readout with a dc SQUID - the most sensitive magnetic flux detector. Efficient readout with less back-action is desirable for quantum computing. In this work, we report measurements of the switching flux and switching current distributions of under damped dc SQUIDs. The data show that single shot readout of flux qubit with very high efficiency (>99%) can be realized using underdamped hysteretic dc SQUIDs. |
6,315 | Please write an abstract with title: Density Aware Cooperative Precoding Technique for Massive MIMO Systems, and key words: Array signal processing, Spectral efficiency, Precoding, Millimeter wave technology, Massive MIMO, Aperture antennas, Complexity theory. Abstract: Communication via millimeter-wave (mm-wave) has grown in favor as an alternative to the existing radio mobile communication technology for providing high gigabit-per-second data speeds. Because of the millimeter wave's short wavelengths, a large number of antennas may be placed in a compacted physical dimension to make a greater aperture and obtain a substantial gain in antenna arrays. Dirty paper coding (DPC) beamforming efficiently cancels the interference that the transmitter is aware of, resulting in increased capacity, energy, and spectral efficiency of mmWave enabled massive MIMO connectivity. However, the use of this techniques leads to complexity due to successive interference cancellation at detection when the number of users grow large. In this paper, a cooperative processing based multi-user precoding is presented for down-link mm-wave massive MIMO systems and thus cooperative precoding be implicitly designed by considering the digital beamforming solution which is obtained from the dirty paper after comparing the output of linear precoding schemes. The precoders are chosen and the system total rate is calculated based on the difficulty of detections based on user densities within virtual cells. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms traditional digital beamforming in terms of sum rate. |
6,316 | Please write an abstract with title: Formulation for Energy Distribution in T-Junctions for Diplexer Design, and key words: Wireless communication, Uncertainty, Power transmission lines, Simulation, Layout, Prototypes, Microstrip. Abstract: A new formulation for implementing T-junction matching networks used in diplexer design is proposed in this paper. The investigation exploits the electrical length of quarter-wavelength microstrip transmission lines, and the guided-wavelength of the lines at one giga-Hertz frequency, in achieving the T-junction design formulation. This novel design would eradicate the uncertainties associated with frequent tuning and optimisation of T-junctions to achieve the desired energy distribution in diplexer designs. A prototype diplexer for separating the transmit from the receive frequencies within the front end of a wireless cellular base station is investigated and used to demonstrate the new design method. The prototype microwave diplexer with Tx and Rx centre frequencies of 2680 MHz and 3000 MHz, respectively, have been designed, implemented using microstrip, simulated, and presented. The simulation results of the circuit model and that of the microstrip layout prototype diplexer, demonstrate decent agreement with a high isolation of better than 50 dB between the transmit (Tx) and the receive (Rx) channels. The in-band lowest insertion loss is located at 1.1 dB, with a better than 20 dB in-band return loss across both the Tx and Rx bands. |
6,317 | Please write an abstract with title: A 24-GHz High-Isolation CMOS On–Off Keying Modulator With Reduced Input Impedance Variation, and key words: Modulation, Impedance, Transistors, Inductors, Equivalent circuits, Wireless communication, Shunts (electrical). Abstract: In this letter, a 24-GHz high-isolation ON-OFF keying (OOK) modulator with reduced input impedance variation in a 65-nm CMOS technology is proposed. A modified magnetic coupled triple-cascode configuration with a series inductor and two shunt transistors, which can simultaneously improve the ON/OFF isolation and reduce the input return loss variation between the ON- and OFF-states, is designed and analyzed for the first time. Based on this configuration, the OOK modulator achieves a 45.7-dB ON/OFF isolation and maintains better than 10-dB return loss for both the ON- and OFF-states. In addition, a data rate of 3.3 Gbps is achieved. |
6,318 | Please write an abstract with title: Polar Quantization of a Complex Gaussian Random Variable, and key words: Quantization, Random variables, Image coding, Discrete Fourier transforms, Phase distortion, Entropy, Application software, Computer applications, Holography, Image processing. Abstract: We solve numerically the optimum fixed-level non-uniform and uniform quantization of a circularly symmetric complex (or bivariate) Gaussian random variable for the mean absolute squared error criterion. For a given number of total levels, we determine its factorization into the product of numbers of magnitude and phase levels that produces the minimum distortion. We tabulate the results for numbers of "useful" output levels up to 1024, giving their optimal factorizations, minimum distortion, and entropy. For uncoded quantizer outputs, we find that the optimal splitting of rate between magnitude and phase, averaging to 1.52 and 1.47 bits more in the phase angle than magnitude for optimum and uniform quantization, respectively, compares well with the optimal polar coding formula Of 1.376 bits of Pearlman and Gray [3]. We also compare the performance of polar to rectangular quantization by real and imaginary parts for both uncoded and coded output levels. We find that, for coded outputs, both polar quantizers are outperformed by the rectangular ones, whose distortion-rate curves nearly coincide with Pearlman and Gray's polar coding bound. For uncoded outputs, however, we determine that the polar quantizers surpass in performance their rectangular counterparts for all useful rates above 6.0 bits for both optimum and uniform quantization. Below this rate, the respective polar quantizers are either slightly inferior or comparable. |
6,319 | Please write an abstract with title: Ultra-High Frequency Signal Transmission Based on Temporal Ghost Imaging, and key words: Bandwidth, Modulation, Image reconstruction, High frequency, Distortion, Detectors, Optical transmitters. Abstract: We propose a method based on temporal ghost imaging (TGI) that enables signal transmission at an ultra-high frequency much higher than the bandwidth of the emitter in a visible light communication (VLC) system. The signal is transmitted by a micro-LED at a frequency of up to 32 GHz, almost 600 times the 54 MHz micro-LED bandwidth. At such a high frequency, the directly transmitted signal is severely distorted and attenuated by bandwidth limit. However, based on the principle of TGI, we can recover the signal by correlating the power of the distorted signals and Hadamard modulation sequences. The linear transmission property of Hadamard spectrum density guarantees that, although bandwidth limit causes density loss, high frequency component of the signal can be reconstructed with high quality and reasonable recognizability. This work opens up a new path to pushing the signal transmission frequency beyond the bandwidth limit of the hardware, which could find meaningful applications in optical communication areas such as ultra-high frequency free-space optical communication, underwater wireless optical communication, and ultraviolet-C optical wireless communication. |
6,320 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on SiP Signal Integrity Based on Ansys SIwave in Wearable Medical Systems, and key words: Power measurement, Wearable computers, Layout, System integration, Switches, Routing, Finite element analysis. Abstract: One of the main challenge for wearable medical systems is how to integrate more functional ICs in a very small space. As a kind of new packaging and system integration technology, SiP (System in Package) simplifies the system design and complies with the requirements of device miniaturization with multi-component integration. However, high layout and routing density in SiP substrate tend to cause SI (Signal Integrity) and PI (Power Integrity) issues. This paper introduces the main reasons and improvement measures for signal and power integrity issues in SiP designs. Based on ANSYS SIwave simulation platform, the simulation process of major parameters for signal and power integrity and related optimization methods are discussed in the design process of SiP. |
6,321 | Please write an abstract with title: A Fault Detection Method for Analog Circuits Based on the Wavelet Features and One-class KNN, and key words: Fault diagnosis, Fault detection, Analog circuits, Electrical fault detection, Feature extraction, Wavelet analysis, Wavelet packets. Abstract: The fault detection method for analog circuits based on multi-classification learning can not only determine the circuit state, but also locate the faulty components and identify the fault classes. However, in the absence of fault samples, only the fault detection method based on one-class learning can accurately identify the circuit states. To ensure the reliability of electronic equipment, a fault detection method based on the wavelet features and one-class KNN is proposed in this paper. This method can obtain the detection threshold by using only the normal samples of the analog circuits to identify the circuit states effectively. Firstly, the wavelet features are calculated to mine the key information of the signals. Then, to enhance the efficiency of fault detection, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimension of wavelet features. Finally, the normal samples are adopted to train the fault detection model named one-class K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and the detection threshold is empirically determined from the training samples, therefore monitoring the circuit states. Furthermore, the four-op-amp biquad high-pass filter circuit is chosen as the experimental circuit to implement the simulation experiments of fault detection. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fault detection method presents better performance on identifying circuit states compared with other typical methods. |
6,322 | Please write an abstract with title: Direct Identification of Elasticity from Attenuated Spectrum in Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy, and key words: Damping, Spectroscopy, Ultrasonic imaging, Ultrasonic variables measurement, Resonant frequency, Elasticity, Signal processing. Abstract: Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is an experimental measurement method for obtaining stiffness coefficients from the free resonant frequencies of a sample. The resonant frequencies are commonly extracted from the swept spectrum in a RUS experiment, which is not a trivial task for the high damping materials with broad and overlapped resonant peaks. Though several specific signal processing methods could help find resonant peaks, manual operation is a requisite for identifying the true-positive peaks, laboriously and empirically. To overcome these challenges, we proposed to obtain the elasticity from attenuated spectrum directly without explicit peak extraction. The feasibility of the method was assessed using the spectrum of a cortical bone specimen. The stiffness coefficients calculated by the proposed method showed a good agreement with the reference value (errors less than 4%). |
6,323 | Please write an abstract with title: Attributes of the ubiquitous phased array radar, and key words: Phased arrays, Radar antennas, Receiving antennas, Directive antennas, Transmitting antennas, Radar applications, Space technology, Radar signal processing, Hafnium, Airborne radar. Abstract: This paper reviews the concept and properties of a ubiquitous radar, one that looks everywhere all the time. The receiving antenna of a ubiquitous radar consists of contiguous directive beams covering the same region as the wide beam (quasi-isotropic) transmitting antenna. Such a radar has the important advantage of performing multiple radar functions simultaneously without the serious limitations of a conventional phased array radar that has to perform its multiples functions sequentially, one at a time. Briefly described are the general characteristics of such a radar, its advantages, and several of its potential applications. The digital beam-forming ubiquitous radar is a method for achieving significant radar capabilities not readily available with conventional radar architectures. |
6,324 | Please write an abstract with title: Performance evaluation of the quasi-FIFO back-off scheme for wireless access networks, and key words: Wireless networks, Bandwidth, Throughput, H infinity control, Broadcasting, Ethernet networks, Quality of service, Cities and towns, Wire, Channel allocation. Abstract: The binary exponential back-off (BEB) scheme is widely adopted in both wire and wireless networks for collision resolution. Since the back-off windows among competing users are not synchronized, the BEB algorithm results in a "capture effect" and, in the limit as the number of users approaches infinity, the BEB is unstable for every arrival rate greater than 0. Taking the advantage that a common back-off window size can be broadcast by the base-station or access point in wireless networks, the capture effect can be substantially alleviated. We first show that maximum throughput can be achieved when the back-off window size is equal to the number of competing users and there are on the average 2.3922 users involved in each collision. Then, a novel quasi-FIFO back-off scheme is proposed, not only to improve the fairness in bandwidth usage, but also to maximize the throughput. In quasi-FIFO, packets generated in the current cycle are guaranteed to be serviced in the next cycle and the FIFO principle can be semi-accomplished. |
6,325 | Please write an abstract with title: Maximum area sampling scheme for SOLSTICE rotating slat collimator system, and key words: Sampling methods, Collimators, Detectors, Assembly, Spinning, Solid state circuits, Object detection, Image reconstruction, Data visualization, Biomedical imaging. Abstract: A concept of a slat collimator mounted directly on a rotating Solid-State detector has been previously described (2001). The detector consists of a long and narrow CZT assembly spinning to get 2D imaging and revolving around the object to build 3D reconstruction. One fully expects the spinning of a linear detector to produce a circular field of view, which in turn may render the 3D reconstruction more elaborate and user visualization more complex. Choices are either to define the inscribed square (or rectangle) inside the circular field-of-view, or, more economically, define a different spinning scheme that would allow non-circular area of interest. This paper describes such a scheme based on a special case of the curve of constant width: the Reuleaux triangle. Implementation and performance are discussed. |
6,326 | Please write an abstract with title: 1.3 /spl mu/m-band low threshold GaInNAsSb quantum well lasers, and key words: Quantum well lasers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Gallium arsenide, Surface emitting lasers, Crystallization, Threshold current, Laser modes, Optical materials, Conducting materials, Substrates. Abstract: 1.3 /spl mu/m-range GaInNAsSb quantum well lasers that include small amount of Sb as the composition were confirmed to increase the critical thickness at which the growth mode changes from the 2-dimentional (2-D) growth to the 3-dimentional (3-D) growth. By adopting GaNAs barriers instead of GaAs barriers, we obtained the very low Jth of 160A/cm/sup 2//well up to 5QWs. We applied this material to the VCSELs, and the obtained threshold currents of 10ch-arrays are as uniform as 1.85/spl plusmn/0.15mA at 25/spl deg/C. |
6,327 | Please write an abstract with title: Electroencephalographic Study of Human Brain: Chromatic Light Impact on Biological Rhythms, and key words: Brain, Lighting, Companies, Light emitting diodes, Electroencephalography, Biology, Ganglia. Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that blue light has a specific effect on human brain activity. Lighting companies are already actively promoting human-centric lighting. Here, the impact of chromatic light on the human brain was studied. The effects of blue, green, and red light on brain activity were compared using electroencephalography. Differences in brain activity in the occipital and central zones were analyzed. Two gender groups participated in the experiment. The frequency distribution of electroencephalographic signals for the central zone is significantly different in two gender groups. Photostimulation by chromatic light-emitting diodes initiates relatively the same signals in the occipital area. The frequency distribution of electroencephalographic signals in the central zone had a greater excitation of brain activity in blue photostimulation compared to green and red ones. This feature is noted in two gender groups. Blue light has an exciting effect on brain areas responsible for human biorhythms. |
6,328 | Please write an abstract with title: Using Graph-Theoretic Machine Learning to Predict Human Driver Behavior, and key words: Vehicles, Navigation, Trajectory, Machine learning, Planning, Autonomous vehicles, Task analysis. Abstract: Studies have shown that autonomous vehicles (AVs) behave conservatively in a traffic environment composed of human drivers and do not adapt to local conditions and socio-cultural norms. It is known that socially aware AVs can be designed if there exists a mechanism to understand the behaviors of human drivers. We present an approach that leverages machine learning to predict, the behaviors of human drivers. This is similar to how humans implicitly interpret the behaviors of drivers on the road, by only observing the trajectories of their vehicles. We use graph-theoretic tools to extract driver behavior features from the trajectories and machine learning to obtain a computational mapping between the extracted trajectory of a vehicle in traffic and the driver behaviors. Compared to prior approaches in this domain, we prove that our method is robust, general, and extendable to broad-ranging applications such as autonomous navigation. We evaluate our approach on real-world traffic datasets captured in the U.S., India, China, and Singapore, as well as in simulation. |
6,329 | Please write an abstract with title: Ranging in a dense multipath environment using an UWB radio link, and key words: Radio link, Antenna measurements, Ultra wideband technology, Maximum likelihood detection, Maximum likelihood estimation, Testing, Signal resolution, Floors, Antennas and propagation, Laboratories. Abstract: A time-of-arrival (ToA)-based ranging scheme using an ultra-wideband (UWB) radio link is proposed. This ranging scheme implements a search algorithm for the detection of a direct path signal in the presence of dense multipath, utilizing generalized maximum-likelihood (GML) estimation. Models for critical parameters in the algorithm are based on statistical analysis of propagation data and the algorithm is tested on another independent set of propagation measurements. The proposed UWB ranging system uses a correlator and a parallel sampler with a high-speed measurement capability in each transceiver to accomplish two-way ranging between them in the absence of a common clock. |
6,330 | Please write an abstract with title: Low-Complexity Electrochemical-Impedance Spectroscopy for Battery Monitoring, and key words: Batteries, Battery charge measurement, Voltage measurement, Current measurement, Computer architecture, Sensors, Impedance. Abstract: This article shows how to realize a low-complexity system for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy aimed at monitoring the state of charge and state-of-health of a rechargeable battery. In particular, it is shown how to acquire the current and voltage signals used for estimating the battery impedance by means of simple one-bit analog-to-digital converters, e.g., comparators. Architectural and system-level requirements are considered. A detailed procedure is presented that describes how to process one-bit data to recover the full-resolution signals needed to estimate the battery impedance. Theoretical and experimental results are presented to illustrate and validate the one-bit electrochemical impedance spectroscopy framework. Experimental results using a 3.7 V, 2600 mAh lithium-ion cell rechargeable battery show that its impedance is estimated using one-bit data, with a maximum magnitude error less than 3%, and a phase error of 2.4 °. |
6,331 | Please write an abstract with title: Sorting objects by multiple robots using Voronoi separation and fuzzy control, and key words: Sorting, Fuzzy control, Robot kinematics, Mobile robots, Shape, Manipulators, Logic, Actuators, Wrapping, Pulleys. Abstract: Multiple mobile robots are a practical platform for realizing the concept of distributed manipulation. New approach for manipulating large number of objects using distributive actuators or agent has been suggested. Multiple mobile robots provide the ability to conduct actions simultaneously from various locations and directions. Using two mobile robots and flexible tool such as a piece of string or rope, a large number of objects that are placed at sparse locations can be sorted and grouped by single action. The Voronoi separation algorithm is proposed as a path generation method for preplanning cooperative actions of multiple robots. The sorting task is conducted on-line using fuzzy logic controller with preplanned subgoals. The proposed control framework was verified by an experiment using two autonomous mobile robots with a flexible tool attachment of fixed length. |
6,332 | Please write an abstract with title: Does Remote Expert Representation really matters: A comparison of Video and AR-based Guidance, and key words: Industries, Three-dimensional displays, Handheld computers, Annotations, Conferences, Design methodology, User interfaces. Abstract: This work describes a user study aimed at understanding how the remote expert representation affects the sense of social presence in scenarios of remote guidance. We compared a traditional video chat solution with an Augmented Reality (AR) annotation tool. These were selected due to ongoing research with partners from the industry sector, following the insights of a participatory design process. A well defined-problem was used, i.e., a synchronous maintenance task with 4 completion stages that required a remote expert using a computer to guide 26 on-site participants wielding a handheld device. The results of the study are described and discussed. |
6,333 | Please write an abstract with title: Frequency-dependent reluctance extraction, and key words: Inductance, Integrated circuit interconnections, Skin, Very large scale integration, Signal design, Conductors, Frequency dependence, Equivalent circuits, Proximity effect, Frequency response. Abstract: A new methodology is presented to captiire high frequency effects of interconnect, namely skin and proximity by using the reluctance (inverse inductance) method. As demonstrated in numerous publications that the reluctance method exhibits excellent locality and suitability of sparsification. The reluctance method results in great benefit in terms of efficiency of extraction and simulation. Mast of the previous studies described the reluctance extraction method without t,aking frequency dependent effects into consideration. In this paper, we first show the differences in frequency response between formula-based inductance extraction and frequency dependent inductance extraction to demonstrate the need to capture high frequency effect. Then a novel frequency dependent reluctance extraction method is proposed by using a robust windowing policy, which is able to handle irregular geometries in VLSI applications. Experimental results demonstrate the superior runtime and accuracy over traditional partial inductance extraction. |
6,334 | Please write an abstract with title: Learning the Step-size Policy for the Limited-Memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno Algorithm, and key words: Training, Backtracking, Machine learning algorithms, Databases, Heuristic algorithms, Neural networks, Linear programming. Abstract: We consider the problem to learn a step-size policy for the Limited-Memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) algorithm. This is a limited computational memory quasi-Newton method widely used for deterministic unconstrained optimization. However, L-BFGS is currently avoided in large-scale problems for requiring step sizes to be provided at each iteration. Current methodologies for the step size selection for L-BFGS use heuristic tuning of design parameters and massive re-evaluations of the objective function and gradient to find appropriate step-lengths. We propose a neural network architecture with local information of the current iterate as the input. The step-length policy is learned from data of similar optimization problems, avoids additional evaluations of the objective function, and guarantees that the output step remains inside a pre-defined interval. The corresponding training procedure is formulated as a stochastic optimization problem using the backpropagation through time algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on the training of image classifiers for the MNIST database for handwritten digits and for CIFAR-10. The results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms heuristically tuned optimizers such as ADAM, RMSprop, L-BFGS with a backtracking line search, and L-BFGS with a constant step size. The numerical results also show that a learned policy can be used as a warm-start to train new policies for different problems after a few additional training steps, highlighting its potential use in multiple large-scale optimization problems. |
6,335 | Please write an abstract with title: Functional Stability of Discounted Markov Decision Processes Using Economic MPC Dissipativity Theory, and key words: Q-learning, Costs, Density measurement, Stability criteria, Optimal control, Europe, Markov processes. Abstract: This paper discusses the functional stability of closed-loop Markov Chains under optimal policies resulting from a discounted optimality criterion, forming Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). We investigate the stability of MDPs in the sense of probability measures (densities) underlying the state distributions and extend the dissipativity theory of Economic Model Predictive Control in order to characterize the MDP stability. This theory requires a so-called storage function satisfying a dissipativity inequality. In the probability measures space and for the discounted setting, we introduce new dissipativity conditions ensuring the MDP stability. We then use finite-horizon optimal control problems in order to generate valid storage functionals. In practice, we propose to use Q-learning to compute the storage functionals. |
6,336 | Please write an abstract with title: Collaborative Intelligence Enabled Routing in Green IoV: A Grid and Vehicle Density Prediction-Based Protocol, and key words: Trajectory, Routing, Predictive models, Green products, Feature extraction, Routing protocols, Computational modeling. Abstract: Green Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a newly-emerged research area which focuses on reducing networking overhead and improving communication efficiency in future vehicular cyber-physical systems (VCPS). A critical requirement to realize such tasks in Green IoV is the achievement of effective routing protocols for data dissemination. However, maintaining end-to-end communication and reducing the communication overhead at the same time is quite challenging due to high vehicle dynamics and complex traffic environments. In this paper, we propose a vehicle density prediction-based routing protocol called VDPGrid. Firstly, we introduce a vehicle density prediction model according to the spatio-temporal features of vehicle trajectories. Then, to reduce the communication overhead and improve communication efficiency, we divide the map into grids and present a routing path evaluation scheme that jointly considers the vehicle density, link quality, and routing length. Moreover, a grid-based routing method is proposed to select the optimal relay node according to real-time traffic information. Finally, extensive experiments using real-world vehicle trajectories are conducted to validate the effectiveness of our method. |
6,337 | Please write an abstract with title: A fast and accurate learning-based decoding algorithm for the classification of cardiovascular and respiratory challenges using intraneural electrodes in the pig vagus nerve, and key words: Peripheral nervous system, Electrodes, Biological system modeling, Modulation, Feature extraction, Prediction algorithms, Real-time systems. Abstract: Bioelectronic medicine is a new approach for developing closed-loop neuromodulation protocols on the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to treat a wide range of disorders currently treated with pharmacological approaches. Algorithms need to have low computational cost in order to acquire, process and model data for the modulation of the PNS in real time. Here, we present a fast learning-based decoding algorithm for the classification of cardiovascular and respiratory functional alterations (i.e., challenges) by using neural signals recorded from intraneural electrodes implanted in the vagus nerve of 5 pigs. Our algorithm relies on 9 handcrafted features, extracted following signal temporal windowing, and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) for feature classification. We achieved fast and accurate classification of the challenges, with a computational time for feature extraction and prediction lower than 1.5 ms. The MLP achieved a balanced accuracy higher than 80 % for all recordings. Our algorithm could represent a step towards the development of a closed-loop system based on a single intraneural interface with both the potential of real time classification and selective modulation of the PNS. |
6,338 | Please write an abstract with title: Deep Edge-Aware Interactive Colorization against Color-Bleeding Effects, and key words: Deep learning, Computer vision, Limiting, Image color analysis, Image edge detection, Refining, Neural networks. Abstract: Deep neural networks for automatic image colorization often suffer from the color-bleeding artifact, a problematic color spreading near the boundaries between adjacent objects. Such color-bleeding artifacts debase the reality of generated outputs, limiting the applicability of colorization models in practice. Although previous approaches have attempted to address this problem in an automatic manner, they tend to work only in limited cases where a high contrast of gray-scale values are given in an input image. Alternatively, leveraging user interactions would be a promising approach for solving this color-breeding artifacts. In this paper, we propose a novel edge-enhancing network for the regions of interest via simple user scribbles indicating where to enhance. In addition, our method requires a minimal amount of effort from users for their satisfactory enhancement. Experimental results demonstrate that our interactive edge-enhancing approach effectively improves the color-bleeding artifacts compared to the existing baselines across various datasets. |
6,339 | Please write an abstract with title: Boost transformer linked full bridge soft-commutation DC-DC power converter with secondary-side phase-shifted PWM rectifier switches, and key words: DC-DC power converters, Pulse width modulation, Pulse width modulation converters, Rectifiers, Zero voltage switching, Bridge circuits, Pulse width modulation inverters, Zero current switching, Diodes, Switches. Abstract: This paper presents a novel circuit topology of a voltage source type zero voltage soft-switching full bridge inverter DC-DC power converter with an isolated high-frequency transformer link this power converter incorporates zero-current soft-switching (ZCS) mode phase-shifted PWM active power switches in series with diode into two diode arms of full-bridge rectifier or center-tapped rectifier in transformer secondary-side. This isolated DC-DC power converter circuit can achieve ZVS/ZVT transition commutation for non-controlled active power switches in the primary side of transformer and ZCS/ZCT transition commutation for phase-shifted PWM active power switches in the secondary side of transformer, which can operate under wide load variations from a light load to a heavy load as well as a condition of PWM voltage regulation strategy. |
6,340 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling Biological Treatment Processes in a Three-zone Bioreactor, and key words: Temperature sensors, Sensitivity, Statistical analysis, Computer simulation, Computational modeling, Control systems, Biology. Abstract: This article shows the results of modeling biological treatment processes in a three-zone bioreactor with a membrane module and a recycle. Bioreactor type - denitrification-nitrification-denitrification. The disturbing effect in the system under research is the temperature of the external environment. The results of computer simulation of output concentrations at various temperature conditions are presented. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the processes under various temperature influences has been carried out. Conclusions are drawn about the effect of temperature on the biological treatment processes in the bioreactor. The simulation results confirm the system's sensitivity to changes in the temperature of the environment. |
6,341 | Please write an abstract with title: A Reactive Fourth-Harmonic Filter Operating at 400-kW CW, and key words: Power harmonic filters, Attenuation, Passband, Transmitters, NASA, Instruments, Harmonic filters, Cutoff frequency, Tuning, Interference. Abstract: A reactive fourth-harmonic filter operating at a fundamental power level of 400-kW CW is described. The filter, used in the NASA Deep Space Instrumentation Facilities, operates in an S-band (WR-430) waveguide run and it effectively attenuates the fourth harmonic of the fundamental transmit frequency near 2.1 GHz by a minimum of 40 dB. The design approach including power handling capability considerations is presented. Also included are some details of mechanical construction, tuning procedures, and results achieved. |
6,342 | Please write an abstract with title: Implementing external applications in an multimedia authoring environment, and key words: Sprites (computer), Motion pictures, Application software, Keyboards, Mice, Libraries, Speech, Multimedia systems, Displays, Animation. Abstract: In this paper we will present the framework for external application implementation into a timeline based multimedia-authoring tool. Such an environment is usually used for different media implementations defining their temporal and spatial composition. Another important issue of authoring environments is interactivity. Interactivity is a notion often closely linked to keyboard, mouse or some other peripheral input. While keyboard and mouse actions controls are well defined and implemented as special behaviors in specific libraries (Behavior library), such authoring environments lack the support of specific peripheral input such as tactility actions (gloves) and speech (voice input). Since dealing with such input is quite a specific task, an external application is a necessity. Linking this new application (external code) to a multimedia-authoring environment will therefore be the main topic of this article. We conclude with an example of a speech API implementation into timeline-based multimedia authoring tool. |
6,343 | Please write an abstract with title: Super-resolution reconstruction method of face image based on attention mechanism, and key words: Feature extraction, Image reconstruction, Convolution, Superresolution, Faces, Machine learning algorithms, Dams. Abstract: In recent years, convolutional neural network in Single image super-resolution field show good results. Deep networks can establish complex mapping between low-resolution and high-resolution images, making the reconstructed images quality a great progress over traditional methods. In order to be able to generate face images with rich texture details, the algorithm proposed in this paper captures implicit weight information in channel and space domains through dual attention modules, so as to allocate computing resources more effectively and speed up the network convergence. Fusion of global features through residual connections in this network not only focus on learning the high frequency information of images that has been lost, but also accelerate the network convergence through effective feature supervision. In order to alleviate the defects of MAE loss function, a special Huber loss function is introduced in the algorithm. The experimental results on benchmark show that the proposed algorithm has a significant improvement in image reconstruction accuracy compared with existed SISR methods. |
6,344 | Please write an abstract with title: Power grid simulation via efficient sampling-based sensitivity analysis and hierarchical symbolic relaxation, and key words: Power grids, Analytical models, Sensitivity analysis, Monte Carlo methods, Design optimization, Circuit simulation, Voltage, Network-on-a-chip, Technological innovation, Transient analysis. Abstract: On-chip supply networks are playing an increasingly important role for modern nanometer-scale designs. However, the ever growing sizes of power grids make the analysis problem extremely difficult thereby introducing severe challenges in design and optimization. The inherent analysis complexity calls for innovations in simulation techniques that must provide appropriate accuracy, efficiency as well as the tradeoff thereof to aid design verification and optimization. In this paper, we first present a sampling-based sensitivity analysis by employing the notation of importance sampling in a Monte Carlo based circuit simulation framework. This technique allows the extraction of multi-parameter sensitivities for the node voltages of interest in the same Monte Carlo runs that are used for computing the nominal voltage values. For more efficient nonstructured whole-grid solution approaches, we further introduce a new direct solution method by embedding symbolic relaxation steps in a hierarchical fashion. As a direct method, the proposed hierarchical symbolic relaxation is suitable to both DC and transient analyses. Circuit examples are included to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed techniques. |
6,345 | Please write an abstract with title: Weed Identification using Convolutional Neural Network and Convolutional Neural Network Architectures, and key words: Training, Deep learning, Convolution, Computational modeling, Computer architecture, Manuals, Agriculture. Abstract: In order to overcome this threat imposed by weeds in agriculture, a measure is taken to identify the weeds that grow along with the seedlings with the help of deep learning (DL) technique. Convolutional neural network (CNN), a class of DL render a good way to identify the weeds that harm the plant’s growth. Aiming at achieving a greater accuracy, the models such as four convolution layered, six convolution layered, eight convolution layered and thirteen convolution layered architecture were built. Comparatively, eight convolution layered architecture resulted with 97.83% as training accuracy and 96.53% of validation accuracy than the VGG-16 model resulted with. The use of CNN architectures paved way to reach training accuracy of 96.27% and validation accuracy with 91.67% in ZFNet and 97.63% as training accuracy and 92.62% of validation accuracy in ALEXNET. Therefore, by the use of this technology and suggested method there is a lot of possibilities to avoid the manual field work of identifying the weeds. Our results suggest that more of datasets can be used and fine-tuning of parameters can be done. |
6,346 | Please write an abstract with title: A preamplifier circuit with offset-voltage control technique for 50-Gb/s CMOS PAM4 receiver, and key words: Semiconductor device modeling, Receivers, Bandwidth, CMOS technology, Preamplifiers, Optical fiber communication, Voltage control. Abstract: In recent years, the bandwidth required for highspeed optical communication systems have increased, and PAM4 transmission system has been introduced, which has twice the bandwidth of the NRZ transmission system. In the PAM4 receiver, there is an issue that demodulation cannot be achieved when the offset voltage of the preamplifier output is deviated from the appropriate level. In this work, we adopt the preamplifier for PAM4 receiver, which can optimize the offset voltage of the preamplifier output. We designed 50-Gb/s PAM4 receiver circuit with 65nm CMOS and investigated the operation characteristics. By the post-layout simulation, we have confirmed that the eye opening area of the receiver output has been increased by 48 % compared to the conventional circuit. |
6,347 | Please write an abstract with title: An experiment & research of spiral winding technology on new reluctance motor rotor core, and key words: Spirals, Reluctance motors, Rotors, Stator cores, Stator windings, Steel, Strips, Magnetic cores, Teeth, Costs. Abstract: The spiral winding laminating technology for making motor core has been one of the keenly interested topics. This paper introduced the crucial technology of spiral winding technology for outward radial toothed rotor core in new type of motor. It discussed the force condition and deformation law of the toothed steel strip during the spiral winding. It puts forward the structural scheme of driving & leading device, and concludes direct helps for further research and development for special spiral winding equipments & post-processing of outward radial toothed rotor (orstator) cores. |
6,348 | Please write an abstract with title: Interworking between LoRaWAN and non-LoRa IoT Systems, and key words: Pervasive computing, Protocols, Conferences, Systems architecture, Computer architecture, Roaming, Servers. Abstract: LoRaWAN is a communication protocol and system architecture for connecting possibly very constrained devices through long-range wireless connectivity to application servers via LoRaWAN gateways. Currently there are several commercial and/or open-source platforms providing a complete LoRaWAN backend system that includes a LoRaWAN network server, join server and application server. Device data are exchanged between the end devices and the application servers and can be usually accessed by the user by proper application server interfaces (like REST API or MQTT). Unfortunately, these systems are heterogeneous in terms of external interfaces and do not provide inter-system communications. Moreover they provide a network solution for LoRaWAN-only devices, as no interoperability with non-LoRa devices is usually provided. Aiming to solve these issues, in this paper we introduce some interworking entities for letting a LoRaWAN system to communicate with other non-LoRa systems (either single devices or IoT networks). Then, leveraging this solutions, we propose an overall architecture capable of creating a larger heterogeneous data-centric IoT system. A complete implementation has been carried out and tested in order to prove the feasibility and simplicity of the proposed systems. |
6,349 | Please write an abstract with title: Collision-free distributed MAC protocol for passive optical intra-rack data center networks, and key words: Optical switches, Optical packet switching, Protocols, Servers, Optical interconnections, Media Access Protocol, Wavelength division multiplexing. Abstract: In this paper, we present a distributed medium access control (MAC) protocol and a network architecture suitable for optical intra-rack data center networks (DCNs). The intra-rack communication is performed using passive optical components, over four data wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channels of either 40 or 100 Gbps each, keeping low power consumption. On the other hand, the inter-rack communication is performed over a separate network through upper layer routers. In this study, we focus only on the intra-rack communication. We introduce an intra-rack DCN (IR-DCN) architecture that works in the optical domain, and two IR-DCN configurations with different total nominal capacity: 160 and 400 Gbps, respectively. Also, we propose a synchronous pre-transmission coordination fair access intra-rack MAC (intra-MAC) protocol taking into account the traffic characteristics and priority classes within existing DCNs. The proposed intra-MAC protocol totally eliminates packet collisions, achieving high performance. Particularly, it reaches high bandwidth utilization even under heavy loads: 90% and 87.5% for the two IR-DCN configurations of 160 and 400 Gbps total capacity, respectively. Also, it achieves low mean end-to-end (e2e) packet delay, lower than 0.25 and 0.12 ms, respectively, providing a reliable solution for time-sensitive DCN traffic. Specifically, simulation results demonstrate that the highest priority traffic experiences e2e delay lower than 1.9 and 1.1 µs, respectively, which is sufficient for the service of the strictest delay requirements of time-sensitive cloud applications. The intra-MAC protocol is decentralized, without the need for a network controller, providing high flexibility. Our IR-DCN proposal is studied in comparison to other currently dominant intra-rack/cluster DCNs, and it achieves from 6% to 57% higher throughput and from 20% to 99% lower e2e delay at high loads. Comparatively, it is on average 80% and 68% more energy and cost efficient, respectively. |
6,350 | Please write an abstract with title: Experimental investigations of random complex radar objects space spectra with the use of polarization - angular response function, and key words: Spaceborne radar, Polarization, Radar scattering, Frequency, Optical scattering, Optical interferometry, Radar cross section, Space technology, Optical devices, Laser radar. Abstract: In this paper, with the use of the space-frequency notion, the correlation-spectral analysis of polarization-angular response function experimental investigations, on the scattering by random complex radar objects (RCRO), is considered. |
6,351 | Please write an abstract with title: High Power Quantum-Cascade Lasers for 8 μm Spectral Region, and key words: Integrated optics, Stimulated emission, Power lasers. Abstract: High power quantum-cascade lasers emitting near 8 μm are studied. The optical power from one facet exceeding 1 W is demonstrated at room temperature. |
6,352 | Please write an abstract with title: Online Task Scheduling With Workers Variabilities in Crowdsourcing, and key words: Task analysis, Crowdsourcing, Optimization, Convex functions, Scheduling algorithms, Scheduling. Abstract: Crowdsourcing system, which utilizes many workers to process computer-complexity tasks, has become an effective platform in today’s online labor markets. In a crowdsourcing system, maximizing the total utility is one key design goal. This goal is extremely hard because a computer-complexity task can be a multi-dimensional large-scale task that contains thousands or millions of atomic tasks. In online situation, we need to consider both the varying service of workers and future unknown task arrivals. As we know, none of the previous work considers a multi-dimensional large-scale task assignment for utility maximization. In this paper, an online framework is proposed to solve this optimization problem by running atomic tasks in parallel on workers. To estimate worker service rates, we consider each varying worker as an arm for a multi-armed bandit in crowdsourcing system. We design the online scheduling algorithm from a bandit perspective by Online Convex Optimization (OCO) techniques. We prove that our designed algorithm can yield a sublinear regret bound. Finally, we show that our designed algorithm is better than the baseline algorithms by nearly 10% for the total utility achieved. |
6,353 | Please write an abstract with title: A QoS provision multipolling mechanism for IEEE 802.11e standard, and key words: Quality of service, Wireless LAN, Media Access Protocol, Computer networks, Application software, Access protocols, Access control, Communication system traffic control, Traffic control, Jitter. Abstract: With flexibility and mobility, wireless local area network (WLAN) has rapidly become one of the most emergent computer research fields. It attracts significant interests both in academic and industry communities. For applying a higher quality of service (QoS) to network applications, the 802.11e Task Group has deployed hybrid coordination function (HCF) to improve the original IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol. Nevertheless, how to choose the right MAC parameters and QoS mechanism so as to achieve a predictable performance still remains unsolved. In this paper, we propose a polling access control scheme, which in its PCF mode applies non-preemptive priority in order to transfer voice packets more efficiently. The voice traffic characterized by packet rate of voice source and the maximum tolerable jitter (packet delay variation) is forecasted. We record the scheduling results in a queue, with which AP (access point) can poll and then enable mobile users to communicate with their opposite sites. This occurrence also solves the problem that some voice packets do not suit QoS in IEEE 802.11e standard with multipolling. During the time-gap while transmitting no voice packets, the scheme changes to DCF mode to transfer data packets. Furthermore we simulate and analyze the performance of the scheme in a WLAN environment. The experimental results show that our approach can dramatically improve the quality of network service. |
6,354 | Please write an abstract with title: Sentiment Analysis Based On Deep Residual Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Networks, and key words: Sentiment analysis, Analytical models, Recurrent neural networks, Text recognition, Biological system modeling, Logic gates, Predictive models. Abstract: Human beings have rich emotions, in which positive emotions need to be constantly maintained, while negative emotions need to be regulated since most mental diseases are caused by the long-term persistence of negative emotions. Aiming at emotion classification in sentiment analysis tasks, a deep residual BiGRU (Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit) neural network model is introduced to improve the classification effect and solve the problem of long-distance dependence between layers of deep RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) by using a recurrent correlation channel connects all layers and a loss function with CRF (Conditional Random Fields) technique. This model provides a preferable method and outperforms other commonly used models in extracting sentiment features and recognizing emotions expressed in texts. Experiments on simplified Chinese sentiment analysis data set show that it classifies and predicts emotions more accurately than stacked neural network models built on RNN, TextCNN (Text Convolutional Neural Network), BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory), or non-neural network models built on NB (Naïve Bayesian) classifier and LR (Logistic Regression) method. |
6,355 | Please write an abstract with title: Study for Distributed Power Flow Controller Investment, and key words: Investment, Load flow, Economics, Power system stability, Thermal stability, Voltage control, Decision making. Abstract: DPFC is composed of several series converters, which can be installed and disassembled in stages and batches. This paper considers the ability of DPFC to regulate the power grid, and proposes the investment cost function which takes the regulation variables of the distributed converter into account. Due to increased transmission capacity, the economic benefit function and the economic revenue function are caused by the expansion of voltage safety and stability range, and the economic revenue function is caused by expanding the stability range of power angle. Meanwhile, an objective function Z, which takes into account the security constraints of power grid operation, is proposed to maximize the difference between revenue and expense. Finally, by solving the constrained equation based on the dynamic programming method, the capacity of DPFC built in batches with the largest revenue could be derived, and the capital idleness and equipment depreciation losses caused by one-off construction will be avoided. Implementation results show that the proposed method is effective. |
6,356 | Please write an abstract with title: Digital signal processing system of the PRAO RT 60/150 radio telescope antenna unit, and key words: Digital signal processing, Radio astronomy, Optical design, Signal design, Interference, Monitoring, RF signals, Frequency, Signal analysis, Circuits. Abstract: Practical and theoretical aspects of applying digital techniques to temporal beam shaping and signal processing in a meter-wave radio telescope are discussed. At present, digital signal processing (DSP) techniques are receiving primary attention in the design of new radio telescopes. The implementation of these techniques allows for more reliable and flexible systems to be created. The value of systems using DSP would particularly grow in connection with rough and unpredictable interference environments at radio telescope sites. A new 60-150 MHz meter-wave radio telescope under development is expected to provide simultaneous monitoring in several directions (2-3 beams), continuous tracking of investigated objects, signal reception and recording across several frequency ranges. The report discusses the issues of practically implementing DSP techniques in beam shaping, multibeam reception and in the analysis of radio telescope signals. The technique, circuit and program solutions will be fine-tuned using an existing PRAO DKR-1000 LPI radio telescope. |
6,357 | Please write an abstract with title: Measuring temperature effects on the dielectric properties of biological liquids by an experimental microwave system, and key words: Temperature measurement, Microwave measurement, Temperature sensors, Temperature, Biomedical measurement, Microwave theory and techniques, Dielectric measurement. Abstract: In recent years, microwave biosensing based on resonant elements led to an ever-growing interest in biomedical research for monitoring, therapeutic and diagnostic applications due to its minimal invasiveness and high detection sensitivity. The dielectric properties of the biological medium under test (MUT) determine how these resonant structures perform. In particular, the temperature is crucial for inducing dielectric intrinsic changes in MUT. Furthermore, at the cellular level, environmental temperature changes strongly affect the dielectric properties of cell cultures. On this basis, this paper proposes to study the effects of temperature on the dielectric properties of a biological solution in the range of 25°C −37°C, using a measurement method based on microwave biosensing. We used an experimental system consisting of a resonant circular biosensor for temperature measurements of one of the most used biological solutions, the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, in a thermostatic chamber. The circular probe provided the measurement response to temperature variations in terms of frequency and signal attenuation. In experimental tests, 6.0 ml of PBS were cooled stepwise from 37 °C to 25°C at 3 °C steps into a standard Petri dish. The experimental results demonstrated the ability of the measurement system to detect significant temperature changes of the PBS solution in both frequency and attenuation of the reflection coefficient| S11|, also pointing out the need for accurate temperature control during the measurement of the dielectric properties of biologic fluids. |
6,358 | Please write an abstract with title: A Dynamic Frequency Scaling Framework Against Reliability and Security Issues in Multi-tenant FPGA, and key words: Cloud computing, Voltage, Real-time systems, Timing, Power systems, Reliability, Security. Abstract: The deployment of cloud-FPGA, although significantly improves the performance and efficiency of conventional cloud computing, also creates a unique attack surface. For example, the power distribution network (PDN) of a multitenant FPGA can be manipulated by malicious users to cause voltage-drop, which can be used to inject timing faults to the applications of victim users. In addition, since most cloud-FPGAs are being used for computation-intensive tasks that consume a large amount of power, therefore, typical FPGA applications may still encounter reliability issues even without malicious PDN manipulation. To comprehensively mitigate both reliability and security issues of multi-tenant FPGAs, this paper proposes a dynamic frequency scaling (DFS) framework, which can dynamically scale the clock frequency of FPGA applications. Specifically, the DFS framework utilizes a delay-frequency pair table, which can match the real-time clock frequency with voltage level, thus avoiding potential errors caused by voltage-drop. |
6,359 | Please write an abstract with title: Wave intensity analysis: a novel non-invasive method for determining arterial wave transmission, and key words: Arteries, Pulse measurements, Brachytherapy, Wavelet analysis, Cardiovascular system, Reproducibility of results, Blood flow, Ultrasonic variables measurement, Hypertension, Ultrasonic imaging. Abstract: Wave intensity analysis is a novel technique for assessing wavelet transmission in the cardiovascular system. Using this tool, we have developed non-invasive techniques to study wave transmission in both central & peripheral arteries in man. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of various haemodynamic measures in the carotid, brachial and radial arteries. 12 treated hypertensive men underwent applanation tonometry and pulsed Doppler ultrasound studies of the carotid, brachial and radial arteries on 2 occasions. Coefficients of variation for the local wave speed, cardiac compression wave intensity and main reflected wave intensity ranged between 3.7-6.6%, 8.2-11.4% and 12.5-19.6% respectively. We conclude that non-invasive methods used for wave intensity analysis are reproducible & provide additional information regarding the complex phenomenon of arterial wave transmission in man. |
6,360 | Please write an abstract with title: Towards a general tool for mechatronic design, and key words: Mechatronics, Algorithm design and analysis, Control design, Design engineering, Knowledge engineering, Space exploration, Design methodology, Mechanical engineering, Software engineering, Computational modeling. Abstract: This paper is a report on our initial attempt to develop a general tool and explore a non-traditional approach to mechatronic design, which emphasizes simultaneous mechanical and control design. The approach is centered around our novel GA-based design methodology that is specially developed for exploring possible design alternatives in early design stages with a particular emphasis on interdisciplinary design. The suggested methodology, as applied to mechatronics, transforms the common GA-based search in the space of individual solutions into a search that relies heavily on exploration of the space of mechatronic sub-concepts. In addition to demonstrating the validity of our proposed technique to mechatronics, we show the relevance of our methodology to control design at large. |
6,361 | Please write an abstract with title: Artificial Intelligence Based Hybrid Forecasting Approaches for Wind Power Generation: Progress, Challenges and Prospects, and key words: Wind power generation, Artificial intelligence, Forecasting, Hybrid power systems, Optimization, Wind forecasting, Support vector machines. Abstract: Globally, wind energy is growing rapidly and has received huge consideration to fulfill global energy requirements. An accurate wind power forecasting is crucial to achieve a stable and reliable operation of the power grid. However, the unpredictability and stochastic characteristics of wind power affect the grid planning and operation adversely. To address these concerns, a substantial amount of research has been carried out to introduce an efficient wind power forecasting approach. Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches have demonstrated high precision, better generalization performance and improved learning capability, thus can be ideal to handle unstable, inflexible and intermittent wind power. Recently, AI-based hybrid approaches have become popular due to their high precision, strong adaptability and improved performance. Thus, the goal of this review paper is to present the recent progress of AI-enabled hybrid approaches for wind power forecasting emphasizing classification, structure, strength, weakness and performance analysis. Moreover, this review explores the various influential factors toward the implementations of AI-based hybrid wind power forecasting including data preprocessing, feature selection, hyperparameters adjustment, training algorithm, activation functions and evaluation process. Besides, various key issues, challenges and difficulties are discussed to identify the existing limitations and research gaps. Finally, the review delivers a few selective future proposals that would be valuable to the industrialists and researchers to develop an advanced AI-based hybrid approach for accurate wind power forecasting toward sustainable grid operation. |
6,362 | Please write an abstract with title: Nonlinear approximation with redundant dictionaries, and key words: Dictionaries, Explosions, Displays, Robustness, Cost function, Image coding, Signal processing, Image processing. Abstract: In this paper we study nonlinear approximation and data representation with redundant function dictionaries. In particular, approximation with redundant wavelet bi-frame systems is studied in detail. Several results for orthonormal wavelets are generalized to the redundant case. In general, for a wavelet bi-frame system the approximation properties are limited by the number of vanishing moments of the system. In some cases this can be overcome by oversampling, but at a price of replacing the canonical expansion by another linear expansion. Moreover, for special non-oversampled wavelet bi-frames we can obtain good approximation properties not restricted by the number of vanishing moments, but again without using the canonical expansion. |
6,363 | Please write an abstract with title: Importance of Data Augmentation and Transfer Learning on Retinal Vessel Segmentation, and key words: Training, Image segmentation, Retinopathy, Transfer learning, Blood vessels, Retinal vessels, Data models. Abstract: Automatic segmentation of retinal fundus images for extracting blood vessels is an essential task in the diagnostic classification of hypertension, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, which are the leading causes of blindness. In this paper, we employed a transfer learning strategy for improved retinal vessel extraction. Firstly, we trained the U-NET model on CHASE DB1 and DRIVE databases. By using data augmentations on datasets we enable the U-NET model to learn retinal vessel features better. We examined the data augmentation types, namely, pixel-level transformations and affine transformations. Secondly, we utilized the transfer learning approach on two datasets and achieved comparable results with the state-of-the-art studies on retinal vessel segmentation task. Also, we employed combination of affine and pixel-level transformations to further boost segmentation performance. |
6,364 | Please write an abstract with title: Improved Non-Fragile State Feedback Control for Stochastic Jump Systems With Uncertain Parameters and Mode-Dependent Time-Varying Delays, and key words: Delays, Stability criteria, State feedback, Time-varying systems, Stochastic systems, Education. Abstract: This paper reports the investigation on non-fragile state feedback control for stochastic Markovian jump systems with uncertain parameters and mode-dependent time-varying delays. The resulted closed-loop system is stochastic stabilization by virtue of an improved L-K functional. By free-weight-matrix technique, the non-fragile state feedback controller is designed and novel conditions for robust stochastic stabilization are acquired in the form of linear matrix inequalities. Two examples including a take-off and landing guidance system are employed to show the effectiveness and validity of the proposed approach. |
6,365 | Please write an abstract with title: Reconfiguration-based QoS management in multimedia streaming applications, and key words: Streaming media, Quality of service, Video on demand, Fluctuations, Batteries, Computer displays, Availability, Bandwidth, Runtime, Videoconference. Abstract: Multimedia applications are currently being deployed over dynamic and heterogeneous environments. They operate on devices with diverse computation capabilities in terms of processing, storage and display capabilities. In such environments, resource availability is subject to unexpected fluctuations (such as network bandwidth, battery life-time, CPU, etc.). This obliges applications to reconfigure their behavior accordingly in order to maintain an acceptable quality of service (QoS). This work addresses this aspect and describes a framework for a reconfiguration-based QoS management in multimedia streaming applications. Our objective is to relieve developers from dealing with the complexity of multimedia applications and their reconfiguration requirements. The framework provides a high-level specification language enabling an easy description of applications and their reconfiguration policies. A powerful component-based implementation is used for mapping specifications into run-time applications. Several experiments in different scenarios are reported to argue our design choices, and to show the impact of reconfigurations on the perceived QoS. |
6,366 | Please write an abstract with title: Optical copper(II) sensor based on immobilised salicylic acid in sol-gel film and fluorescence quenching measurement, and key words: Optical films, Optical sensors, Fluorescence, Wavelength measurement, Copper, Phase measurement, Displays, Biochemistry, Humans, Linearity. Abstract: An optical copper (II) sensor has been developed in this study by applying immobilized salicylic acid in sol gel film as reagent phase, based on fluorescence quenching measurement. It has been known that copper displays important role in enzymatic metabolism in the human body. Promising results were achieved under optimum pH 5.0, when the fluorescent signal was measured at excitation and emission wavelengths of 350 nm and 440 nm, respectively. The linearity was found in the Cu(II) concentration range of 5.0 - 80.0 /spl times/ 10/sup -6/ M with LOD of 4.4 /spl times/ 10/sup -6/ M. Nine repetitive measurements yielded good repeatability (3.49 % RSD) and reproducibility (7.25 % RSD). Intramolecular photoautomerism of salicylic acid related to thermodynamic reaction observed in this study showed another important feature in chemical sensing. |
6,367 | Please write an abstract with title: Human collaboration tools for net-centric operations, and key words: Humans, Collaborative tools, Collaboration, Teleconferencing, Research and development, Communications technology, Large-scale systems, Communication standards, Standards organizations, Environmental management. Abstract: Summary form only given. Recent research and development by Ball Aerospace's Collaborative Technologies and Solution Group (CTSG) have underscored the need of a new genre of collaboration and communication technology. Ball is developing a new desktop collaboration tool called net-centric operations or simply "NetOps." NetOps is a cross-platform, companion-tool to KnowledgeKinetics, which aims to fill a void found in current COTS human collaboration tools. NetOps is a desktop-based (thick client) presence and instant messenger application providing an extendable set of tools and capabilities, which promote team collaboration and coordination on a large scale. NetOps communicates presence and chat information using the Jabber XML-based XMPP standard, while Web-services handle tool or organizational information to make communications through firewalls a non-issue. In addition, NetOps provides the capability of domain specific inter/intra crew tasking, communications, alerting, and presence management in a 24/7 operating environment. Ball's integrated virtual meeting application (VMA) tool allows users to schedule virtual meetings, conduct video teleconferences, and execute instant meetings. Both NetOps and VMA provide open plug-in architectures and APIs other developers may use to extend the base capabilities or add domain specific tools. At CTS 2005, we provide an interactive demonstration of the current state of the NetOps technologies and tools. Demonstration attendees are able to connect to a NetOps server wirelessly and/or via Ethernet, automatically download the NetOps client, and participate in the demo. An interactive demonstration of VMA, including video teleconferencing using wavelet compression over HTTP/S, is also presented |
6,368 | Please write an abstract with title: Interactive Reinforcement Learning Strategy, and key words: Learning systems, Technological innovation, Smart cities, Reinforcement learning, Blindness, Internet, Human voice. Abstract: The birth of AlphaGo has set off a new wave of reinforcement learning technology. Reinforcement learning has become one of the most popular directions in the field of artificial intelligence. Its essence is the continuous integration and upgrading of various machine learning methods, and the agents continue to trial and error and obtain cumulative rewards. Q-learning is the most commonly used method in reinforcement learning, but it itself has many problems such as less early information, long learning time, low learning efficiency, and repeated trial and error. Therefore, Q-learning cannot be directly applied to the real environment. In response to this problem, the reinforcement learning discussed by the author is an interactive learning method that combines voice commands and Q-learning. This method uses part of the interaction between the agent and the human voice to find a larger target range in the early stage of learning. Then narrow the search range in turn, which can guide the agent to quickly achieve the learning effect and change the blindness of learning. Simulation experiments show that compared with the standard Q-learning algorithm, the proposed algorithm not only improves the convergence speed, shortens the learning time, but also reduces the number of collisions, enabling the agent to quickly find a better collision- free path. |
6,369 | Please write an abstract with title: Novel hierarchical approach for radiosity, and key words: Fuzzy sets, Clustering algorithms, Integral equations, Fuzzy reasoning, Shafts, Layout, Joining processes, Information management, Information science, Costs. Abstract: We propose an approach based on the concept of fuzzy reasoning to estimate the visibility among patches for hierarchical radiosity algorithms. The cost of determining visibility in form factors computation is the most expensive part in the whole process in the hierarchical radiosity algorithms. By applying the proposed fuzzy-based approach, we can improve the performance of hierarchical radiosity algorithms. We describe the algorithm and its implementation, and show that it can dramatically accelerate the hierarchical radiosity algorithms. |
6,370 | Please write an abstract with title: RiFeGAN: Rich Feature Generation for Text-to-Image Synthesis From Prior Knowledge, and key words: Birds, Generators, Training, Gallium nitride, Feature extraction, Task analysis, Generative adversarial networks. Abstract: Text-to-image synthesis is a challenging task that generates realistic images from a textual sequence, which usually contains limited information compared with the corresponding image and so is ambiguous and abstractive. The limited textual information only describes a scene partly, which will complicate the generation with complementing the other details implicitly and lead to low-quality images. To address this problem, we propose a novel rich feature generating text-to-image synthesis, called RiFeGAN, to enrich the given description. In order to provide additional visual details and avoid conflicting, RiFeGAN exploits an attention-based caption matching model to select and refine the compatible candidate captions from prior knowledge. Given enriched captions, RiFeGAN uses self-attentional embedding mixtures to extract features across them effectually and handle the diverging features further. Then it exploits multi-captions attentional generative adversarial networks to synthesize images from those features. The experiments conducted on widely-used datasets show that the models can generate images from enriched captions effectually and improve the results significantly. |
6,371 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and control of a mechatronic hydraulic press system, and key words: Control systems, Mechatronics, Automatic control, Manufacturing automation, Computer aided manufacturing, Metalworking machines, Programmable logic arrays, Programmable logic devices, Programmable control, Control system synthesis. Abstract: The use of dedicated computer-based control systems to solve automation problems is essential to manufacturing automation today. This work describes the design and implementation of a control system for the operation of a mechatronic hydraulic press machine. The overall operation and control is based on a programmable logic unit and a sensory system. The functionality of the control system is analyzed through qualitative simulation models, and validated with physical experiments, prior to the implementation. The overall control design and operation procedures applied have enabled the reduction of sensor failures and machine malfunctioning. |
6,372 | Please write an abstract with title: Integrated terahertz sources and receivers, and key words: Schottky diodes, Semiconductor diodes, Detectors, Gallium arsenide, Electromagnetic waveguides, Tuned circuits, Cutoff frequency, Degradation, Immune system, Parasitic capacitance. Abstract: Terahertz sources and receivers with exceptional bandwidth, power and efficiency have been demonstrated. These components use integrated diode circuits (no whiskers or mechanical tuners) and are therefore very compact and reliable, thus facilitating a host of new applications in science, medicine and defense. |
6,373 | Please write an abstract with title: 3D motion vector coding with block base adaptive interpolation filter on H.264, and key words: Interpolation, Adaptive filters, Wiener filter, Motion compensation, Image generation, Laboratories, Image coding, Filtering, Vectors, Quantization. Abstract: Fractional pel motion compensation generally improves coding efficiency due to more precise motion accuracy and low path filtering effect in generating image at fractional pel positions. In H.264, quarter pel motion compensation is applied, where image at half pel position is generated by 6 tap Wiener filter. And the adaptive interpolation filter technique, which adaptively changes filter characteristics for half pel positions have been proposed. That technique also changes image at quarter pel positions, so it can be exploited to extent motion accuracy to be more precise. In this paper, 3D motion vector coding (3DMVC) technique with block base adaptive interpolation filter (BAIF) is proposed. This paper also demonstrates the proposed method achieves filter data is successfully integrated into motion vector coding and outperforms the normal H.264. |
6,374 | Please write an abstract with title: A wavelet constrained POCS supperresolution algorithm for high resolution image reconstruction from video sequence, and key words: Image resolution, Image reconstruction, Video sequences, Spatial resolution, Frequency, Strontium, Signal resolution, Data mining, Wavelet coefficients, Pollution measurement. Abstract: Research interest in multi-frame supperresolution has risen substantially in recent years. Most methods developed deal with operations working directly in the image domain. This paper presents a wavelet-domain superresolution method based on the projection on to convex set (POCS) technique. An iterative procedure is utilized to extract information hidden in a group of video frames to update the wavelet coefficients. Since these coefficients correspond to the high frequency information in the spatial domain, the extracted fine features from other frames augment the individual low-resolution image to a superresolution image. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by experimental results. |
6,375 | Please write an abstract with title: A New Digital Frequency Detection Scheme, and key words: Detectors, Interference, Frequency measurement, Communications technology, Circuit noise, Signal processing, Noise measurement, Mathematical model, Digital circuits, Environmental economics. Abstract: A new digital frequency detector for discriminating between the location of a noisy sinusoidal signal in one of two frequency bands is presented. Lower performance bounds of the detector are obtained. It is shown that the detector can discriminate between any two frequencies in a wide frequency band, and that these two frequencies can be arbitrarily close. Furthermore, correct decisions will be made in the presence of interference if maximum displacement of the zero crossings of the received signal due to interference satisfy certain loose bounds. For instance, correct decisions can be made even if there exists a spurious tone interference whose frequency and magnitude are close to those of the information signal. It is also shown that the peak of the impulse noises considered can be close to the peak of the information signal without causing a decision error. The detector can be easily implemented with a small number of standard digital circuits. It operates automatically and nonparametrically without requiring a priori knowledge of the statistics of the signal and interference. |
6,376 | Please write an abstract with title: RMAF: Relu-Memristor-Like Activation Function for Deep Learning, and key words: Biological neural networks, Training, Neurons, Machine learning, Task analysis, Optimization. Abstract: Activation functions facilitate deep neural networks by introducing non-linearity to the learning process. The non-linearity feature gives the neural network the ability to learn complex patterns. Recently, the most widely used activation function is the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). Though, other various existing activation including hand-designed alternatives to ReLU have been proposed. However, none has succeeded in replacing ReLU due to their existing inconsistencies. In this work, activation function called ReLUMemristor-like Activation Function (RMAF) is proposed to leverage benefits of negative values in neural networks. RMAF introduces a constant parameter (α) and a threshold parameter (p) making the function smooth, non-monotonous, and introduces non-linearity in the network. Our experiments show that, the RMAF works better than ReLU and other activation functions on deeper models and across number of challenging datasets. Firstly, experiments are performed by training and classifying on multi-layer perceptron (MLP) over benchmark data such as the Wisconsin breast cancer, MNIST, Iris and Car evaluation. RMAF achieves high performance of 98.74%, 99.67%, 98.81% and 99.42% respectively, compared to Sigmoid, Tanh and ReLU. Secondly, experiments were performed on convolution neural network (ResNet) over MNIST, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 data and observed the proposed activation function achieves higher performance accuracy of 99.73%, 98.77% and 79.82% respectively than Tanh, ReLU and Swish. Additionally, we experimented our work on deep networks i.e. squeeze network (SqueezeNet), Dense connected neural network (DenseNet121) and ImageNet dataset, which RMAF produced the best performance. We note that, the RMAF converges faster than the other functions and can replace ReLU in any neural network due to the efficiency, scalability and its similarity to both ReLU and Swish. |
6,377 | Please write an abstract with title: Automatically transcribing meetings using distant microphones, and key words: Microphone arrays, Training data, Interactive systems, Automatic speech recognition, NIST, Speech analysis, Speech processing, Calibration, Automatic testing, Robustness. Abstract: In this paper, we describe our efforts to develop acoustic models suitable for distant microphone automatic speech recognition. Our goal is to investigate how the performance of a system trained on a combination of close-talking and distant microphone data can be optimized, while assuming as little information about the configuration of (multiple) distant microphones as possible, to avoid guesstimates and lengthy calibration runs. We evaluated our system in NIST's RT-04S "Meeting" speech-to-text evaluation, where speech data was recorded at several sites with a varying number of different table-top microphones, but not with microphone arrays. Body-mounted microphones provide baseline numbers for distant ASR performance and allow for comparisons of meeting speech with other spontaneous speech data. |
6,378 | Please write an abstract with title: Supporting the Requirements-Based Selection of Suitable Communication Protocols in Smart Grids, and key words: Protocols, Europe, Smart grids, Interoperability. Abstract: The implementation of the smart grid and the related use cases requires the interaction of a wide variety of systems from many manufacturers. The selection of suitable communication protocols is a key factor in achieving the necessary interoperability and avoiding vendor lock-ins. Considering the large number of possible protocols, this selection process is becoming increasingly difficult and time-consuming. To simplify and accelerate this process, the use of a morphological box is presented. The partial aspects defined in the morphological box are chosen in such a way that they can describe both the requirements of a use case and the possibilities of the protocol under assessment. Applying the box eventually results in reusable profiles that allow the comparison of use cases and protocols in a quick and simple way. The utilization is demonstrated by evaluating the MQTT protocol for the realization of a given use case. |
6,379 | Please write an abstract with title: Why pairwise is better than one-against-all or all-at-once, and key words: Least squares methods, Fuzzy sets, Support vector machines, Support vector machine classification, Kernel, Error correction codes, Acceleration, Equations, Quadratic programming, Training data. Abstract: In this paper, first we discuss acceleration of classification by reducing support vectors. Then, we discuss multiclass least squares SVMs (LS-SVMs) that resolve unclassifiable regions for multiclass problems: fuzzy one-against-all LS-SVMs, fuzzy pairwise LS-SVMs, and all-at-once LS-SVMs. Next, we compare the three types of LS-SVMs from the standpoint of training difficulty and show that the fuzzy one-against-all LS-SVM and the all-at-once LS-SVM have similar decision boundaries when classification problems are linearly separable in the feature space. Finally, we evaluate three types of multiclass LS-SVMs for some benchmark data sets and show that classification performance of fuzzy one-against-all and one-against-all LS-SVMs are almost the same but inferior to that of fuzzy pairwise LS-SVMs. |
6,380 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on Optimal Allocation of Human Resources in the Distribution Network Operation and Management Department, and key words: Training, Distribution networks, Resource management, Security, Personnel, Standards, Faces. Abstract: This paper deeply discusses human resources issues faced by the distribution network operation and management department in the development process of distribution network. By establishing access standards, consolidating education and training, improving the assessment mechanism, giving full play to positive incentives, improving the security system, optimizing allocation of human resources, we can gather the strength of the employees, build an advanced team, stimulate the ability of the employees and improve the efficiency of enterprises. |
6,381 | Please write an abstract with title: Photoinjector RF cavity design for high power CW FEL, and key words: Radio frequency, Cooling, Acceleration, Electron beams, Couplings, Undulators, Cathodes, Magnetic fields, Shape, Thermal management. Abstract: The project is under way to develop a key enabling technology for high-power CW FEL: an RF photoinjector capable of producing continuous average current greater than 100 mA. The specific aim is a /spl pi/-mode, normal-conducting RP photoinjector, 3 nC of bunch charge, 100 mA of current (at 33.3-MHz bunch repetition rate) and emittance less than 10 mm-mrad. This level of performance will enable robust 100-kW-class FEL operation with electron beam energy <100 MeV, thereby reducing the size and cost of the FEL. This design is scalable to the MW power level by increasing the electron bunch repetition rate to a higher value. The major challenges are emittance control and high heat flux within the CW 700-MHz RF cavities. Results of RF cavity design and cooling schemes are presented, including both high-velocity water and liquid-nitrogen cooling options. |
6,382 | Please write an abstract with title: Dynamic common sub-expression elimination during scheduling in high-level synthesis, and key words: Dynamic scheduling, High level synthesis, Job shop scheduling, Processor scheduling, Motion control, Sparks, Permission, Embedded computing, Image processing, Size control. Abstract: We introduce a new approach, "Dynamic Common Sub-expression Elimination (CSE)", that dynamically eliminates common sub-expressions based on new opportunities created during scheduling of control-intensive designs. Classical CSE techniques fail to eliminate several common sub-expressions in control-intensive designs due to the presence of a complex mix of control and data-flow. Aggressive speculative code motions employed to schedule control-intensive designs often re-order, speculate and duplicate operations, hence changing the control flow between the operations with common sub-expressions. This leads to new opportunities for applying CSE dynamically. We have implemented dynamic CSE in a high-level synthesis framework called Spark and present results for experiments performed using various combinations of CSE and dynamic CSE. The benchmarks used consist of four functional blocks derived from two moderately complex industrial-strength applications, namely, MPEG-1 and the GIMP image processing tool. Our dynamic CSE techniques result in improvements of up to 22% in the controller size and up to 31% in performance; easily surpassing the improvements obtained by the traditional CSE approach. We also observe an unexpected (and significant) reduction in the number of registers using our approach. |
6,383 | Please write an abstract with title: A coordination-based data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks, and key words: Wireless application protocol, Wireless sensor networks, Computer networks, Energy efficiency, Large-scale systems, Personal digital assistants, Energy consumption, Sensor systems, Data engineering, Mobile computing. Abstract: In recent years, much research in the field of data dissemination protocols to mobile sinks, for wireless sensor networks, has been published. Such protocols inspire us to design CODE, a coordination-based data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks. CODE considers energy efficiency and network lifetime, especially for sensor networks with high node density. CODE is based on a grid structure to establish an efficient data dissemination path between sources and mobiles sinks. Our simulation results show that CODE consumes less energy and has a longer network lifetime compared with other approaches. |
6,384 | Please write an abstract with title: Plastic and Stable Gated Classifiers for Continual Learning, and key words: Training, Knowledge engineering, Conferences, Neural networks, Logic gates, Feature extraction, Robustness. Abstract: Conventional neural networks are mostly high in plasticity but low in stability. Hence, catastrophic forgetting tends to occur over the sequential training of multiple tasks and a backbone learner loses its ability in solving a previously learnt task. Several studies have shown that catastrophic forgetting can be partially mitigated through freezing the feature extractor weights while only sequentially training the classifier network. Though these are effective methods in retaining knowledge, forgetting could still become severe if the classifier network is over-parameterised over many tasks. As a remedy, this paper presents a novel classifier design with high stability. Highway-Connection Classifier Networks (HCNs) leverage gated units to alleviate forgetting. When employed alone, they exhibit strong robustness against forgetting. In addition, they synergise well with many existing and popular continual learning archetypes. We release our codes at https://github.com/Nic5472K/CLVISION2021_CVPR_HCN |
6,385 | Please write an abstract with title: Functionalization of Porous Silicon Based Photonic Crystals with Organic Monolayers, and key words: Silicon, Photonic crystals, Biosensors, Molecular biophysics, Filters, Etching, Argon, Infrared spectra, Optical reflection, Spectroscopy. Abstract: Porous silicon photonic crystals were reacted with unsaturated molecules in thermal hydrosilylation reactions to form silicon-carbon linked monolayers with functional groups designed for biosensor preparation. The derivatization was followed by infrared, X-ray photoelectron and reflection spectroscopies. Monolayer formation on the internal surfaces of the porous silicon structures resulted in predictable changes of their optical properties. Long term stability studies showed that the monolayers did not prevent slow oxidation of the porous silicon matrix in air. |
6,386 | Please write an abstract with title: AASPMP: Design and Implementation of Production Management Platform Based on AAS, and key words: Production management, Protocols, Scheduling algorithms, Production equipment, Maintenance engineering, Production facilities, Virtualization. Abstract: Intelligent transformation for traditional factories is a widely discussed topic. The key to this transformation is ensuring the integration between information technology and operational technology. However, it is a challenging task in industry owing to the communication heterogeneity of the underlying production equipment (horizontal communication), and inefficient interactions between the equipment and information decision center (vertical communication). In this paper, we explore asset administration shell (AAS), an asset virtualization technology, shielding heterogeneous physical communication protocol of production equipment. Besides, to promote inefficient communication between the equipment and information decision center, we adapt OPC UA protocol as the communication protocol of AAS for vertical communication. In addition, time-sensitive networking (TSN) is applied to ensure communication between the AAS and the corresponding physical device. Above operations ensure devices interconnection and interoperability. On this basis, we propose an AAS-based production management platform (AASPMP), which aims at the coverage from the demand side to the production side. Such an intelligent system characterizes three layers to decompose complicated system functionalities, and a visible client is provided for the convenience of remote operation and maintenance. We deploy our system on the actual production system and demonstrate the effectiveness of our design. |
6,387 | Please write an abstract with title: Capacity-achieving multiple coding for MIMO Rayleigh fading systems, and key words: MIMO, Rayleigh channels, AWGN, Fading, Decoding, Channel state information, Transmitters, Additive white noise, Channel capacity, Gaussian channels. Abstract: This paper presents the study of transmit power adaption and capacity-approaching coding/decoding in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh fading channels under the assumption that perfect channel state information (CSI) is known at both the transmitter and the receiver. We propose three different simple, but powerful, methods for transforming the MIMO fading channel into a set of additive white noise Gaussian (AWGN) channels. We show that the channel capacity can be closely approached by using only a small number of different codes designed for the Gaussian channel. |
6,388 | Please write an abstract with title: Convolutional Autoencoder based Deep Learning Model for Identification of Red Palm Weevil Signals, and key words: Deep learning, Convolution, Information processing, Acoustic emission, Feature extraction, Data mining, Background noise. Abstract: This paper presents a Convolutional Autoencoder based Deep Learning model for identification of Red Palm Weevil acoustic emissions from other background noise. Mel spectrogram of acoustic samples was chosen as the extracted feature for the proposed model. The designed Convolutional Autoencoder was trained using Mel spectrogram images of Red Palm Weevil acoustic activities which are regarded as the normal instances. Unbiased evaluation of the model was done with a test dataset composed of normal RPW acoustic emissions as well as anomalous acoustic samples. The model could achieve a very high classification accuracy of 95.85%. The results confirmed that the proposed method is highly efficient for the identification of Red Palm Weevil signals. |
6,389 | Please write an abstract with title: Improving Collective I/O Performance with Machine Learning Supported Auto-tuning, and key words: Optimization, Data transfer, Machine learning, Monitoring, Benchmark testing, Tuning, Computational modeling. Abstract: Collective Input and output (I/O) is an essential approach in high performance computing (HPC) applications. The achievement of effective collective I/O is a nontrivial job due to the complex interdependencies between the layers of I/O stack. These layers provide the best possible I/O performance through a number of tunable parameters. Sadly, the correct combination of parameters depends on diverse applications and HPC platforms. When a configuration space gets larger, it becomes difficult for humans to monitor the interactions between the configuration options. Engineers has no time or experience for exploring good configuration parameters for each problem because of long benchmarking phase. In most cases, the default settings are implemented, often leading to poor I/O efficiency. I/O profiling tools can not tell the optimal default setups without too much effort to analyzing the tracing results. In this case, an auto-tuning solution for optimizing collective I/O requests and providing system administrators or engineers the statistic information is strongly required. In this paper, a study of the machine learning supported collective I/O auto-tuning including the architecture and software stack is performed. Random forest regression model is used to develop a performance predictor model that can capture parallel I/O behavior as a function of application and file system characteristics. The modeling approach can provide insights into the metrics that impact I/O performance significantly. |
6,390 | Please write an abstract with title: Analysis on Regional Economic Development Efficiency in China : Based on DEA Model and Malmquist Index, and key words: Economics, Analytical models, Technological innovation, Indexes, Resource management. Abstract: Based on the establishment of evaluation index system of efficiency, this paper employs DEA model and malmquist index to investigate the relative efficiency of economic development in 30 province-level regions in China from 2015 to 2019. The results show that the resource allocation in most regions are not reasonable, which leads to lower economic development efficiency. In addition, this paper also finds that Chinese regional economic development is unbalanced. Therefore, it is crucial to attach great importance to technological innovation and deepen the reform in an all round way to promote economic development efficiency. |
6,391 | Please write an abstract with title: The impact of personality in using technology to ask and offer help: The experience of the Chatbot “UC — Paraguay”, and key words: Chatbots, Internet of Things, Europe, Visualization, User experience, Software, Silicon. Abstract: In the context of the project “WeNet: Internet of us” we are studying the role of diversity in relation to Internetmediated social interactions. In this paper, in particular, we analyze a possible relationship between personality aspects and social interaction mediated by digital platforms. More specifically, we rely on the five personality traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience), commonly referred to as “Big-five”, and associate them to automatically extracted behavioral characteristics derived from the experience of using a Chatbot for a closed community of students at the Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción” (UC). The personality data comes from a self-report made by the users through questionnaires. The main results show very positive appraisals about the use of the Chatbot in terms of user experience and its main functionalities. As for the role of personality in relation to the main use of the Chatbot, although further experience is required to confirm trends, the results suggest that there are some correlations between some of the five personality traits and the length of questions and answers as well as the selection of best answers. |
6,392 | Please write an abstract with title: A biophysical model of ECG signals during atrial fibrillation used to evaluate the performance of QRST cancellation algorithms, and key words: Electrocardiography, Atrial fibrillation. Abstract: Characterization of electrical signals during atrial fibrillation (AF) is facilitated when the ventricular electrical activity (QRST complexes) has been suppressed. However, evaluating the performance of the QRST cancellation requires knowing the atrial activity during the QRST complex. A biophysically based model of the ECG during AF was developed, in which the exact separate contributions of the atria and the ventricles is available. Abnormal electrical propagation was simulated in a 3-D model of the human atria. The atrial electrical activity on the thorax was obtained by applying the boundary element method to a compartmental torso model. The ventricular activity was incorporated as a sequence of QRST complexes extracted from the clinical ECG of a patient in sinus rhythm. The ECG obtained as the sum of the atrial and ventricular activity described above may be used as a benchmark for testing and evaluating QRST cancellation and feature extraction techniques |
6,393 | Please write an abstract with title: Exploring Factors Affecting Users' Behavioral Intention to Adopt Digital Technologies: The Mediating Effect of Social Influence, and key words: Online banking, Security, Behavioral sciences, Privacy, Mobile applications, Business, Sociology. Abstract: The use of mobile phone apps for digital transactions has increased by leaps and bounds due to the proliferation of smart phones at affordable prices and rapidly growing ease of access to quality internet services. This study uses the technology acceptance model and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology as lenses to explore: 1) the impact of mobile apps' security features, integrity (trust & privacy), transparency and utilities (facilities & usefulness) on the behavioral intention to use mobile apps and 2) the mediating influence of social influence on the relationship between the aforementioned variables. The results of exploratory factor analysis and multiple linear regression highlight significant positive relationships between security, integrity and utilities, and the intention to use mobile payment apps for digital transactions. Social influence partially mediates the relationship between security and users' intention but completely mediates the relationship in the case of integrity and utilities. Thus, in the era of digital transformation, service providers should focus on improving security and integrity features along with making payment apps more user-friendly. |
6,394 | Please write an abstract with title: An integrated,class B hearing-aid amplifier, and key words: Batteries, Temperature, Australia, Transfer functions, Power amplifiers, Low voltage, Silicon, Circuits, Gain, Acoustic noise. Abstract: An integrated hearing-aid amplifier operating from a single silver-oxide cell, with a quiescent current of 100 μA, will be described. The amplifier is optimum for practical purposes, since battery life cannot be significantly increased. |
6,395 | Please write an abstract with title: Kalman Filter Finite Element Method for Real-Time Soft Tissue Modeling, and key words: Finite element analysis, Biological tissues, Strain, Mathematical model, Computational modeling, Real-time systems, Deformable models. Abstract: Soft tissue modelling plays a significant role in surgery simulation as well as surgical procedure planning and training. However, it is a challenging research task to satisfy both physical realism and real-time simulation for soft tissue deformation. The finite element method (FEM) is a representative strategy for modelling of soft tissue deformation with highly physical realism. However, it suffers from expensive computations, unable to meet the requirement of real-time simulation. This paper proposes a novel method by combining FEM with the Kalman filter for real-time and accurate modelling of soft tissue deformation. The novelty of this method is that soft tissue deformation is formulated as a filtering identification process to online estimate soft tissue deformation from local measurement of displacement. To construct the discrete system state equation for filtering estimation, soft tissue deformation is discretised based on elastic theory in the space domain by FEM and is further discretised in the time domain by using the Wilson-θ implicit integration to solve the dynamic equilibrium equation of FEM deformation modelling. Subsequently, a Kalman filter is developed for online estimation and analysis of soft tissue deformation according to local measurement of displacement. Interactive tool-tissue interaction with haptic feedback is also achieved for surgery simulation. The presented method significantly improves the computational performance of the traditional FEM, but still maintains a similar level of accuracy. It not only achieves the real-time performance, but also exhibits the similar deformation behaviours as the traditional FEM and enables the use of large time steps to improve the simulation efficiency. |
6,396 | Please write an abstract with title: An Enhanced-Boost Coupled-Inductor Impedance Network Inverter Without Limitation of Inductor Parameters, and key words: Inductors, Inverters, Capacitors, Topology, Impedance, Equivalent circuits, Modulation. Abstract: In this article, an enhanced-boost coupled-inductor impedance network inverter (EBCL-INI) is presented. Being better than other impedance-source inverters, the proposed EBCL-INI can avoid the dc-link voltage drop caused by the discontinuous inductor current and is not limited by the inductor parameters, which will largely broaden the application circumstances. Also, the proposed EBCL-INI can realize continuous input current, own the one-stage boost function, and produce the higher boost capability even if using the smaller shoot-through duty ratio, which can improve the relations between the shoot-through duty ratio and the modulation index. Modulation schemes, operation principles, math derivations, inductor parameters in CCM and DCM, efficiency, THD, and feature comparisons of the proposed EBCL-INI are analyzed in detail, and the corresponding experimental results are given out to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis. |
6,397 | Please write an abstract with title: The simple aggregation format for lightweight applications scene representation (LASeR), and key words: Layout, Laser applications, Streaming media, MPEG 4 Standard, Digital multimedia broadcasting, Graphics, Packaging, Protocols, Multimedia communication, Web server. Abstract: The recent mobile multimedia services such as video download and flash like graphic interface are not enough to satisfy demands from end-users. LASeR is a standard to improve and make efficient rich-media applications and services on mobile devices. Using the standard, the advanced services can be provided, such as mobile TV service, Web-like navigation service, interactive location-based services, and so on. In this standard, a method for simple aggregation format (SAF) are provided, which is a streaming-ready format for packaging scenes and media together and streaming them onto such protocols as HTTP, TCP, MPEG-2, and so on. In this paper, we introduce LASeR and give a detailed technical overview of SAF. Also, we will show how different between MPEG-4 systems and LASeR. |
6,398 | Please write an abstract with title: Accuracy Improvement for the Biochemistry Assays by Using Total Dissolved Solids and Turbidimetry Measurements, and key words: Biochemistry, Pollution measurement, Calibration, Ions, Blood, Meters, Water pollution. Abstract: Biochemistry is one of the most important blood assays science that is responsible with the study of the chemical reactions that take place in the living organisms. The evaluation of the processes is performed by analyzing a sample on a biochemistry instrument that uses liquid or solid reagents, triggering a colorimetric reaction direct proportional with the concentration of the sampled substance. In order to ensure the precise and accurate results on the biochemistry analyzer, its external interference factors must be reduced as much as possible. If the temperature is constant, the mechanical clearance is not present, the reagents are stored and used in proper conditions, the photometer has no dust layer over the lens, the measurement errors can be only induced by the poor quality of the water involved in the pipetting and sampling processes. To verify this fact, this paper presents a prototype of total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity meter which analyzes the quality of the water before the sampling procedure. Based on the values obtained for the water, the calibration line can be compensated in order to obtain precise and accurate results. |
6,399 | Please write an abstract with title: SN-1: the first node of the Italian seafloor observatory network background and perspective, and key words: Sea floor, Observatories, Neutrino sources, Underwater vehicles, Lithium, Batteries, Protection, Earthquakes, Educational institutions, Underwater cables. Abstract: On the 9th of October 2002, the seafloor observatory SN-1 (Submarine Network-1) was successfully deployed in 2015 m w.d. offshore Catania (southern Italy) and was successfully recovered on May 12, 2003. The observatory worked properly for 130 days (depending on the power of the lithium battery), acquiring high quality seismic, gravimetric and environmental signals. SN-1 has been developed within a project funded by the Italian National Group for the Protection against Earthquake (GNDT) and co-ordinated by the Istitituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vukcanologia (INGV) and takes advantage of a partnership including Universities, Research Institutes, and the industrial company Tecnomare (ENI Group). SN-1 was straightforward derived from the previous GEOSTAR observatory, funded by the European Commission in the period 1995-2001, which performed a deep-sea mission of 7 months in 2000-2001 at about 2000 m w.wd. in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. In the next future SN-1 observatory will be connected to a submarine cable owned and deployed by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), having the main purpose to support a scientific pilot experiment of natural neutrino detection in deep sea (Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory, NEMO Project). This will make possible the real-time data transmission and communication, and therefore the complete integration of SN-1 to the existing land-based network, and significantly contribute to the knowledge of a key sector of the Central Mediterranean Geodynamics. Presently SN-1 is the longest worldwide seismological experiment (130 days) on the deep seafloor. |
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