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6,400 | Please write an abstract with title: Influence Analysis on Defects in Bushing Core at Grid Side of Converter Transformer, and key words: Partial discharges, Voltage measurement, Windings, High-voltage techniques, Oil insulation, Transformer cores, Insulators. Abstract: The high voltage bushing on the grid side of UHV converter transformer is located at the connection position between the grid side winding of converter transformer and the AC side system, which is the key equipment of UHVDC transmission system. In actual operation, the bushing will bear high temperature, large load current and additional load for a long time. In addition, due to the limitation of process level. During the rolling process of bushing capacitor core, there are inevitably some defects such as plate wrinkle, plate offset and unreliable grounding of the end plate. Under the long-term action of electricity, heat and stress, small defects are likely to develop into larger defects or even cause faults. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the influence of different defects on the electric field distribution in the bushing core and the partial discharge initial voltage (PDIV) of the bushing. On the basis of 550kV capacitive bushing, this paper designed and manufactured four scaled models. The rated working voltage of scaled models are 31.8kV. And the corresponding finite element simulation models are also established. The simulation results show that the wrinkle defect and offset defect will cause serious electric field distortion, resulting in a sharp increase of electric field at the defect. Ungrounded defects will completely change the distribution of electric field in the bushing, making the electric field concentrated in the insulating oil between the flange and the end plate. The measurement of PDIV shows that the wrinkle defect and offset defect can significantly reduce the PDIV which makes the bushing prone to PD at a lower voltage level and lead to fault. The initial voltage drop of ungrounded partial discharge is less, but the discharge amount is large. Therefore, the research of this paper has guiding significance for timely finding the original defects of bushing, preventing the development of defects, and solving the problem of frequent failure of converter bushing. |
6,401 | Please write an abstract with title: A Tunable Bandpass BAW-Filter Architecture and Its Application to WCDMA Filter, and key words: Band-pass filters, Radio frequency, Varactors, Resonator filters, Spread spectrum communication, Microwave filters, Tuning. Abstract: We present a tunable bandpass BAW-filter based in a first step on a hybrid integration concept to demonstrate the validity of our architecture and to evaluate the potential of such filters. The filter consists of two cascaded lattices incorporating four BAW resonators, coupled with high-Q inductors and wide tuning range active varactors. The simulated results show that it is possible to compensate ±1% deviation on the filter center frequency. The prototype is currently in manufacturing and the experimental results will be available for the conference. |
6,402 | Please write an abstract with title: Performance Enhancement of SVM-based ML Malware Detection Model Using Data Preprocessing, and key words: Support vector machines, Smoothing methods, Data preprocessing, Machine learning, Malware, Filling, Data models. Abstract: The exponential proliferation and speedy propa-gation of malware have been a major concern for computer users. Recently, Machine Learning (ML) is exploited as a sus-tainable solution to combat the increasing volume of malware. Despite its huge success in malware detection, the automated malware classification and detection system face challenges in feature representation and selection perspective. In this work, we investigate a support-vector-machine (SVM)-based machine learning (ML) model for malware detection systems. The focus of this study is to enhance the performance of the SVM-ML model by data preprocessing. Four different data pre-proceeding, transformation, outlier identification, filling and smoothing have been deployed on a standard portable executable header (PEH) classification of mal ware (CLaMP) dataset. The preprocessed dataset is used to train and test the ML model exhibiting an improvement of 7.95% and 3.19% of accuracy for the SVM Linear and Polynomial kernels respectively. |
6,403 | Please write an abstract with title: Identification of landslide area using remote sensing data and quantitative assessment of landslide hazard, and key words: Terrain factors, Remote sensing, Hazards, Predictive models, Remote monitoring, Soil, Data mining, Spatial databases, Geoscience and remote sensing, Satellites. Abstract: This paper discusses the application of remote sensing techniques and GIS-based prediction modeling for landslide hazard mapping. First, we aim at identifying the past landslide locations by comparing various remote sensing data (KOMPSAT EOC, IRS, SPOT). Using the detected landslides locations and spatial database, probabilistic prediction model based on likelihood ratio function is constructed to generate a prediction map for landslide hazard mapping. After generating the prediction results, to provide the measures of significance of prediction results, a validation of the prediction results is carried out. Through the validation procedure, the prediction results can provide meaningful interpretation with respect to the future landslides. A case study from Jangheung area in Korea is carried out to illustrate above schemes. |
6,404 | Please write an abstract with title: Home telecare: system architecture to support chronic disease management, and key words: Diseases, High temperature superconductors, Temperature measurement, Databases, Hospitals, Health information management, Weight measurement, Pressure measurement, Lungs, Blood pressure. Abstract: A system architecture to support information transfer between hospital, general practitioner and the home is described in the context of a Home Telecare System (HTS). The HTS facilitates the acquisition, review, analysis and archiving of a longitudinal clinical record to support chronic disease management. The system allows the clinician to schedule for his,her patient the regular recording of clinical measurements (weight, temperature, lung function, blood pressure, single lead electro-cardiogram and ambulation). The patient has in their home a PC with a serially-connected clinical workstation. In addition, the HTS allows the scheduling of questionnaires, medication reminders and the monitoring of an emergency alarm button. The clinician's interface uses standard Web browser technology to connect to a Web and database server. Use cases indicate that this configuration is not suitable for the patient interface in the home. In this case, a separate stand-alone application with a local subset of the database that periodically communicates with a central server is more appropriate to support a highly usable interface that can be easily customised and maintained. |
6,405 | Please write an abstract with title: Study on the Dielectric Recovery Performance of High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breaker, and key words: Temperature distribution, Magnetohydrodynamics, Circuit breakers, Simulation, Sulfur hexafluoride, High-voltage techniques, Dielectrics. Abstract: To investigate the dielectric recovery performance of the SF6 circuit breaker after the current zero (CZ), the magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) model of arc burning process was established for the structure of a 126 kV auto-expansion switch. Two methods of evaluating the post-arc dielectric recovery strength were established. The fist method is predicting the most likely area of post-arc electric breakdown according to the temperature and pressure distribution. Another method is based on the leader inception criterion. The results about the post-arc breakdown voltage and electrical field distribution is essential for the evaluation of the performance of arc interruption. The simulation results can be used to estimate the possibility of breakdown and arc reburning after CZ. The influence of current value on the strength recovery during the post-arc is studied. It is indicated that higher current is conducive to the post-arc dielectric recovery. The results of this paper are significant for the optimization design of high voltage circuit breaker. |
6,406 | Please write an abstract with title: Checking temporal properties in SystemC specifications, and key words: System testing, Lighting control, Libraries, Traffic control, Control systems, Logic, Roads, Hardware, Yarn, Software design. Abstract: Today's system designs consist of multiple architectural components, software as well as hardware. The ability to specify and verify these systems at a high level of abstraction is a key competence to cope with the increasing design complexity. C/C++ based approaches on system specification and design are becoming more and more important. They provide a common platform for system designers, hardware and software engineers, and allow a high-performant simulation of system's behavior during the whole design process. The leading approach for C++ based system specification is SystemC which is on the step of becoming a de facto standard in industrial system-level design. Generally, within SystemC the testbench of a design will also be specified in SystemC, which results in a tight coupling of the design and the corresponding test environment. On the other hand, only rudimentary testbench support is given in SystemC and sophisticated features of today's testbench environments are missing. The checking of temporal properties is one of the core requirements in the area of functional verification and is not supported by the standard SystemC language. This paper addresses that important problem. It shows strategies for checking temporal properties in a SystemC design in terms of an easy-to-understand application, a traffic light controller. |
6,407 | Please write an abstract with title: Recurrence-specific supervised graph clustering for subtyping Hodgkin Lymphoma radiomic phenotypes, and key words: Shape, Medical treatment, Imaging, Clustering algorithms, Feature extraction, Entropy, Lesions. Abstract: The prediction at baseline of patients at high risk for therapy failure or recurrence would significantly impact on Hodgkin Lymphoma patients treatment, informing clinical practice. Current literature is extensively searching insights in radiomics, a promising framework for high-throughput imaging feature extraction, to derive biomarkers and quantitative prognostic factors from images. However, existing studies are limited by intrinsic radiomic limitations, high dimensionality among others. We propose an exhaustive patient representation and a recurrence-specific multi-view supervised clustering algorithm for estimating patient-to-patient similarity graph and learning recurrence probability. We stratified patients in two risk classes and characterize each group in terms of clinical variables. |
6,408 | Please write an abstract with title: An adaptive thresholding system for functioning in nonstationary noise backgrounds, and key words: Adaptive systems, Working environment noise, Sonar detection, Signal detection, Oceans, Background noise, Active noise reduction, Reverberation, Adaptive signal processing, Signal processing. Abstract: The problem of detecting target signals in an ocean environment using active sonar is complicated by the non-stationary background which usually consists of both ambient ocean noise and reverberation. In the present paper, a signal processing system capable of detecting a signal in nonstationary noise is introduced. This system makes use of the mean and variance time functions of the nonstationary noise background in order to design estimation filters which will cope with the nonstationarity. Appropriate statistics of the noise and signal (tone burst) plus noise have been obtained and are used to determine the probabilities of false alarm and detection and the receiver operating characteristics. |
6,409 | Please write an abstract with title: Size Effect Study on High Frequency Transducers for Sensitivity Enhancement, and key words: Transducers, Sensitivity, Impedance, Finite element analysis, Mathematical model, Ultrasonic imaging. Abstract: In a high frequency ultrasonic imaging system, high signal-noise-ratio (SNR) is highly demanded to acquire high quality images. Transducer sensitivity enhancement is essential to increase the SNR. In this work, size effect of transducers with working frequency 12MHz and 20MHz is systematically studied to find its relationship with sensitivity. FEM (Finite Element Method) models are built to analyze the impedance and sound field characteristics for different size transducers. Pulse-echo measurement experiments are carried out to compare the performance variation induced by the size effect. Simulation results suggest that working frequency is mainly determined by the piezoelectric slice thickness, the values of admittance are dependent on the area value of transducers and the optimum width is 1.5mm-1.7mm for 12MHz transducer and 1.1mm-1.3mm for 20MHz transducer. The admittance measurement results and pulse-echo results confirm the simulation conclusion and certify that 12MHz transducer with 1.5mm width and 3.0mm length, 20MHz transducer with 1.2mm width and 3.0mm length have the highest sensitivities. Their echo peak-peak values can reach 1.248V and 1.332V, respectively. These results indicate that sensitivity can be enhanced by optimizing transducer size. Methods utilized in this work are of great significance in a broader range of transducer design cases such as IVUS system and array transducers. |
6,410 | Please write an abstract with title: The role of oxygen in cerebrovascular control: a mathematical analysis, and key words: Oxygen, Mathematical analysis, Blood flow, Arteries, Mathematical model, Cranial pressure, Brain modeling, Muscles, Hemodynamics, Computer science. Abstract: A former model of cerebrovascular regulation and intracranial pressure dynamics has been improved to account for the effect of oxygen lack on cerebral vessels and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The model assumes that CBF regulation is the result of three distinct feedback mechanisms working on pial arteries and arterioles: they represent CO/sub 2/ reactivity, tissue hypoxia, and a mechanism (either pressure-dependent or flow-dependent in nature) that does not depend on O/sub 2/ or CO/sub 2/ directly. With a suitable choice of the mechanism gains, assigned by means of an automatic best-fitting procedure, the model is able to reproduce the pattern of inner radii in small and large pial arteries and CBF during hypoxia and hypotension quite well. These results suggest that autoregulation to perfusion pressure changes cannot be explained merely on the basis of tissue hypoxia, but it requires the presence of further flow-dependent response at the level of small arterioles. Finally, model simulations suggest that acute hypoxia, in a patient with reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow, may induce a significant increase in intracranial pressure, with the risk of secondary brain damage. The model may be of value to improve the present understanding of cerebrovascular control in a large range of clinical conditions. |
6,411 | Please write an abstract with title: Design and Testing a Lightweight Electric Trike with Triple Hybrid Power Sources, and key words: Torque, Hydrogen, Fuel cells, Traction motors, Lithium batteries, Hybrid power systems, Flywheels. Abstract: This paper proposes a novel design of a lightweight electric trike vehicle which is a low-speed stainless steel flywheel energy storage (FES), Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a lithium battery pack as multiple power sources combined. For the design, a 48 Volt, 500-Watt BLDC electric motor, based on the hall sensor throttle and controller been used. The Hydrogen used has 99,99% purity, and a variety of H2 pressure from 10-35 psi is used. The prototype trike has been built, tested on a dynamometer, and analyzed. The test result shows that the designated flywheel can improve the performance of the vehicle as well as optimize fuel cells to supply power traction and longer journey. |
6,412 | Please write an abstract with title: Feature selection using a mutual information based measure, and key words: Mutual information, Filters, Random variables, Entropy, Signal processing, Australia, Performance gain, Gain measurement, Velocity measurement, Classification algorithms. Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the problem of feature selection for the purpose of classification and propose a solution based on the concept of mutual information. In addition, we propose a new evaluation function to measure the ability of feature subsets in distinguishing between class labels. The proposed function is based on the information gain taking into consideration how features work. Finally, we discuss the performance of this function compared to that of other measures which evaluate features individually. |
6,413 | Please write an abstract with title: The Study of Bandwidth Expansion of Metamaterial Antenna Designed by Using Spiral Resonator, and key words: Electrical engineering, Spirals, Power transmission lines, Patch antennas, Resonant frequency, Metamaterials, Communications technology. Abstract: In the few years, the development of communication technology is rapidly. The metamaterial is interesting for radio frequency fielded researchers. Normally the metamaterial antenna behavior is narrowband. Therefore, the spiral resonator metamaterial antenna used for bandwidth expansion is presented in this work. The proposed antenna is designed by using a monopolar patch antenna with 2×4 different sizes of the spiral resonator (SR). Because the combination of four nearly interval resonant frequencies from 2×4 different sizes of SR make the resonant frequency around 1.7–2.63 GHz, the bandwidth is wider from 400 MHz to 930 MHz. |
6,414 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling of A Small-Sized Distance Current Transducer, and key words: Insulation, Transducers, Magnetic field measurement, Voltage measurement, Current measurement, Windings, Protective relaying. Abstract: This paper presents modeling of the picture of magnetic and electric fields of a measuring current transducer (MCT). We consider any transducer that is not connected directly to the measured current, but is located at a distance from the conductor, as an MCT. Due to this, such an MCT does not require an increased class insulation. The paper investigates the distribution of the magnetic field in the MCT magnetic current under the influence of the main current and the current that causes additional noise in the output signal. The mathematical model for obtaining the secondary MCT signal is described as well. The conclusion is drawn about the possibility of using a small-sized transducer for relay protection and automation. |
6,415 | Please write an abstract with title: Isogeometric FEM-BEM coupling for magnetostatic problems using magnetic scalar potential, and key words: Couplings, Geometry, Electric potential, Magnetostatics, Magnetic analysis, Electromagnetic fields. Abstract: An original magnetic scalar potential FEM-BEM coupling based on isogeometric analysis is presented to address magnetostatic problems. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated on an academic problem and on a more complex multipatch geometry. |
6,416 | Please write an abstract with title: Intelligent Energy Meter Fault Prediction Based on Machine Learning, and key words: Support vector machines, Logistics, Meters, Smart meters, Inspection, Predictive models, Mathematical model. Abstract: With the improvement of the intelligence and popularity of smart meters, the coverage of power information collection systems has also expanded, and the failure of smart meters is increasingly characterized by suddenness, complexity and multifaceted. Only through the maintenance personnel found that the failure of the meter is bound to have uneven personnel input and failure to timely repair. This paper analyzed the relationship between fault types and the phenomena and causes of faults based on statistics, preprocessing, clustering and prediction methods, and establishes a smart meter fault prediction. When it is effective to predict the type of failure, and accordingly equipped with the corresponding maintenance personnel, thereby reducing the cost of human resources and saving maintenance time. |
6,417 | Please write an abstract with title: On the Loop Suppression Method by Utilizing Information of Master Terminals for Neighboring Terminals in Bluetooth MANETs, and key words: Bluetooth, Probabilistic logic, Data transfer, Ad hoc networks, Data models, Mobile computing. Abstract: Bluetooth MANETs are ad hoc networks consist of mobile terminals using Bluetooth. Recently, a fast connection-establishment method between terminals in piconets has been proposed. In the existing method, however, as the density of terminals increases, the existing method can generate many connections between the slaves in the piconets and can easily form loops. Since Bluetooth MANETs utilize flooding for data packet forwarding, the amount of data packets increases due to the loops. In this paper, we propose a method to control excessive connection-establishment between slave terminals in piconets for Bluetooth MANETs to suppress the loops. In order to suppress the loops, our proposed method considers information of master terminals for neighboring terminals. From the simulation experiments, we have confirmed that our proposed method can suppress the number of loops regardless of the terminal density, and our proposed method also can suppress the amount of data packets while keeping the time to complete the dissemination of data packets at the same level as the existing method. |
6,418 | Please write an abstract with title: An Equivalent Circuit-Based Approach for Power and Emission Tracing in Power Networks, and key words: Generators, Transmission line matrix methods, Impedance, Power systems, Power grids, Integrated circuit modeling, Reactive power. Abstract: This article develops an equivalent circuit-based model to perform power and emission tracing in power grids. By relying on the proposed model, a power network can be readily converted into a series of equivalent acyclic circuits so that the contributions of generators to a specific load can be clearly and unequivocally traced from a circuit point of view without making any assumptions on how nodal power inflows contribute to the outflows. The effectiveness of the proposed method is discussed through both power flow and optimal power flow simulations on three case studies, including a simple two-generator network, and the IEEE standard 14-bus and 118-bus systems. Furthermore, the proposed power flow tracing method is used in estimating the electricity-associated emissions from the customer side. |
6,419 | Please write an abstract with title: Distilling common randomness from bipartite quantum states, and key words: Random variables, Chromium, Protocols, Performance evaluation, Computer science, Hilbert space, Probability distribution, Mutual information. Abstract: The problem of converting noisy quantum correlations between two parties into noiseless classical ones using a limited amount of one-way classical communication is addressed. A single-letter formula for the optimal trade-off between the extracted common randomness and classical communication rate is obtained for the special case of classical-quantum correlations. A less computable expression is found for the general case. |
6,420 | Please write an abstract with title: Disturbance observer-based deadbeat control for single-phase UPS inverters, and key words: Uninterruptible power systems, Voltage control, Sampling methods, Pulse width modulation inverters, Delay, Control systems, Digital control, Voltage fluctuations, Current control, Frequency. Abstract: Design and analysis of disturbance observer-based deadbeat control for single-phase inverter applications are comprehensively presented in this paper. Load current can be estimated by disturbance observer, which is basically structured with the first order equation in this case and is regarded as a relatively simple method in comparison with conventional full-order Luenberger observer. Also, an inherent one-step delay problem appeared in the deadbeat control method is overcome by a simple prediction technique proposed. Output voltage dip is reduced by the feedforward control with the change rate of the estimated load current involved in the deadbeat current control loop. The proposed algorithms are verified by the respective simulation and experimental result. |
6,421 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on Intelligent Robot Path Planning Based on Spatiotemporal Grid Map in Dynamic Environment, and key words: Adaptation models, Automation, Heuristic algorithms, Path planning, Spatiotemporal phenomena, Planning, Collision avoidance. Abstract: To improve the adaptability of the intelligent robot in a dynamic environment, a spatiotemporal grid map is constructed, which can integrate static and dynamic obstacles in a unified manner. Then, an improved spatiotemporal dynamic window approach (DWA) algorithm is proposed, which can perform local path planning in spatiotemporal grid maps. Finally, the A* algorithm is integrated with the improved spatiotemporal DWA algorithm, and a path planning method of spatiotemporal grid map combined with the A* algorithm is proposed. Experiments have shown that this method can not only ensure global optimality of the path but also can better adapt to the dynamic environment and avoid dynamic obstacles. |
6,422 | Please write an abstract with title: A compensation mechanism in GIS Web service composition, and key words: Geographic Information Systems, Web services, Availability, Application software, Sun, Laboratories, Abortion, Distributed computing, Assembly, Programming. Abstract: With the evolution of GIS from stand-alone systems with geo-data tightly coupled with systems to an increasingly distributed model based on independently-provided, interoperable GIS Web service, much more research has been focused on GIS Web service composition. However, little research works concern on control mechanisms of improving availability and reliability in GIS Web service composition. Considering that GIS Web services are in essence loosely-coupled and hosted by different providers. As a result, any update of any service, might affect critically the overall composition consistency and execution; Moreover because most of geographic operations are CPU-intensive, it means that GIS Web service compositions consisting of basic geographic operations are more CPU-intensive - it will perhaps take several days to finish the execution of one single GIS Web service composition! Without support of high availability and reliability, any mistake will lead to the failure of the whole composition execution and the waste of much computing resource. So availability and reliability in GIS Web service composition should be paid more attention. This paper proposes a mechanism of service compensation to achieve high availability and reliability in GIS Web service composition. The basic idea is that when one Web service of composition fails, the execution of the whole composition is not aborted immediately; on the contrary, the compensation mechanism tries to find another Web service which can provide the same function to "compensate" it. The abortion of composition only happens when the "compensating" Web services can not be found or all of them fail. |
6,423 | Please write an abstract with title: Adequacy and Limitations of the Information Technology Act in Addressing Cyber-Security Issues of Indian Power Systems, and key words: Performance evaluation, Conferences, Authentication, Licenses, Power grids, Computer networks, Computer security. Abstract: Worldwide power grids are being modernized with the help of computer technology. India is not an exception. Though the increasing use of computer and computer system has improved the performance of the Indian power grid, it has brought new challenges. Digital protection, monitoring and metering devices have significant connectivity with the cyber world. As a result, Indian power grid has become potential target of cyber criminals. Possibility of a cyber attack on Indian Power Grid is a reality and an imminent threat. From the energy policy point of view, it is important to ensure that the Indian laws adequately address such possible attacks on Indian power grid. In India, Information Technology Act 2000/2008 (IT Act) is the current law that is specifically meant to address the issue of Cyber Space and Crimes. As a result, any cyber attack or cyber crime in Indian power grid will be tested against the provisions of IT Act 2000/2008. This paper examines the adequacy and limitations of the provisions of the IT Act 2000/2008 in addressing cyber security issues of Indian power grid. It is found that appropriate amendments are required to address the limitations of the IT Act 2000/2008 in tackling cyber threats in Indian power grid. |
6,424 | Please write an abstract with title: Model-based multiple view reconstruction of people, and key words: Layout, Animation, Cameras, Solid modeling, Geometry, Computer graphics, Constraint optimization, Stereo vision, Computer vision, Shape. Abstract: This paper presents a framework to reconstruct a scene captured in multiple camera views based on a prior model of the scene geometry. The framework is applied to the capture of animated models of people. A multiple camera studio is used to simultaneously capture a moving person from multiple viewpoints. A humanoid computer graphics model is animated to match the pose at each time frame. Constrained optimisation is then used to recover the multiple view correspondence from silhouette, stereo and feature cues, updating the geometry and appearance of the model. The key contribution of this paper is a model-based computer vision framework for the reconstruction of shape and appearance from multiple views. This is compared to current model-free approaches for multiple view scene capture. The technique demonstrates improved scene reconstruction in the presence of visual ambiguities and provides the means to capture a dynamic scene with a consistent model that is instrumented with an animation structure to edit the scene dynamics or to synthesise new content. |
6,425 | Please write an abstract with title: An authoring tool to provide group and crowd animation using Natural Language scripts, and key words: Natural languages, Education, Psychology, Prototypes, Virtual environments, Entertainment industry, Games. Abstract: Virtual environments have become ubiquitous, expanding beyond games into the domains of architecture, engineering, psychology, education, and archaeology. Furthermore, virtual humans can further enhance these environments when they provide compelling and coherent behaviors. In this paper, we present a scripting language based on simple, plain English commands. Our system assists people without game and animation expertise to populate large environments and complex scenarios. To validate our approach, we develop a prototype using Unreal Engine 4 and author a variety of indoor and outdoor agent simulations. Furthermore, we test our prototype with both experienced and inexperienced users, creating scenarios for a residence, mall, psychology scenario, and archaeological site. |
6,426 | Please write an abstract with title: Synthesis of Synchronous Gray Code Counters by Combining Mentor Graphics HDL Designer and Xilinx VIVADO FPGA Flow, and key words: Hardware design languages, Logic gates, Reflective binary codes, Test pattern generators, Timing, Software, Graphics. Abstract: Increased complexity of circuits builds more challenge for testing the functionality as well as errors in the circuit. One of the challenges in testing is increased power requirements during test mode. This paper proposes a scheme for test pattern generation based on gray code. A new approach of combining Mentor Graphics HDL Design and Xilinx VIVADO is used for generating the proposed test pattern generator. Parameters like area, power are analyzed and compared with the corresponding gate level models. |
6,427 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling and Design Method of Coupled Inductor Using Powder Core with Concentrated Air Gap, and key words: Magnetic flux, Powders, Atmospheric modeling, Magnetic cores, Air gaps, Prototypes, Integrated circuit modeling. Abstract: Concentrated air gap is utilized to suppress soft saturation characteristics of powder cores by increasing effective magnetic reluctance. This paper proposes a high-precision magnetic circuit model for powder core in coupled inductors. The proposed model, considering soft saturation and flux cancellation, can be utilized even with large air gap, and simplifies the magnetic design. The model features good accuracy of inductance variation in a wide range of winding current. Five prototype coupled inductors were built using the proposed model and applied to a 1-kW interleaved boost converter to prove the precision of the proposed magnetic circuit. |
6,428 | Please write an abstract with title: Two Stage Optimization Model Considering Demand Response Dispatch Value of Thermoelectric Load, and key words: Renewable energy sources, Fluctuations, Systems operation, Simulation, Wind power generation, Load management, Dispatching. Abstract: Integrated energy system has the ability of flexible regulation, which can effectively improve the utilization of primary energy and promote the consumption of renewable energy. In this paper, an integrated energy system composed of CHP, heat pump, wind power and thermoelectric flexible load is studied. In order to make full use of the dispatching value of thermoelectric flexible load in integrated energy system, a thermoelectric flexible load model was established to participate in demand response in integrated energy system. By fully considering the different regulating characteristics between the heat demand response and the electric demand response, the price type electric demand response is included in the day ahead dispatching model, and the target of this model is the minimum cost of system operation. The incentive heat demand response is adjusted to the intraday dispatching model, and the deviation assessment cost is taken as the objective, thus a two-stage optimization model of integrated energy system is established. The simulation results show that the proposed model can give full play to the dispatching value of different demand responses, improve the system flexibility, effectively reduce wind curtailment, power purchase and the fluctuation of wind power. Thus, the overall efficiency of the integrated energy system is improved. This model also promotes environmental protection and improves economic operation of the integrated energy system, and can provide reference for the optimization of the integrated energy system. |
6,429 | Please write an abstract with title: Spectral Method for Approximate Solving of Linear Differential Equations with Self-Adjoint Coefficients, and key words: Partial differential equations, Energy resolution, Approximation error, Control systems, Hilbert space, Energy efficiency, Mathematical model. Abstract: An approximate method for solving second-order linear differential equation x" = Bx + g with an unbounded self-adjoint operator coefficient B is suggested. The method uses calculation of a rational function of the operator B. The estimates of the approximation error are obtained. |
6,430 | Please write an abstract with title: Human Computer Interaction Method for Feeding Demands of the Disabled and the Sick Based on Micro Facial Posture Capture, and key words: Human computer interaction, Performance evaluation, Solid modeling, Information science, Face recognition, Computational modeling, Real-time systems. Abstract: There are a large number of elderly, disabled, and bedridden people who can not eat independently in China. With the development of science and technology, many eating auxiliary robot systems have been studied at home and all over the world. However, most of these systems lacks humanized humancomputer interaction relying only on based buttons, joysticks or human voice. Such methods can not be well applied to groups with limited limbs, weak body and tired mind. In this paper, we propose a food demand recognition method for the disabled and the sick based on micro facial posture capture. This method can capture the key points of face and face in real-time and accurately, so as to identify whether the user is eating, ready for new food or refusing to eat the food picked up by the robot, and optimize the human-computer interaction method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by experiments. |
6,431 | Please write an abstract with title: Testing and Evaluation of an Improved Infrared Scene Projector, and key words: Conferences, Production, Testing, Photonics. Abstract: The latest Infrared Scene Projector (IRSP) system called Improved SLEDS (ISLEDS) was developed with the aim of iterating on the current generation of IRSP technology. This paper will detail the testing and evaluation of the ISLEDS projector system. |
6,432 | Please write an abstract with title: Experimental Results for Energy Harvesting by Exploiting Inherent Inadequacies of Sampling Process for IoT Applications, and key words: Capacitors, Monitoring, Hardware, Energy harvesting, Switches, Batteries, Power system management. Abstract: Senor nodes either deployed for environment monitoring or health monitoring are battery operated, and thus energy constrained. This paper proposes a novel method for energy harvesting for the Internet of things (IoT) based applications by exploiting the inherent inadequacies of the sampling process. The sensor nodes generate a continuous-time signal corresponding to the sensed parameters, which sampled and digitized for further processing. However, the traditional sampling process discarded most of the input signal energy, which could be harvested to supplement the sensor node itself. The sampling interval (i.e., the duration between two samples) of the sampling process, is composed of acquisition and hold time. During acquisition time, the continuous-time input signal is connected to a capacitor for acquiring the input signal value, while in hold time, the capacitor holds the acquired value and disconnects from the input signal. Therefore, during the hold time, the input signal energy is wasted, making the overall sampling process inadequate. This paper overcomes these inadequacies by modifying the circuitry of the sampling process during the hold time. It thus harvests the energy from the input signal obtained through a sensing element without affecting the overall performance of the system. To validate the proposed method, a hardware setup has been designed to sample and harvest the energy for both the environment as well as health monitoring application. |
6,433 | Please write an abstract with title: ACDER: Augmented Curiosity-Driven Experience Replay, and key words: Task analysis, Robots, Learning (artificial intelligence), Training, Incentive schemes, Buffer storage, Games. Abstract: Exploration in environments with sparse feed-back remains a challenging research problem in reinforcement learning (RL). When the RL agent explores the environment randomly, it results in low exploration efficiency, especially in robotic manipulation tasks with high dimensional continuous state and action space. In this paper, we propose a novel method, called Augmented Curiosity-Driven Experience Replay (ACDER), which leverages (i) a new goal-oriented curiosity-driven exploration to encourage the agent to pursue novel and task-relevant states more purposefully and (ii) the dynamic initial states selection as an automatic exploratory curriculum to further improve the sample-efficiency. Our approach complements Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) by introducing a new way to pursue valuable states. Experiments conducted on four challenging robotic manipulation tasks with binary rewards, including Reach, Push, Pick&Place and Multi-step Push. The empirical results show that our proposed method significantly outperforms existing methods in the first three basic tasks and also achieves satisfactory performance in multi-step robotic task learning. |
6,434 | Please write an abstract with title: VLIW - a case study of parallelism verification, and key words: VLIW, Sequential analysis, Process design, Automatic programming, Law, Legal factors, System testing, Silicon, Computer bugs, Parallel architectures. Abstract: Parallelism in processor architecture and design imposes a verification challenge as the exponential growth in the number of execution combinations becomes unwieldy. In this paper we report on the verification of a very large instruction word processor. The verification team used a sophisticated test program generator that modeled the parallel aspects as sequential constraints, and augmented the tool with manually written test templates. The system created large numbers of legal stimuli, however the quality of the tests was proved insufficient by several post silicon bugs. We analyze this experience and suggest an alternative, parallel generation technique. We show through experiments the feasibility of the new technique and its superior quality along several dimensions. We claim that the results apply to other parallel architectures and verification environments. |
6,435 | Please write an abstract with title: Practical considerations of retroreflector choice in modulating retroreflector systems, and key words: Optical modulation, Laser beams, Optical devices, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Space technology, Mirrors, Optical refraction, US Department of Transportation, Instruments, Optical fiber communication. Abstract: Optical modulating retroreflectors (MRRs) were demonstrated before the invention of the laser, but were restricted to short distances and low data rates. Recent advances in optoelectronic devices and free space optics have greatly increased the capabilities of MRR systems. Several modulator technologies have been used in MRR systems and compared elsewhere. In this discussion, practical considerations of the two types of bulk optic retroreflectors used in km-range MRRs were compared: corner cube retroreflectors and cat's eye retroreflectors. Examples of MRR systems using each type are given. |
6,436 | Please write an abstract with title: 60-GHz Integrated-Circuit High Data Rate Quadriphase Shift Keying Exciter and Modulator (Short Papers), and key words: Phase modulation, Quadrature phase shift keying, Amplitude modulation, Frequency modulation, Frequency shift keying, Circuits, Gunn devices, Voltage-controlled oscillators, Packaging, Microstrip. Abstract: An integrated-circuit quadriphase shift keying (QPSK) exciter and modulator have demonstrated excellent performance directly modulating a carrier frequency of 60 GHz with an output phase error of less than 3 degrees and maximum amplitude error of 0.5 dB. The circuit consists of a 60-GHz Gunn VCO phase-locked to a low-frequency reference source, a 4th subharmonic mixer, and a QPSK modulator packaged into a small volume of 1.8x2.5X 0.35 in. The use of microstrip has the advantages of small size, light-weight, and low-cost fabrication. The unit has the potential for multigigabit data rate applications. |
6,437 | Please write an abstract with title: Constructing Mobile Crowdsourced COVID-19 Vulnerability Map With Geo-Indistinguishability, and key words: COVID-19, Vaccines, Privacy, Estimation, Perturbation methods, Crowdsourcing, Reliability. Abstract: Preventing COVID-19 disease from spreading in communities will require proactive and effective healthcare resource allocations, such as vaccinations. A fine-grained COVID-19 vulnerability map will be essential to detect the high-risk communities and guild the effective vaccine policy. A mobile-crowdsourcing-based self-reporting approach is a promising solution. However, an accurate mobile-crowdsourcing-based map construction requests participants to report their actual locations, raising serious privacy concerns. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach to effectively construct a reliable community-level COVID-19 vulnerability map based on mobile crowdsourced COVID-19 self-reports without compromising participants’ location privacy. We design a geo-perturbation scheme where participants can locally obfuscate their locations with the geo-indistinguishability guarantee to protect their location privacy against any adversaries’ prior knowledge. To minimize the data utility loss caused by location perturbation, we first design an unbiased vulnerability estimator and formulate the location perturbation probability generation into a convex optimization. Its objective is to minimize the estimation error of the direct vulnerability estimator under the constraints of geo-indistinguishability. Given the perturbed locations, we integrate the perturbation probabilities with the spatial smoothing method to obtain reliable community-level vulnerability estimations that are robust to a small-sampling-size problem incurred by location perturbation. Considering the fast-spreading nature of coronavirus, we integrate the vulnerability estimates into the modified susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model with vaccination for building a future trend map. It helps to provide a guideline for vaccine allocation when supply is limited. Extensive simulations based on real-world data demonstrate the proposed scheme superiority over the peer designs satisfying geo-indistinguishability in terms of estimation accuracy and reliability. |
6,438 | Please write an abstract with title: Projective geometry LDPC codes for ultralong-haul WDM high-speed transmission, and key words: Geometry, Parity check codes, Wavelength division multiplexing, Optical distortion, Optical noise, Geometrical optics, Iterative decoding, Iterative algorithms, High speed optical techniques, Stimulated emission. Abstract: In this letter, we investigate the performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in long-haul optical communication systems for carrier-suppressed return-to-zero signal format at 40 Gb/s per channel in a wavelength-division-multiplexing environment. We are particularly concerned with high-rate codes based on projective geometries. These codes have large minimum distance and simple iterative decoding algorithms, which makes them good candidates for such high-speed application. We consider iterative decoding based on min-sum algorithm since it requires only simple addition and minimum operations and, as such, is suitable for high-speed optical transmission. Contrary to the common practice of considering the performance of error controlling schemes using the additive white Gaussian noise channel assumption, we consider the performance of the proposed LDPC schemes, taking into account in a natural way all major impairments in long-haul optical transmission such as amplifier spontaneous emission noise, pulse distortion due to fiber nonlinearities, chromatic dispersion or polarization dispersion, crosstalk effects, intersymbol interference, etc. |
6,439 | Please write an abstract with title: A proposal and implementation of automatic detection/collection system for cross-site scripting vulnerability, and key words: Proposals, Web server, Protection, Protocols, Leak detection, Information science, Technology management, Privacy, Internet, Information retrieval. Abstract: Cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks target Web sites with cookie-based session management, resulting in the leakage of privacy information. Although several server-side countermeasures for XSS attacks do exist, such techniques have not been applied in a universal manner, because of their deployment overhead and the poor understanding of XSS problems. This paper proposes a client-side system that automatically detects XSS vulnerability by manipulating either request or server response. The system also shares the indication of vulnerability via a central repository. The purpose of the proposed system is twofold: to protect users from XSS attacks, and to warn the Web servers with XSS vulnerabilities. |
6,440 | Please write an abstract with title: Joint Estimation of Depth Map and Focus Image in SFF: An Optimization Framework by Sparsity Approach, and key words: Estimation, Three-dimensional displays, Shape, Optimization, Scanning electron microscopy, Minimization, Cameras. Abstract: In this paper, we addressed the problem of estimating the 3D structure of an object from Shape-from-focus (SFF) cue by utilizing sparsity techniques. A set of space-variantly defocused images acquired with respect to relative motion between image capturing device and the specimen is considered to obtain the shape and depth of the 3D target image by calculating the focus points. The estimation of clear image and 3D shape is posed as an inverse-problem. As inverse problems are typically ill-posed and has several solutions. Hence we use a prior information to regularize the solution. In this work, we have shown the results for various types of sparsity based and Markov random field priors and their effects on the solution of the ill-posed shape estimation problem. Initially, latent clear image of the 3D target is well reconstructed from the huge stack of captured images. We have shown the experimental results for various synthetic and real case with different priors and optimization techniques. Since, we need to employ the integral stack of space-variantly defocused pictures, we analyze the possibility of estimation of both the focused image and the 3D structure of the target image. Since, this work is a severely ill-posed inverse-problem we use prior information of both the quantities to be estimated in an alternating minimization approach. |
6,441 | Please write an abstract with title: NUC optimization for Hierarchical Modulation aiming at achieving comparable capacity with Layered Division Multiplexing, and key words: Silicon carbide, Modulation, Delays, Decoding, Optimization, Layered division multiplexing, Signal to noise ratio. Abstract: This paper investigates the non-uniform constellation (NUC) optimization adapted for Hierarchical modulation (HM) without using Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). This approach reduces system demod/decode delay in comparison to Layered Division Multiplexing (LDM). The objective is enabling the capacity achieved by HM comparable to LDM. To achieve this goal, the constellation constrained capacity of Enhanced Layer (EL) service in HM is maximized, while the capacity of Core Layer (CL) service are approximately the same in HM and LDM. Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to solve this problem. To accelerate the optimization, initial constellation is selected from regular NUCs or the combination of CL and EL constellations of LDM in ATSC 3.0. The results imply that under certain capacity demands, especially when there is a large difference between the SNR thresholds for correct decoding of CL and EL or the power ratio of CL to EL is high (for example, 10 dB or higher), HM, with lower delay compared to LDM, can achieve capacity close to LDM with the help of NUC. Even if the power ratio of CL to EL is relatively low (for example, 3 dB), the capacity loss can be reduced with properly designed NUC and the SNR threshold loss of EL can be lower than 1 dB with respect to LDM. However, LDM is still superior to HM when the difference between the SNR thresholds of CL and EL is relatively low. |
6,442 | Please write an abstract with title: High frequency DC:DC power conversion: the influence of package parasitics, and key words: Frequency conversion, Power conversion, Electronics packaging, Impedance, Power electronics, MOSFET circuits, Power MOSFET, Copper, Assembly, Skin effect. Abstract: Operating power MOSFET devices at frequencies over 1 MHz will pose significant challenges to established power electronic packages such as the D2-Pak and wirebonded SO-8 devices. In this paper the high frequency parasitic impedances of a range of power electronic packages are presented. Results show that a source mounted power package technology based upon a copper clip type assembly has considerably lower parasitic impedance compared to conventional power packaging at frequencies in the range of 500 kHz to over 1 MHz. The resistance of conventional packages recorded over this range of frequencies increases significantly as the frequency approaches 1MHz. This is expected to be a result of skin effect related phenomena occurring in wire bonds and package leads. Package impedance data up to frequencies of 5 MHz is presented for a range of packages along with efficiency data recorded from devices operating in multiphase buck converter circuits. |
6,443 | Please write an abstract with title: Maximum Dorsiflexion Detection Based on an On-Board Adaptive Algorithm for Transtibial Amputees With Robotic Prostheses, and key words: Prosthetics, Timing, Robot sensing systems, Legged locomotion, Adaptation models. Abstract: Maximum dorsiflexion (MDF) is an important gait event corresponding to the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle in each gait cycle. MDF timing plays an important role in the control of robotic prosthesis. This article puts forward an on-board adaptive algorithm to detect MDF timing of robotic transtibial prosthesis in different walking conditions (at different speeds and on different ramps) and for different users. Based on the adaptive algorithm, we can get a time-variant detection model. The framework of the adaptive algorithm is composed of: 1) training data collecting and labeling; 2) model training and real-time detection; and 3) model updating according to the detection results. Based on the adaptive algorithm, we conducted speed and ramp experiments to detect MDF timings at slow, normal, and fast speeds, and on ramps with different inclination angles (10°, 5°, 0°, -5°, and -10°). Three transtibial amputee participated in the experiments. The model training/updating time ranges from 3.6 to 4.1 s and the detection time ranges from 0.95 to 1.17 ms for different speeds and ramps. In real-time detection, there is false detection (1.67%) at normal walking speed. In addition, all MDF timings are detected correctly (accuracy: 100%) based on the adaptive algorithm. The mean detection delays are 7.23, 18.27, and 7.5 ms corresponding to slow, normal and fast speeds and 10.60, 10.30, 18.27, 10.27, and 15.63 ms for ramps of different inclination angles (10°, 5°, 0°, -5°, and -10°). Compared with the proposed adaptive algorithm, both the nonadaptive and adaptive threshold decision methods cause more false detections. The results show that the proposed approach for MDF timing detection has adaptations to different walking conditions (speeds and ramps) and prosthesis users, which indicates that the adaptive algorithm is effective and shows the potential in robotic prosthesis control in the future. Note to Practitioners-This article proposes an on-board adaptive algorithm to detect the maximum dorsiflexion (MDF) timing based on inertial measurement unit (IMU) and ankle angle sensor for robotic transtibial prosthesis users in each gait cycle. IMU and angle sensor are integrated in the prosthesis, and the adaptive algorithm is embedded in the control circuit of prosthesis. The adaptive algorithm can realize the model updating continuously for real-time MDF timing detection with collected and labeled training data. The proposed adaptive algorithm shows satisfactory adaptation for MDF timing detection in different walking speed and ramp conditions. In addition, the adaptive algorithm also shows some generalizations for prosthesis users, which are useful to improve prosthesis control. |
6,444 | Please write an abstract with title: Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Fractional-Order Interconnected Systems With Unknown Control Directions, and key words: Interconnected systems, Control systems, Adaptive systems, Backstepping, Nonlinear systems, Stability analysis, Fuzzy control. Abstract: This article concentrates on the study of the decentralized fuzzy control method for a class of fractional-order interconnected systems with unknown control directions. To overcome the difficulties caused by the multiple unknown control directions in fractional-order systems, a novel fractional-order Nussbaum function technique is proposed. This technique is much more general than those of existing works since it not only handles single/multiple unknown control directions but is also suitable for fractional-/integer-order single/interconnected systems. Based on this technique, a new decentralized adaptive fuzzy control method is proposed for fractional-order interconnected systems with unknown strong interconnections among subsystems. Furthermore, fuzzy logic systems are utilized to approximate unknown nonlinearities. It is proven that the designed controller can guarantee the boundedness of all signals in interconnected systems and the convergence of tracking errors. Two examples are given to show the validity of the proposed method. |
6,445 | Please write an abstract with title: Researching State‐sponsored Cyber‐espionage, and key words: Computer security, Cyberspace, Computer worms, Hardware, Taxonomy, Testing, Rotors. Abstract: Cyber‐espionage is typically employed by actors who seek information that is secret. Open source intelligence collection focuses on publicly available information. This chapter highlights the paradigm‐changing qualitative and quantitative differences that intelligence collection in the cyber‐domain signifies for the intelligence cycle of nation‐states. It describes ongoing social science research on cyber‐espionage and discusses the main axiomatic principles and theoretical concepts of research in state‐sponsored cyber‐espionage. The chapter describes the experimental, applied, observational and theoretical methods of generating and empirically testing evidence in the field of state‐sponsored cyber‐espionage. It explains how to distinguish between state and non‐state threat actors and emphasizes the need to identify specific state actors that may be behind specific cyber‐espionage operations. The chapter also points to the state of flux in the field of cyber‐espionage, which in turn requires versatile methodological approaches by researchers. |
6,446 | Please write an abstract with title: Unified Secondary Transform for Intra Coding Beyond Av1, and key words: Transforms, Kernel, Encoding, Complexity theory, Indexes, Video coding, Training. Abstract: In AV1, only separable transforms are applied as primary transform. Separable transform can efficiently capture the statistical correlation of residual samples along horizontal and vertical directions. However, for typical natural image/video contents which usually present arbitrary directionality in the residual samples, the efficiency of separable transform is rather limited comparing to the high-complexity non-separable primary transform. To capture the directionality of residual samples with relatively lower complexity, in this paper, a non-separable unified secondary transform scheme, which is customized for AV1 intra coding scheme, is proposed. The proposed method categorizes the secondary transform kernels according to the nominal intra prediction angles defined in AV1 and share the bases among the recursive filtering modes with DC prediction mode. Experimental results show that, based on the libaom implementation of AV1, the proposed method provides average 2.5% luma BD-rate for intra coding using a set of well-known video content as test material, and up to 14% luma BD-rate saving for still image coding using the DIV2K data set as test material. |
6,447 | Please write an abstract with title: A Video-based Study on Perceived Intelligence, Subjective Performance and Trust under Variation of Prior Information given to Users in Autonomous Driving, and key words: Connected vehicles, Automation, Conferences, Robot sensing systems, User experience, Automobiles, Artificial intelligence. Abstract: This paper presents results from a video-based study on the impact of prior information on the user experience dimensions perceived intelligence, subjective performance, and trust in autonomous driving. A simulated autonomous driving situation is presented to test participants, while they are given different prior information in terms of descriptions of the autonomous vehicle and its integration in a network of intelligent vehicles. Significant differences of the tested user experience dimensions are revealed underlining the importance of information provided to the potential users and towards the criticality of information regarding the introduction of intelligent technology in general. |
6,448 | Please write an abstract with title: On Variational Inference for User Modeling in Attribute-Driven Collaborative Filtering, and key words: Machine learning, Big Data, Probabilistic logic, Data models, Task analysis, Recommender systems, Standards. Abstract: Recommender Systems have become an integral part of online e-Commerce platforms, driving customer engagement and revenue. Most popular recommender systems attempt to learn from users' past engagement data to understand behavioral traits of users and use that to predict future behavior. In this work, we present an approach to use causal inference to learn user-attribute affinities through temporal contexts. We formulate this objective as a Probabilistic Machine Learning problem and apply a variational inference based method to estimate the model parameters. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed method on the next attribute prediction task on two real world datasets and show that it outperforms standard baseline methods. |
6,449 | Please write an abstract with title: Reaction of Contact Materials With Vapors Emanating from Connector Products, and key words: Connectors, Gold, Contact resistance, Plastics, Wiring, Wire, Cable insulation, Organic materials, Surface resistance, Chromium. Abstract: The interaction of organic vapors, evolving from connector housings, printed Wiring boards (PWB's), and wire insulations, etc., with the connector contact materials may cause the formation Of surface films and a contact resistance (CR) increase. In this study, the results of an experiment to study the effects of outgassing of different plastics on various contact materials are presented. The contact materials used in this study were Au, WE #3 metal (70Au, 30Ag), Pd, R156 (60pd, 40Ag), DG Pd (diffused gold palladium), and DG R156 (diffused gold R156); the plastics employed were from connectors used in BELLPAC® backplanes, PWB's, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coated wires. The material systems Were exposed up to four months at two different environmental conditions: a) 120°C and b) 60°C at 95 percent RH. Condition a) was found to be more severe on material systems from a contact resistance standpoint than condition b). Recommendations for the appropriate acceleration tests are made based upon these experimental results. |
6,450 | Please write an abstract with title: Ship manoeuvring model identification under wind disturbance, and key words: Support vector machines, Wind speed, Benchmark testing, Hydrodynamics, Turning, Mathematical models, Pollution measurement. Abstract: Due to the recent technological advancement into the ship digitalization and automation, there has been an increasing demand for more accurate determination of the ship mathematical model. In order to establish a more realistic ship manoeuvring model, it will be a vital task to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients while considering the effect of environmental disturbances, such as the wind. To account for the measurable wind perturbation which current research often neglects, in this paper, a deterministic model is constructed, based on which the SVM method is implemented to identify the hydrodynamic coefficients. The parameter identification is conducted on a 3-degree of freedom Abkowitz model using data collected from a sequential zigzag manoeuvre, and the results are verified against the benchmark value. The model performance is further validated by trajectory comparisons. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the method in cases where the wind speed is less than 8m/s and the measurement noise is less than 13%. |
6,451 | Please write an abstract with title: Soft Error Detection and Correction Architecture for Asynchronous Bundled Data Designs, and key words: Circuit faults, Latches, Fault tolerance, Fault tolerant systems, Timing, Clocks, Transient analysis. Abstract: In this paper, an asynchronous design for soft error detection and correction in combinational and sequential circuits is presented. The proposed architecture is called Asynchronous Full Error Detection and Correction (AFEDC). A custom design flow with integrated commercial EDA tools generates the AFEDC using the asynchronous bundled-data design style. The AFEDC relies on an Error Detection Circuit (EDC) for protecting the combinational logic and fault-tolerant latches for protecting the sequential logic. The EDC can be implemented using different detection methods. For this work, two boundary variants are considered, the Full Duplication with Comparison (FDC) and the Partial Duplication with Parity Prediction (PDPP). The AFEDC architecture can handle single events and timing faults of arbitrarily long duration as well as the synchronous FEDC, but additionally can address known metastability issues of the FEDC and other similar synchronous architectures and provide a more practical solution for handling the error recovery process. Two case studies are developed, a carry look-ahead adder and a pipelined non-restoring array divider. Results show that the AFEDC provides equivalent fault coverage when compared to the FEDC while reducing area, ranging from 9.6% to 17.6%, and increasing energy efficiency, which can be up to 6.5%. |
6,452 | Please write an abstract with title: A Pixel–Channel Hybrid Attention Model for Image Processing, and key words: Image segmentation, Image resolution, Semantics, Neural networks, Memory management, Complexity theory, Classification algorithms. Abstract: In the field of image processing, better results can often be achieved through the deepening of neural network layers involving considerably more parameters. In image classification, improving classification accuracy without introducing too many parameters remains a challenge. As for image conversion, the use of the conversion model of the generative adversarial network often produces semantic artifacts, resulting in images with lower quality. Thus, to address the above problems, a new type of attention module is proposed in this paper for the first time. This proposed approach uses the pixel–channel hybrid attention (PCHA) mechanism, which combines the attention information of the pixel and channel domains. The comparative results of using different attention modules on multiple-image data verify the superiority of the PCHA module in performing classification tasks. For image conversion, we propose a skip structure (S-PCHA model) in the up- and down-sampling processes based on the PCHA model. The proposed model can help the algorithm identify the most distinctive semantic object in a given image, as this structure effectively realizes the intercommunication of encoder and decoder information. Furthermore, the results showed that the attention model could establish a more realistic mapping from the source domain to the target domain in the image conversion algorithm, thus improving the quality of the image generated by the conversion model. |
6,453 | Please write an abstract with title: Performance and overhead in a hybrid reconfigurable computer, and key words: Microprocessors, Hardware, Field programmable gate arrays, Logic programming, Computer architecture, Programming profession, Cryptography, Time measurement, Performance evaluation, Runtime. Abstract: In this paper, we overview general hardware architecture and programming model of SRC-6E/spl trade/ reconfigurable computers, and compare the performance of the SRC-6E machine with the Intel/spl reg/ Pentium IV/spl trade/. SRC-6E execution time measurements have been performed using three different approaches. In the first approach, the entire end-to-end execution time is taken into account. In the second approach, the configuration time of FPGA have been omitted. In the third approach both configuration and data transfer overheads have been omitted. All measurements have been done for different numbers of data blocks. The results show that the SRC-6E can outperform a general-purpose microprocessor for computationally intensive algorithms by a factor of over 1500. However, overhead due to configuration and data transfer must be properly dealt with by the application or the system's run-time environment to achieve the full throughput potential. Some techniques are suggested to minimize the influence of the configuration time and maximize the overall end-to-end system performance. |
6,454 | Please write an abstract with title: Personal Trusted Platform Module for the Multi-Core System of 5G Security and Privacy, and key words: Program processors, Three-dimensional displays, Multicore processing, 5G mobile communication, Ultra large scale integration, Data transfer, Software. Abstract: The article is devoted to the choice of personal means of the 5G defense in dependence of hard- and software available to the user. The universal module MS 127.04 and its software compatible unit can be universally configured for use. An intelligent hardware and software platform is proposed for multi-core setting of policies for the automatic encryption of confidential data and selective blocking related to the implementation of computing security and confidentiality of data transfer, using such additional specially. A platform that resists the external influences is described. The platform is based on a universal module MS 127.05 (produced in Russia), that is a heterogeneous multiprocessor system on a chip), the system features 16 processor cores (NeuroMatrix Core 4) and five ARM Cortex-A5 units (ULSI 1879VM8Ya. |
6,455 | Please write an abstract with title: Realistic Lip Animation from Speech for Unseen Subjects using Few-shot Cross-modal Learning, and key words: Training, Vocabulary, Statistical analysis, Lips, Two dimensional displays, Animation, Speech processing. Abstract: Recent advances in Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based approaches have been able to generate convincing talking heads. Personalization of such talking heads requires training of the model with a large number of examples of the target person. This is also time consuming. In this paper, we propose a meta-learning based few-shot approach for generating personalized 2D talking heads where the lip animation is driven by a given audio. The idea is that the model is meta-trained with a dataset consisting of a large variety of subjects' ethnicity and vocabulary. We show that our meta-trained model is then capable of generating realistic animation for previously unseen face and unseen audio when finetuned with only a few-shot examples for a very short time (180 seconds). Considering the fact that facial expressions driven by audio are mainly expressed through motion around lips, we restrict ourselves to animating lip only. We have done the experiments on two publicly available datasets: GRID and TCD-TIMIT and our own captured data of Asian people. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis show that animations generated by such meta-learned model surpasses the state-of-the-art methods both in terms of realism and time taken. |
6,456 | Please write an abstract with title: Rovers Localization by using 3D-to-3D and 3D-to-2D Visual Odometry, and key words: Location awareness, Space vehicles, Space missions, Software algorithms, Wheels, Soil, Software. Abstract: Space robotic systems have been playing a crucial role in planetary exploration missions, expanding our access to harsh and hostile environments in the Solar System. Rovers' activities are still mainly controlled through ground operations, and our goal is to develop autonomous systems for navigation and path planning. The position estimates obtained by processing Wheel Odometry (WO) data induce significant errors because of wheels' loss of traction that is caused by, for example, high-slippage terrains (e.g., sandy-loose soils, steep slopes). Our work is focused on the implementation of a localization software based on Visual Odometry (VO). This is a technique developed for the estimation of rovers' position and attitude by using stereo images captured during the vehicle's motion. To determine the attainable accuracy of our software, we carried out a set of numerical simulations through a digitally-reproduced Martian-like environment. The results show that the algorithm allows reconstructing the rover's trajectory with higher accuracies compared to the localization system requirements of the NASA Mars Exploration Rovers (i.e., 10% error over a 100-m traverse [1]). |
6,457 | Please write an abstract with title: Process trends analysis via wavelet-domain hidden Markov models, and key words: Wavelet analysis, Hidden Markov models, Wavelet coefficients, Wavelet transforms, Signal analysis, Wavelet packets, Industrial control, Continuous wavelet transforms, Distributed control, Signal processing. Abstract: Wavelet-domain hidden Markov models (HMM) is a powerful tool for statistical modeling and processing of wavelet coefficients. It captures the dependence of the wavelet coefficients and the scale coefficients of a measured process variable respectively. A novel method using the model for on-line detection of process trend is introduced in this paper where all scale coefficients and several selected wavelet coefficients are taken into account. This paper presents the way to select the wavelet coefficients and to build HMMs with the selected wavelet coefficients and scale coefficients. For the selected wavelet coefficients, the method can reduce the ambiguities and the delay of classification with a little computational effort. We focus on the classification and detection of the process with multiple measured variables. A simulation study illustrates the improvement on the method that only uses the scale coefficients. |
6,458 | Please write an abstract with title: Integral Representations for Modeling Core-shell Particle-based Photonics Applications, and key words: Microwave antennas, Surface waves, Shape, Perturbation methods, Scattering, Solids, Boundary conditions. Abstract: In this work we develop a technique for the electromagnetic (EM) modeling of non spherical isotropic core-gyroelectric shell structures. To this end, we employ a formulation based on appropriate integral representations of the EM fields, in conjunction with spherical vector wave function (SVWF) expansions. Utilizing the boundary conditions on the inner core-shell surface, as well as on the outer shell’s surface, we obtain infinite sets of linear nonhomogeneous equations from which the expansion coefficients of the internal and scattered fields are computed. Validity tests are performed for the developed method and numerical results are given for shape perturbations of a recently proposed spherical core-shell-based photonics application. |
6,459 | Please write an abstract with title: Challenges for green hydrogen development, and key words: Methane, Costs, Hydrogen, Green products, Production, Air pollution, Regulation. Abstract: The paper underlines the challenges for hydrogen developments with special reference to green hydrogen production and electrolyser behaviour. The present and future 2050 production, consumption, uses and costs are reported as based on the scenarios of international agencies. The Levelised Costs of Hydrogen (LCOH) computed for 2020, 2030 and 2050 by the authors are reported in representative graphs. Some considerations are given to the utilisation of existing methane transport infrastructure with partial blending with hydrogen or with 100% hydrogen. Some concepts on transport of hydrogen versus electricity are outlined |
6,460 | Please write an abstract with title: Practical experiences with the 6 gyrotron system on the DIII-D tokamak, and key words: Gyrotrons, Tokamaks, Temperature control, Voltage control, Control systems, Polarization, Power measurement, Manufacturing, Rectifiers, Regulators. Abstract: The gyrotron installation on the DIII-D tokamak now comprises six 110 GHz gyrotrons in the 1 MW class, three manufactured by CPI and three by Gycom. Two tetrode rectifier/modulator/regulator power supplies were constructed to provide power for the CPI gyrotrons. A second system uses three mod/reg tetrodes connected in parallel, which are fed by a dual parallel tetrode mod/reg to power the Gycom tubes. The windowless evacuated transmission lines are up to 100 m in length, with 80% transmission efficiency. Engineering solutions were developed in specific problematic areas encountered in the development of this complex system, including: gyrotron instability; high voltage circuit instability; gyrotron conditioning; rf beam forming and coupling to waveguide; output window vacuum seals; material control; launcher mechanics and diagnosis; polarizer mechanics; dummy loads; power measurements; polarization measurements; cooling; calorimetry; and operating controls. The system is in routine operation in support of tokamak experiments, with peak generated power of about 5 MW at 2 s. pulse length and about 3 MW for 5 s. pulses. This presentation focuses on practical lessons learned in the development and operation of these systems. |
6,461 | Please write an abstract with title: Investigation on Rotor-Pole Number Cooperation Strategy by Phase Shift in Modular Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Resolvers, and key words: Rotor-pole number, permanent magnet resolver, phase shift angle. Abstract: The demand for permanent magnet resolvers is rising significantly with the increase of operation speed in the electric propulsion system. In this paper, the rotor-pole number (RPN) cooperation strategy is proposed from the perspective of phase shift on the modular flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) resolver with yokeless stator. The RPN cooperation strategy is deduced analytically by adjusting the angle fitting ratio under the fixed 90-degree sine and cosine winding phase shift electric angle. Moreover, its restrictions are also derived by the flux leakage and permeance analysis in certain cases. Therefore, the proposed cooperation strategy and its limitations enrich the field modulation principle in the PM resolver application. Based on the proposed cooperation strategy and its limitation, a series of proper rotor and stator combinations are proposed in the FSPM resolver with no more than 1.5% total harmonic distortion (THD) evaluated in finite element analysis (FEA). |
6,462 | Please write an abstract with title: A Concept Map-Based Remedial Learning System With Applications to the IEEE Floating-Point Standard and MIPS Encoding, and key words: Standards, Encoding, Learning systems, Birds, Heuristic algorithms, Computer architecture, Education. Abstract: Contributions: A concept-map-based remedial learning system is presented to enhance students' grasp of the learning concepts of the IEEE floating-point standard and microprocessor without interlocked pipeline stages (MIPSs) encoding according to their understanding of these learning concepts. Background: Concept maps have been used to represent the knowledge structures of learning topics. This study presents another usage of concept maps, illustrating the prerequisite relationships between and among the learning concepts in a concept map. Simulation-based systems for learning the IEEE floating-point standard and MIPS encoding have been implemented. A simple remedial learning system that helps students to learn the IEEE floating-point standard and MIPS encoding would therefore be valuable, but had yet to be designed. Intended Outcomes: Students' understandings of the IEEE floating-point standard and MIPS encoding are expected to enhance via studying the remedial materials generated by this system. Application Design: A one-group-pretest-posttest design was utilized. The students first took a pretest to get their grasp of the learning concepts, and then studied the remedial learning materials according to their understanding of the learning concepts in the pretest. Findings: 1) The score progress of the IEEE floating-point learners was significant after they undertook remedial learning; 2) the score progress of the low-achieving students was significantly greater than that of the high-achieving students, in their learning of the IEEE float-pointing standard; 3) the score progress of the MIPS encoding learners was significant after they undertook remedial learning; and 4) the score progress of the low-achieving students was significantly greater than that of the high-achieving students in their learning of MIPS encoding, with weak evidence. |
6,463 | Please write an abstract with title: Radiation-induced charge collection in infrared detector arrays, and key words: Infrared detectors, Sensor arrays, NASA, Electrons, Predictive models, Energy exchange, Integrated circuit noise, Space technology, Noise level, Working environment noise. Abstract: A modeling approach is described for predicting charge collection in space-based infrared detector arrays due to ionizing particle radiation. The modeling uses a combination of analytical and Monte Carlo techniques to capture the essential features of energetic ion-induced charge collection to detector pixels in a two-dimensional array. The model addresses several aspects that are necessary for high-fidelity simulation of complex focal plane array structures including multiple layers, subregions within layers, variation of linear energy transfer with range, secondary electron scattering, free-field diffusion, and field-assisted diffusion. Example results are given and predictions are compared to experimental data. |
6,464 | Please write an abstract with title: Achieving a sub milliohm Load Line on a Discrete Graphics Product, and key words: Graphics, Resistance, Regulators, Europe, Routing, System-on-chip, Manufacturing. Abstract: The Direct Current Load Line (DCLL) and the Alternating Current Load Line 3 (ACLL3) target of 0.5mOhm has been defined for a graphics core power delivery network in order to achieve the preferred peak performance on the next generation discrete graphics product. The pathfinding effort led to explore various innovative solutions to have a line of sight for achieving this challenging impedance target, which includesA.Study of various stack up and routing strategies to achieve the lower Resistance path (Rpath)B.Novel idea of bulk capacitors provision beneath System on Chip (SoC) cavity to lower Load Line (LL) around the Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) bandwidthC.Improved Power Integrity (PI) design methodology for an accurate ACLL and reasonable DCLL estimationD.Enhancement in Package Design for Manufacturing (DFM) rules to gain extra margins |
6,465 | Please write an abstract with title: Observer using low-frequency injection for sensorless induction motor control-parameter sensitivity analysis, and key words: Induction motors, Sensorless control, Sensitivity analysis, Frequency, Machine vector control, Sensor phenomena and characterization, Uncertainty, Rotors, Torque, Mechanical systems. Abstract: The zero-frequency vector control of an induction motor without a speed sensor has proven to be a very difficult task. Uncertainty and variation in the electrical parameters of the motor deteriorate the performance of fundamental-wave flux observers as the frequency approaches zero, and observers based on high-frequency signal injection rely on motor-specific phenomena. A new method has been proposed, where a low-frequency current signal is injected in the estimated rotor flux direction. If there is an error in the orientation, the signal gives rise to a torque oscillation and affects the back-EMF through the mechanical system. The phenomenon makes it possible to reach sensorless zero frequency operation. This paper shows that the method is insensitive to the variation of the motor parameters. Experiments confirm the result. |
6,466 | Please write an abstract with title: Application Analysis of Temperature Data of FY4A Satellite Based on Measured Data, and key words: Temperature measurement, Temperature distribution, Satellites, Ducts, Sea measurements, Stability analysis, Pressure measurement. Abstract: To investigate the feasibility of FY4A satellite temperature data whether can be applied for atmospheric duct research, the FY4A satellite data are analyzed according to the temperature data measured in South China Sea from April 10 to April 17, 2021. meanwhile, the differences between the two data are evaluated in terms of the average deviation and standard deviation. The results indicate that when the temperature data is excellent quality, the average deviation range is −0.1 °Cto 0.5 °C and the standard deviation range is 1.35 °C to 2.92 °C. On the whole, the temperature data measured in the vertical direction of FY4A satellite has high accuracy above good quality, which is more suitable for monitoring elevated ducts. |
6,467 | Please write an abstract with title: Finite-Time Stability of Switched Singular Systems Based on Time-Varying Lyapunov Function, and key words: finite-time stability, switched singular system, convex combination, Lyapunov function. Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of finite-time stability (FTS) of switched singular systems. Firstly, by means of convex combination we construct a class of time-dependent Lyapunov functions. A class of zero terms composed of freely weighted matrices are also adopted to achieve the expected outcomes. Next under the premise of the assumption holding, we obtain novel sufficient conditions for FTS of the system using LMIs. The introduction of zero terms makes the results simpler to verify and less conservative. Finally, to validate the integrity of the derived results, a numerical example is demonstrated. |
6,468 | Please write an abstract with title: AI-Driven RIS Footprint Contouring - Towards B5G and 6G Smart Environment Control, and key words: 6G mobile communication, Conferences, Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, Electromagnetics, Artificial intelligence. Abstract: The possibility to afford multi-beam contoured footprint patterns with simple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is addressed within the Smart ElectroMagnetic Environment (SEME) framework. Towards this end, an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven design process is formulated within the System-by-Design framework. A preliminary numerical validation is shown to remark the effectiveness of the proposed strategy when dealing with advanced multi-beam contouring problems. |
6,469 | Please write an abstract with title: NanoNet: Real-Time Polyp Segmentation in Video Capsule Endoscopy and Colonoscopy, and key words: Deep learning, Image segmentation, Endoscopes, Biological system modeling, Colonoscopy, Computer architecture, Streaming media. Abstract: Deep learning in gastrointestinal endoscopy can assist to improve clinical performance and be helpful to assess lesions more accurately. To this extent, semantic segmentation methods that can perform automated real-time delineation of a region-of-interest, e.g., boundary identification of cancer or pre-cancerous lesions, can benefit both diagnosis and interventions. However, accurate and real-time segmentation of endoscopic images is extremely challenging due to its high operator dependence and high-definition image quality. To utilize automated methods in clinical settings, it is crucial to design lightweight models with low latency such that they can be integrated with low-end endoscope hardware devices. In this work, we propose NanoNet, a novel architecture for the segmentation of video capsule endoscopy and colonoscopy images. Our proposed architecture allows real-time performance and has higher segmentation accuracy compared to other more complex ones. We use video capsule endoscopy and standard colonoscopy datasets with polyps, and a dataset consisting of endoscopy biopsies and surgical instruments, to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. Our experiments demonstrate the increased performance of our architecture in terms of a trade-off between model complexity, speed, model parameters, and metric performances. Moreover, the resulting models' size is relatively tiny, with only nearly 36,000 parameters compared to traditional deep learning approaches having millions of parameters. |
6,470 | Please write an abstract with title: Visualization of Focal Cues for Visuomotor Coordination by Gradient-based Methods: A Recurrent Neural Network Shifts The Attention Depending on Task Requirements, and key words: Feature extraction, Task analysis, Convolution, Robot kinematics, Neural networks, Decoding. Abstract: For an autonomous robot to flexibly move in response to various tasks or environmental changes, an attention mechanism is required that is based on the robot's behavioral experience. In this paper, we visualize how attention is acquired inside a neural network learned using supervised learning and describe how to acquire a suitable representation for performing a task. Our experimental evaluation shows that the attention was automatically acquired for objects that are needed to perform tasks by learning the time-series of both vision and motor information rather than only vision information. By multimodal learning, the attention is robust against unlearned conditions which background changes or obstacles. |
6,471 | Please write an abstract with title: Validation of Hertzian Electromagnetism in a Rectangular Waveguide with Rotating PEC Termination, and key words: Electromagnetic scattering, Springs, Photonics, Electromagnetics, Rectangular waveguides. Abstract: We provide a general formulation of electromagnetic scattering by a Perfect Electrical Conductor (PEC) object in arbitrary motion in the context of Hertzian Electrodynamics, which is followed by an application to the canonical problem of scattering of dominant TE mode incidence in presence of a PEC termination in accelerated rotational motion. Analytical solutions, which apply for arbitrary variations of angular velocity, are derived and supported with measurement results. |
6,472 | Please write an abstract with title: A Deep-Learning Based Approach to Resource Allocation in NOMA Based Cognitive Radio Network with Heterogeneous IoT Users, and key words: Deep learning, NOMA, Recurrent neural networks, Power demand, Processor scheduling, Energy efficiency, Resource management. Abstract: In 5G mobile technology, the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) has created a huge need for a wide variety of latency, dependability, and energy efficiency requirements, etc… Spectrum efficiency (SE) of such large scale network needs to be improved with an economical power consumption. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique is utilized to enhance system efficiency (SE) by merging several users in the same frequency. An energy efficient (EE) resource allocation (RA) problem has been formulated for NOMA based heterogeneous IoT networks. Using the examining technique of Cognitive Radio (CR) Network, a stepwise RA scheme is assigned for IoT Users (IoTUs) and Mobile Users (MUs) with the mutual interference management. Later, to find a solution quickly and flawlessly, a deep recurrent neural network (RNN) based mechanism has been proposed. Furthermore, to systemize the approach of heterogeneous users, a rate and precedence demands based scheduling method has been implemented. Extensive results demonstrate that the deep learning based framework performs better than traditional RA methods in terms of computational complexity. On comparing with the prevailing OFDMA technique, the NOMA system with the imperfect SIC provides an acceptable performance on the EE at the cost of low EE and high power consumption. |
6,473 | Please write an abstract with title: Development of a DC brush motor with 50% weight reduction using magfine, and key words: Brushes, DC motors, Ferrites, Magnets, Bonding, Magnetic properties, Magnetic analysis, Batteries, Automobiles. Abstract: The paper studies the development of 50% lighter MAGFINE motors compared to conventional sintered ferrite motors. The B-H curve and magnetic properties of MAGFINE compared with sintered ferrite are also investigated. |
6,474 | Please write an abstract with title: A Distributed Congestion Control Routing Protocol Based on Traffic Classification in LEO Satellite Networks, and key words: Satellites, Low earth orbit satellites, Routing, Routing protocols, Explosives, Delays, Classification algorithms. Abstract: With the explosive growth of communication traffic and the non-uniform distribution of users in low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks, the problem of link congestion becomes more serious, which result in the emergence of congestion control protocols. Load balance, congestion prediction and faster calculation are the basic requirements of the congestion control routing protocol, and lower overhead and higher users' satisfaction are the further goals. We propose a distributed congestion control routing protocol based on traffic classification in LEO satellite networks (DCCR) which uses a low-overhead distributed scheme to compute the routing and uses a traffic classification strategy to optimize the performance of the distributed scheme in congestion control. We divide the traffic into three types and design routing strategies for each type of traffic according to the occupancy level of the satellite, to improve users' satisfaction while balance the load. In the part of the simulation experiment, we compared the performance of DCCR with some existing congestion control algorithms and verified the advantages of the proposed protocol in reducing delay and balancing load. |
6,475 | Please write an abstract with title: Enhanced Optimization-Based Voting Classifier and Chained Multi-Objective Regressor for Effective Groundwater Resource Management, and key words: Drilling, Soil, Predictive models, Water resources, Color, Regression tree analysis, Random forests. Abstract: Water is an essential source of life for every living thing, and drilling is the only source to gain water from underground. Different advanced technologies have been used to minimize the time factor and labor force. Along with technology to be used, some other factors are equally essential to be considered, like water level, the hardness level of the land, and the number of days spent on the whole process. The study proposed a weighted voting classifier based on Differential Evaluation (DE) to classify the regions with different soil colors and land layers. The weights are assigned to the candidate classifiers based on their performance for each class. For the assignment of the optimal weight, the DE optimization algorithm is used. Moreover, the study presents a chained multi-objective regression model to simultaneously predict the water level and total depth on different locations. The proposed work facilitates the drilling industry to increase the rate of penetration (ROP) by selecting the region with soft soil and land layer. The prediction of depth and water level allows the industry to estimate water levels in different areas at different depths. The dataset is provided by the research organization, which contains information of different drilling points. The results of the proposed weighted voting classifier are compared with the traditional machine learning models (kernel Naive Bayes, Gaussian SVM, Quadratic SVM, and Bilayered Neural network) and state of the art voting classifier in terms of precision, recall, and accuracy. Moreover, the proposed regression model is evaluated by well-known evaluation metrics, including Mean Absolute Error, Mean Square Error, and R2 score. Finally, the comparison verifies the effectiveness of the enhanced optimization-based classifier and multi-objective regressor. |
6,476 | Please write an abstract with title: Wavelength beam combining of ytterbium fiber lasers in a MOPA configuration, and key words: Laser beams, Ytterbium, Fiber lasers, Power lasers, Oscillators, Fiber gratings, Optical fiber amplifiers, Pulse amplifiers, Dielectric substrates, Optimized production technology. Abstract: Summary form only given. There is an increasing interest in combining large numbers of relatively low-power lasers to produce much more powerful, high-brightness laser beams. Coherent combining and wavelength (spectral) combining are the two main approaches being studied. We have been concentrating on wavelength beam combining with fiber lasers and have previously demonstrated this concept at low power. Here we discuss recent work to extend this idea to a master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) configuration by adding a power amplification stage to each oscillator fiber and demonstrating recombination at higher powers. |
6,477 | Please write an abstract with title: Investigating the Neural Models for Irony Detection on Turkish Informal Texts, and key words: Bit error rate, Support vector machines, Supervised learning, Semantics, Blogs, Tuning, Tin. Abstract: Irony is defined as the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. In the textual context, it can be considered as a specific type of opinion mining problem. However, due to the nature of the problem, it is generally more challenging to detect. Irony detection is useful to understand the semantics of a text. It also helps improving the accuracy of many other text mining tasks. In this paper, we study the irony detection problem on Turkish informal texts. In the literature there are several solutions proposed mostly for English texts. However, the number of studies on Turkish texts is very limited. The reason for using informal text is that ironic expressions are seen more frequently in informal communication media such as blogs, social media posts. Previously, performance of conventional supervised learning based solutions, such as Naive Bayes Classifier and SVM, on Turkish texts have been studied. In this work, we investigate the performance of neural network based models in comparison to conventional supervised learning models. |
6,478 | Please write an abstract with title: Predicting task performance and brain responses with ongoing neural activity, and key words: Shape, Neural activity, Brain-computer interfaces, Task analysis. Abstract: In what follows, we present results of our recent studies on how ongoing neural oscillations shape task performance (including BCI) and evoked responses. These results relate to both pre-stimulus and resting state spatio-temporal dynamics. |
6,479 | Please write an abstract with title: Common coordinates in consecutive addresses, and key words: Decoding, Reflective binary codes, Upper bound, Terminology, Information theory, Laboratories, Electronic switching systems. Abstract: We consider lists of distinct q-ary addresses of length n. We wish that any b consecutive addresses in such a list agree in many positions. We give upper bounds on what can be achieved. Moreover, for each q and n, we give explicit constructions of address lists, among which is the conventional q-ary reflected Gray code, that attain these bounds for all b simultaneously. This work has applications in address retrieval on optical disc. |
6,480 | Please write an abstract with title: Stimulus-resistant neural recording amplifier, and key words: Electrodes, Pulse amplifiers, Neurons, Low-noise amplifiers, Application specific integrated circuits, Microelectrodes, Electrical stimulation, Pulse circuits, Bidirectional control, Bioelectric phenomena. Abstract: The capability to use the same microelectrode for electrical stimulation of neurons, as well as for neural signal recording from neurons in the vicinity of the electrode, has historically been a goal of neuroscientists. During, and after, stimulation the stimulus artifact effectively disables the recording system until the residual effects of the artifact have dissipated. The only practical way to successfully record neural signals in the presence of stimulus pulses is to fully integrate the constant-current bi-directional stimulation circuitry with a specialized bioelectric recording amplifier on the same electronic chip. This is because post-stimulus electrode polarization recovery, amplifier blanking, and low-noise amplifier circuitry must be intimately tied to the stimulus circuitry, and such functional integration can only be obtained by implementing the combined circuitry as one application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design. Toward this goal, a topology for a neural recording amplifier with rapid recovery characteristics was designed and tested using discrete components, and was successfully used to suppress stimulation artifacts generated by a nearby electrode in vitro. |
6,481 | Please write an abstract with title: Deposition Thickness Detection Method based on Dust Distribution Law of Ventilation Dust Removal Pipeline, and key words: Pipelines, Mathematical model, Ventilation, Thickness measurement, Numerical simulation, Safety, Employment. Abstract: Aiming at the status of the measurement of the deposition dust thickness of ventilation and dust collection pipes in industrial workplaces in China, the law of dust distribution in ventilation and dust collection pipelines was studied by numerical simulation method. A high-precision dust deposition thickness detection method was studied. For this reason, based on the gas-dust flow characteristics in the ventilation and dust removal pipelines, based on the SIMPLE algorithm of the same-location grid, the dust distribution law of the ventilation and dust removal pipelines was numerically simulated using Fluent; then the dust deposition quality-thickness relationship was derived using the simulation results. The expression, which converts quality inspection into thickness inspection, completes this detection method. Experiments show that: the thickness of the detection of the resolution of 0.01mm and the accuracy of 0.07mm achieved good detection results. |
6,482 | Please write an abstract with title: Cooperative diversity through virtual arrays in multihop networks, and key words: Intelligent networks, Spread spectrum communication, Land mobile radio cellular systems, Diversity methods, Base stations, Mobile antennas, Slot antennas, Relays, Electronic mail, Antenna arrays. Abstract: We propose a multihop cellular network architecture which takes advantage of cooperation among users to induce a diversity gain. First, mobile terminals (MT), willing to cooperate, share their data during a time slot reserved to MT-to-MT links, and then, in a successive time slot, they send their data to the base station (BS) through a virtual array of antennas, constituted by the antennas of the cooperating users. We derive the coding strategy, for such a virtual array, that maximizes the sum of the rates from the MTs to the BS, under the constraint of a given total available power. We assume at the beginning that the channels from the MT to the BS are perfectly known. This allows us to derive, for each MT, a closed form expression for the optimal power allocation, as a function of frequency. Then, we remove this assumption and we use a first order perturbation analysis to compute the loss resulting from imperfect channel knowledge. |
6,483 | Please write an abstract with title: Protecting Regression Models With Personalized Local Differential Privacy, and key words: Mathematical models, Data models, Privacy, Differential privacy, Training, Logistics, Computational modeling. Abstract: The equation-solving model extraction attack is an intuitively simple but devastating attack to steal confidential information of regression models through a sufficient number of queries. Complete mitigation is difficult. Thus, the development of countermeasures is focused on degrading the attack effectiveness as much as possible without losing the model utilities. We investigate a novel personalized local differential privacy mechanism to defend against the attack. We obfuscate the model by adding high-dimensional Gaussian noise on model coefficients. Our solution can adaptively produce the noise to protect the model on the fly. We thoroughly evaluate the performance of our mechanisms using real-world datasets. The experiment shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing differential-privacy-enabled solution, i.e., 4 times more queries are required to achieve the same attack result. We also plan to publish the relevant codes to the community for further research. |
6,484 | Please write an abstract with title: The Evolution of Roles, and key words: Lattices, Social network services, Indexes, Algebra, Servers, Color, Shape. Abstract: We propose a novel formalization of roles in social networks that unifies the most commonly used definitions of role equivalence. As one consequence, we obtain a single, straightforward proof that role equivalences form lattices. Our formalization focuses on the evolution of roles from arbitrary initial conditions and thereby generalizes notions of relative and iterated roles that have been suggested previously. In addition to the unified structure result this provides a micro-foundation for the emergence of roles. Considering the genesis of roles may explain, and help overcome, the problem that social networks rarely exhibit interesting role equivalences of the traditional kind. Finally, we hint at ways to further generalize the role concept to multivariate networks. |
6,485 | Please write an abstract with title: Performance analysis of quasi-maximum-likelihood detector based on semi-definite programming, and key words: Performance analysis, Detectors, Bit error rate, Polynomials, Maximum likelihood estimation, AWGN, Maximum likelihood detection, Fading, Receiving antennas, Maximum likelihood decoding. Abstract: Despite its optimal bit-error-rate (BER) performance, maximum-likelihood (ML) detection is known to be NP-hard and suffers from high computational complexity. The currently popular suboptimal detectors either achieve a polynomial time complexity at the expense of BER performance degradation (e.g., MMSE detector), or offer a near ML performance with a complexity that is exponential in the worst case. The paper considers a highly efficient (polynomial worst case complexity) quasi-ML detection method based on semi-definite (SDP) relaxation. It is shown that, for a standard vector Rayleigh fading channel, this SDP-based quasi-ML detector achieves, in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region, a BER which is identical to that of the exact ML detector. In the low SNR region, we use the random matrix theory to show that the SDP-based detector serves as a constant factor approximation to the ML detector for large systems. |
6,486 | Please write an abstract with title: Growth of ferroic metal oxide films with desired properties by polymer-assisted deposition, and key words: Films, Metals, Physical vapor deposition, Ferromagnetic materials, Epitaxial growth, Semiconductor process modeling, Manufacturing. Abstract: One of the challenges in chemical solution-based processes for ferroic metal oxide films has been the growth of high-quality epitaxial films with desired physical properties. Here we review the efforts to use polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) for the growth of epitaxial ferroic metal oxide films with desired physical properties. Using epitaxial ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials as model systems, the process, microstructures, and physical properties of such epitaxial films grown by PAD are elaborated. |
6,487 | Please write an abstract with title: Closed-form Green's functions for the source and the field points located at arbitrary heights in a microstrip structure, and key words: Green's function methods, Microstrip, Telecommunication computing, Approximation methods, Frequency, Coplanar waveguides, Waveguide transitions, Conductors, Integral equations, Permittivity. Abstract: The paper presents an efficient method to calculate the closed-form spatial Green's functions for a microstrip structure when the source and the field points are located at an arbitrary height above the substrate. By using contour deformation and changing the integration variable, the Sommerfeld integrals are successfully evaluated for height changes of the source and the observation points. |
6,488 | Please write an abstract with title: Changes in RR Series Characteristics During Atrial Fibrillation: An AV Node Simulation Study, and key words: Drugs, Computational modeling, Linear regression, Atrial fibrillation, Physiology, Entropy, Delays. Abstract: The atrioventricular node (AVN) plays an important role in rate control during atrial fibrillation (AF). To further our understanding of the AVN function in AF, we present a model-based study, relating AVN electrophysiological characteristics to changes in RR series characteristics observed during treatment with rate control drugs. The dual-pathway physiology of the AVN was modelled using a network of nodes. The atrial impulse series was modelled with a Pearson Type IV distribution. Simulations were performed with randomly generated model parameters based on clinically observed ranges and the heart rate, variability and irregularity of the resulting RR series were quantified by their mean, rmssd and sample entropy, respectively. Analysis using linear regression showed that an increase in the RR mean was predominantly associated with an increase in the refractory period of the slow pathway, whereas changes in RR variability and RR irregularity were associated with changes in conduction delay. Notably, changes in the mean and standard deviation of the atrial impulse intervals were associated with changes in RR irregularity but not with changes in RR variability. Our results suggest that changes in RR series dynamics observed in response to rate control drugs reflect changes in the atrial electrical activity and AV conduction delay, however the results needs to be verified with clinical data. |
6,489 | Please write an abstract with title: MISPhyl: Mutual Information Supermatrix Phylogenomics pipeline, and key words: Sequential analysis, Pipelines, Genomics, Vegetation, Proteomics, Topology, Quality assessment. Abstract: Classification of species, particularly pathogens are important in understanding mode of infections, their origins and even treatments. The advancement of sequencing technologies has offered a parallel advancement in species classification with the used of phylogenomics. The success of phylogenomics requires a series of bioinformatics methods and procedures, which would be a challenge for most clinical analysts or researchers. Herein, we present MISPhyl (Mutual Information Supermatrix Phylogenomics), an automated pipeline developed to facilitate the reconstruction of high confidence supermatrix tree using the median-ranked single-copy core orthologous genes (SCGs) evaluated via mutual information in annotated genome sets. In house accessory scripts for sequence quality assessments, renaming FASTA headers and subsampling based on mutual information are distributed along with MISPhyl, made publicly available (https://github.com/pendy05/MISPhyl). |
6,490 | Please write an abstract with title: Volumetric Registration of Brain Cortical Regions by Automatic Landmark Matching and Large Deformation Diffeomorphisms, and key words: Strain, Standards, Optimization, Surface reconstruction, Biomedical imaging, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Brain. Abstract: A well-known challenge in fMRI data analysis is the excessive variability in the MR signal and the high level of random and structured noise. A common solution to deal with such high variability/noice is to recruit a large number of subjects to enhance the statistical power to detect any scientific effect. To achieve this, the morphologies of the sample brains are required to be warped into a standard space. However, human's cerebral cortices are highly convoluted, with large inter-subject morphological variability that renders the task of registration challenging. Currently, the state-of-the-art non-linear registration methods perform poorly on brains' cortical regions particularly on aging and clinical populations. To alleviate this issue, we propose a landmark-guided and region-based image registration method. We have evaluated our method by warping the brain cortical regions of both young and older participants into the standard space. Compared with the state-of-the-art method, we showed our method significantly (t = 117; p = 0) improved the overlap of the cortical regions (Dice increased by 57%). We concluded our method can significantly improve the registration accuracy of brain cortical regions. |
6,491 | Please write an abstract with title: Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of Knee Osteoarthritis based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Quantitative Pathogenesis Analysis and Visualization, and key words: Knee, Image segmentation, Solid modeling, Magnetic resonance imaging, Surface morphology, Manuals, Computer aided diagnosis. Abstract: Segmentation of articular cartilage (AC) from magnetic resonance images (MRI) plays a vital role in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of the presence and progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Segmentation allows a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the knee cartilage from the required morphological point of view and is an essential aspect of the clinical evaluation of knee osteoarthritis as it makes early diagnosis of pathological changes in the cartilage possible. This segmentation of the cartilage is often conducted manually or is done using various semi-automatic segmentation approaches that make the results of this segmentation not easily reproducible due to intra and inter observer variations. Given that the segmentation of AC is challenging due to its changing anatomical structure, semiautomatic segmentation methods have shown better technical advantages in terms of reliance on training data and user interactions. Conventional semi-automatic segmentation models require a large amount of user interaction; making them less ideal for real-time use in CAD systems. In recognition of this limitation, we propose a hybrid segmentation model combining random walkers with deep learning-based initialisation and level set based refinements of the segmented cartilage boundary. Finally, local cartilage degradation analysis will be performed to monitor the disease progression utilising fractal image features computed from the segmented cartilage and Ordered Value (OV) method computed using a thickness map coupled with AdaBoost classifier. |
6,492 | Please write an abstract with title: The State-space Design Research of MPPT based on Reinforcement Learning in PV System, and key words: Maximum power point trackers, Photovoltaic systems, Renewable energy sources, Reinforcement learning, Aerospace electronics, Power electronics. Abstract: Photovoltaic power (PV) generation is considered as a renewable energy technology. Due to the nonlinear behav-ior of photovoltaic modules, Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology is essential for high-efficiency photovoltaic systems. Although traditional MPPT technologies are simple to implement, they should use trial and error to tune their control parameters, which is the result of unsatisfactory performance in a changing environment. Different from the traditional MPPT technology, the MPPT based on reinforcement learning (RL-MPPT) method has self-learning ability and better applicability in the changing environment. However, the state space size of the method greatly affects the tracking ability. Therefore, this paper compares the tracking performance of the three state spaces through the results of simulation and experiment under En50530 test procedure. |
6,493 | Please write an abstract with title: A Spatiotemporal Volumetric Interpolation Network for 4D Dynamic Medical Image, and key words: Interpolation, Spatiotemporal phenomena, Strain, Dynamics, Three-dimensional displays, Biomedical optical imaging. Abstract: Dynamic medical images are often limited in its application due to the large radiation doses and longer image scanning and reconstruction times. Existing methods attempt to reduce the volume samples in the dynamic sequence by interpolating the volumes between the acquired samples. However, these methods are limited to either 2D images and/or are unable to support large but periodic variations in the functional motion between the image volume samples. In this paper, we present a spatiotemporal volumetric interpolation network (SVIN) designed for 4D dynamic medical images. SVIN introduces dual networks: the first is the spatiotemporal motion network that leverages the 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) for unsupervised parametric volumetric registration to derive spatiotemporal motion field from a pair of image volumes; the second is the sequential volumetric interpolation network, which uses the derived motion field to interpolate image volumes, together with a new regression-based module to characterize the periodic motion cycles in functional organ structures. We also introduce an adaptive multi-scale architecture to capture the volumetric large anatomy motions. Experimental results demonstrated that our SVIN outperformed state-of-the-art temporal medical interpolation methods and natural video interpolation method that has been extended to support volumetric images. Code is available at [1]. |
6,494 | Please write an abstract with title: On the effectiveness of receptors in recognition systems, and key words: Extraterrestrial measurements, Batteries, System testing, Fasteners, Doppler shift, Statistical distributions, Gaussian processes, Scattering, Statistics, Character recognition. Abstract: In the type of recognition system under discussion, the physical sample to be recognized is first subjected to a battery of tests; on the basis of the test results, the sample is then assigned to one of a number of prespecified categories. The theory of how test results should be combined to yield an optimal assignment has been discussed in an earlier paper. Here, attention is focused on the tests themselves. At present, we usually measure the effectiveness of a set of tests empirically, i.e., by determining the percentage of correct recognitions made by some recognition device which uses these tests. In this paper, we discuss some of the theoretical problems encountered in trying to determine a more formal measure of the effectiveness of a set of tests; a measure which might be a practical substitute for the empirical evaluation. Specifically, the following question is considered: What constitutes an effective set of tests, and how is this effectiveness dependent on the correlations among, and the properties of, the individual tests in the set? Specific suggestions are considered for the case in which the test results are normally distributed, but arbitrarily correlated. The discussion is supported by the results of experiments dealing with automatic recognition of hand-printed characters. |
6,495 | Please write an abstract with title: Design Methodology for Symmetric CLLC Resonant DC Transformer Considering Voltage Conversion Ratio, System Stability, and Efficiency, and key words: Video recording, Fluctuations, Microgrids, Discrete cosine transforms, Inductance, Circuit stability, Power conversion. Abstract: With the popularity of dc microgrid, the symmetric CLLC resonant dual active bridge converter usually works as a dc transformer (DCT) when it is applied in dc microgrid. It has received increasing attention as it provides galvanic isolation and also enjoys high power density. In such application, the open-loop control with 50% duty ratio is commonly adopted for the CLLC resonant DCT (CLLC-DCT) for simple control scheme and high efficiency. However, this will bring about difficulties for the design of CLLC-DCT. First, the fluctuating values of the practical inductors or capacitors because of temperature or power variation may lead to deviated voltage conversion ratio (VCR) of CLLC-DCT. Second, chances are that system instability will happen when CLLC-DCT and a constant power load connect in a cascaded structure because of impedance interactions, which will also be affected when parameters fluctuate. Third, high efficiency of the DCT is also expected even when the inductance or capacitance fluctuate. With all the above concerns, the five-stage design methodology for the CLLC-DCT converter is put forward to meet design objectives regarding VCR, system stability, and power efficiency simultaneously. And the effects of fluctuating inductance and capacitance have been fully taken into account by the assistance of particle swarm optimization. Besides, a 1-kW hardware prototype has experimentally validated that the proposed design methodology is feasible. |
6,496 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling the Electromagnetic Scattering Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Composites Characterized by 3-D Tomographic Transmission Electron Microscopy, and key words: Three-dimensional displays, Electromagnetics, Image reconstruction, Tomography, Conductivity, Carbon nanotubes, Electromagnetic scattering. Abstract: In all prior electromagnetic modeling studies of carbon nanotube (CNT) composites, the exact three-dimensional (3D) shape and spatial distribution of the CNTs in the composite were unknown. Therefore, simplifying assumptions had to be made regarding the CNT distributions. The effect of such assumptions on the electromagnetic response of CNT composites has not been quantified. Recent advances in electron-tomography and image analysis have allowed the generation of 3D maps of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) distributions with sub-nanometer resolution. In this work, the electromagnetic responses of experimentally mapped 3D structures of aligned-CNT polymer nanocomposites were calculated using both full-wave electromagnetic solvers and dilute-limit Effective Medium Approximations (EMA). Our results show that the electromagnetic response calculated using the full-wave solver exhibits additional resonances that are absent in the response calculated using the dilute-limit EMA. This difference is due to the strong electromagnetic coupling between adjacent MWCNTs, within five CNT radii, of each other. Using the mapped 3D MWCNTs, we also studied the anisotropy in the electromagnetic response of the composites and showed that it increases with the MWCNT volume fraction. The full-wave analysis presented in this work provides a more accurate understanding of the electromagnetic reflection and anisotropy of CNT composites. |
6,497 | Please write an abstract with title: Development of the TUP model - evaluating educational software, and key words: Usability, Educational technology, Prototypes, Programming, Computer science, World Wide Web, Proposals, Hardware, Security, Privacy. Abstract: Usability evaluation is a crucial step in the iterative software development life-cycle, leading into successful usage of systems. However, most of the usability evaluation methods and tools do not consider all aspects of educational environments. These lacks materialize as unusable results that lead to failures in educational software. Often these results are not comparable and credible, or easily accessible to educators selecting the proper systems for use in their settings; the technology, usability, pedagogy (TUP) evaluation model equally concentrates on the technological, usability, and instructional aspects of educational environments, leading to complete evaluations. In this paper we present the TUP model with the use scenario included and our current WWW prototype of evaluation system based upon it. |
6,498 | Please write an abstract with title: Cross-Modal Feature Integration Network for Human Eye-Fixation Prediction in RGB-D Images, and key words: Visualization, Fuses, Image edge detection, Feature extraction, Decoding, Data mining, Convolutional neural networks. Abstract: With the advent of convolutional neural networks, research progress in visual saliency prediction has been impressive. While integrating features at different stages from the backbone network is important, feature extraction itself is equally relevant. A network may lose representative information during feature extraction. We address the loss of spatial information and perform a fusion of features extracted from RGB and depth data for eye-fixation prediction. Specifically, we propose an asymmetric feature extraction network comprising an edge guidance module (EGM) and a feature integration module (FIM) that processes RGB-D images. Edge guidance supports the extraction of spatial information, while feature integration merges features from RGB images and the corresponding depth maps. We obtain the eye-fixation prediction maps by linearly fusing the features from the backbone network with those optimized using the two modules. Experimental results on NCTU and NUS, two benchmark datasets for RGB-D saliency prediction, verify the effectiveness and high-performance of the proposed network compared with similar methods. |
6,499 | Please write an abstract with title: RGB-D Semantic Segmentation and Label-Oriented Voxelgrid Fusion for Accurate 3D Semantic Mapping, and key words: Semantics, Three-dimensional displays, Two dimensional displays, Streaming media, Feature extraction, Image segmentation, Labeling. Abstract: The 3D semantic map plays an increasingly important role in a wide variety of applications, especially for many kinds of task-driven robots. In this paper, we present a semantic mapping methodology for 3D semantic map obtaining from RGB-D scans. In contrast to existing methods that use 3D annotated information as supervisory, we focus on accurate 2D frame labeling and combine labels in 3D space using semantic fusion mechanism. For scene parsing, a two-stream network with a novel discriminatory mask loss is proposed to explore sufficient extraction and fusion of RGB and depth information achieving steadily semantic segmentation. The discriminatory mask guides the cross-entropy loss function and interprets the influence of different pixels on back-propagation, which reduces the harmful effects of the depth noise or the fallible annotation at the edges of objects. After the correspondences between frames are provided, these semantic frames are fused in unified 3D coordinates using the novel label-oriented voxelgrid filter. It can ensure the intra-frame spatial continuity and the inter-frame spatiotemporal consistency through introducing the label-oriented statistical principle into labeled point clouds. In order to avoid the unfavorable interference between uncorrelated frames, we further propose an adaptive grouping algorithm by applying the view frustum filter to group frames with sufficient overlap as a segment. To this end, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on the 2D/3D semantic label benchmark of ScanNetv2 and Cityscapes datasets. |
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