sid-th26/mains_question · Datasets at Hugging Face

Write short notes on i. Fiscal federalism ii. Asymmetrical federalism iii. Competitive federalism [50 words each]

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##Question:Write short notes on i. Fiscal federalism ii. Asymmetrical federalism iii. Competitive federalism [50 words each] ##Answer:,

26,923

What was the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty? Mention its features and explain its significance in the expansion of British rule in India. (150 words/10 Marks)

Approach Explain the Subsidiary alliance, and mention the name of the Governor General who introduced it. Enlist the important features of Subsidiary alliances Give the example of a state annexed by a subsidiary alliance Enlist the significance of the Subsidiary Alliance for British Answer: Subsidiary Alliance was a system devised by Lord Wellesley in 1798. According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They were to be protected by the Company, but had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection. If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as a penalty. All those who entered into such an alliance with the British had to accept certain terms and conditions: (a) The British would be responsible for protecting their ally from external and internal threats to their power. (b) In the territory of the ally, a British armed contingent would be stationed. (c) The ally would have to provide the resources for maintaining this contingent. (d) The ally could enter into agreements with other rulers or engage in warfare only with the permission of the British. For example, when Richard Wellesley was Governor General (1798-1805), the Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company in 1801, as he failed to pay for the “subsidiary forces”. Hyderabad was also forced to cede territories on similar grounds. Significance of Subsidiary alliance: Divide and Rule: The divide and rule policies of the British got strengthened due to this policy. It helped to finance the British army with the money and revenue of native Indian ruler The weakness of Indian rules came to the fore- The successful implementation of this policy showed how Indians lacked the feeling of nationalism among them Further expansion of British became possible with the help of the Subsidiary alliance This alliance helped the British to fight their French counterpart. Conclusion: The subsidiary alliance policy helped the British to understand that it was possible to have control of the whole of India through the policy of divide and rule.

##Question:What was the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty? Mention its features and explain its significance in the expansion of British rule in India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Explain the Subsidiary alliance, and mention the name of the Governor General who introduced it. Enlist the important features of Subsidiary alliances Give the example of a state annexed by a subsidiary alliance Enlist the significance of the Subsidiary Alliance for British Answer: Subsidiary Alliance was a system devised by Lord Wellesley in 1798. According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They were to be protected by the Company, but had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection. If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as a penalty. All those who entered into such an alliance with the British had to accept certain terms and conditions: (a) The British would be responsible for protecting their ally from external and internal threats to their power. (b) In the territory of the ally, a British armed contingent would be stationed. (c) The ally would have to provide the resources for maintaining this contingent. (d) The ally could enter into agreements with other rulers or engage in warfare only with the permission of the British. For example, when Richard Wellesley was Governor General (1798-1805), the Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company in 1801, as he failed to pay for the “subsidiary forces”. Hyderabad was also forced to cede territories on similar grounds. Significance of Subsidiary alliance: Divide and Rule: The divide and rule policies of the British got strengthened due to this policy. It helped to finance the British army with the money and revenue of native Indian ruler The weakness of Indian rules came to the fore- The successful implementation of this policy showed how Indians lacked the feeling of nationalism among them Further expansion of British became possible with the help of the Subsidiary alliance This alliance helped the British to fight their French counterpart. Conclusion: The subsidiary alliance policy helped the British to understand that it was possible to have control of the whole of India through the policy of divide and rule.

26,924

Discuss the causes and Significance of Anglo-Mysore wars. (150 words|

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##Question:Discuss the causes and Significance of Anglo-Mysore wars. (150 words|##Answer:,

26,925

Write Short notes on:(50 words|10 marks) 1. Peshwas is Maratha rule 2. Reasons for supremacy of British over French in India

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##Question:Write Short notes on:(50 words|10 marks) 1. Peshwas is Maratha rule 2. Reasons for supremacy of British over French in India##Answer:,

26,926

Though local self-government was there in India before 1992, the 73rd and 74th Amendment act brought resurgence in the idea of local government in India. Discuss in the light of various committee"s recommendations before 1992. [200-220 words]

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##Question:Though local self-government was there in India before 1992, the 73rd and 74th Amendment act brought resurgence in the idea of local government in India. Discuss in the light of various committee"s recommendations before 1992. [200-220 words]##Answer:,

26,927

What do you understand by cooperative federalism? Explain various mechanism of cooperative federalism. [200 words

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##Question:What do you understand by cooperative federalism? Explain various mechanism of cooperative federalism. [200 words##Answer:,

26,928

What do you understand by democratic decentralization? Explain with the help of examples. [150 words]

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##Question:What do you understand by democratic decentralization? Explain with the help of examples. [150 words]##Answer:,

26,929

Though the Marathas managed to expand rapidly into North and Central India, they failed to consolidate their hold over these regions. Discuss. (200 words|

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##Question:Though the Marathas managed to expand rapidly into North and Central India, they failed to consolidate their hold over these regions. Discuss. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,930

Discuss the reasons for so many Empire-shaking battles in Indian history being fought at Panipat. (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Discuss the reasons for so many Empire-shaking battles in Indian history being fought at Panipat. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:,

26,931

Discuss the causes and Significance of Anglo-Maratha Wars. (200 words|

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##Question:Discuss the causes and Significance of Anglo-Maratha Wars. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,932

Judicial activism is a result of legislative and executive inefficiencies of Indian polity and significant for the protection of constitutionalism in India but judicial activism must not become judicial overreach. Critically Examine [200-220 words]

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##Question:Judicial activism is a result of legislative and executive inefficiencies of Indian polity and significant for the protection of constitutionalism in India but judicial activism must not become judicial overreach. Critically Examine [200-220 words]##Answer:.

26,933

Critically analyze the power of contempt used by higher judiciary. [200 words]

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##Question:Critically analyze the power of contempt used by higher judiciary. [200 words]##Answer:.

26,934

Discuss various emergency provisions in India. [200 words]

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##Question:Discuss various emergency provisions in India. [200 words]##Answer:.

26,935

Explain the importance of Preamble. Comment on the issue of ‘Preamble as a part of the constitution’. [ 200 words]

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##Question:Explain the importance of Preamble. Comment on the issue of ‘Preamble as a part of the constitution’. [ 200 words] ##Answer:,

26,936

Discuss the sovereignty of India in the context of the era of globalisation. (150 words|

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##Question:Discuss the sovereignty of India in the context of the era of globalisation. (150 words|##Answer:,

26,938

Compare and contrast the power of unitary and federal government. (200 words|

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##Question:Compare and contrast the power of unitary and federal government. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,939

Discuss each adjective attached to the word “Republic” in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances? (200 words|

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##Question:Discuss each adjective attached to the word “Republic” in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances? (200 words|##Answer:,

26,940

Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (200-220 words

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##Question:Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (200-220 words##Answer:,

26,941

Write short notes on the following: a) Private Sector vs. Public Sector b) Private Ltd. Vs. Public Ltd. Company

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##Question:Write short notes on the following: a) Private Sector vs. Public Sector b) Private Ltd. Vs. Public Ltd. Company##Answer:,

26,942

Differentiate between Disinvestment and Privatization. What are the objectives of Disinvestment in the present scenario? (200-220 words

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##Question:Differentiate between Disinvestment and Privatization. What are the objectives of Disinvestment in the present scenario? (200-220 words##Answer:,

26,943

Write short notes on the following: a) Corporate Governance b) Competition Act ,2002

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##Question:Write short notes on the following: a) Corporate Governance b) Competition Act ,2002##Answer:,

26,944

What do you understand by Hybrid annuity model? Briefly explain its working and discuss its significance for infrastructure development in India. (200 words/10Marks)

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##Question:What do you understand by Hybrid annuity model? Briefly explain its working and discuss its significance for infrastructure development in India. (200 words/10Marks)##Answer:,

26,945

Swathes of rural India today continue to be severely constrained when it comes to everyday travel and mobility. Bring the challenges and concern in rural infrastructural sector. (150 words)

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##Question:Swathes of rural India today continue to be severely constrained when it comes to everyday travel and mobility. Bring the challenges and concern in rural infrastructural sector. (150 words)##Answer:,

26,946

Discuss the issues plaguing the success of SEZs in India. Suggest some measures to overcome the same. (200 Words)

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##Question:Discuss the issues plaguing the success of SEZs in India. Suggest some measures to overcome the same. (200 Words)##Answer:,

26,947

Discuss some prerequisites for the development of Infrastructure sector in India. (150 words)

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##Question:Discuss some prerequisites for the development of Infrastructure sector in India. (150 words)##Answer:,

26,948

Communalism was inherent in the nature of a colonial state where the British rulers made blatant use of the divide and rule policy to ensure its own survival. In this context, comment on the causes for emergence of communalism in India during the British rule. (200 words

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##Question:Communalism was inherent in the nature of a colonial state where the British rulers made blatant use of the divide and rule policy to ensure its own survival. In this context, comment on the causes for emergence of communalism in India during the British rule. (200 words##Answer:,

26,949

In what ways did the Royal naval mutiny prove to be the last nail in the coffin of British colonial aspirations in India? (150 words)

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##Question:In what ways did the Royal naval mutiny prove to be the last nail in the coffin of British colonial aspirations in India? (150 words)##Answer:,

26,950

Elaborate on the role of women freedom fighters during 20th Century in India? (200 words)

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##Question:Elaborate on the role of women freedom fighters during 20th Century in India? (200 words)##Answer:,

26,951

Discuss the three stages of communalism observed during the Indian freedom struggle. Was the presence of multiplicity of religions the cause of emergence of communalism in India? (200 words)

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##Question:Discuss the three stages of communalism observed during the Indian freedom struggle. Was the presence of multiplicity of religions the cause of emergence of communalism in India? (200 words)##Answer:,

26,952

Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Critically Analyse (200 words)

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##Question:Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Critically Analyse (200 words)##Answer:,

26,953

Write short notes on i. MSP ii. Shell Company (50 words each)

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##Question:Write short notes on i. MSP ii. Shell Company (50 words each)##Answer:,

26,954

Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss. (200 words| 10 marks)

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##Question:Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss. (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.

26,955

According to Dr. Ambedkar, rigidity and legalism were two serious weakness of federalism. In the light of this statement, explain why India has been termed a “Union of states”. (150 words| 10 marks)

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##Question:According to Dr. Ambedkar, rigidity and legalism were two serious weakness of federalism. In the light of this statement, explain why India has been termed a “Union of states”. (150 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.

26,956

How Indian federal system is different from classical federal system of USA? (200 words| 10 marks)

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##Question:How Indian federal system is different from classical federal system of USA? (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.

26,957

Enumerate the special cases with respect to Indian Constitution where Centre has powers to make law on state subjects. (200 words| 10 marks)

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##Question:Enumerate the special cases with respect to Indian Constitution where Centre has powers to make law on state subjects. (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.

26,958

How do murals differ from miniatures? Discuss the evolution and list the features of Mughal paintings. (200 words|10 marks)

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##Question:How do murals differ from miniatures? Discuss the evolution and list the features of Mughal paintings. (200 words|10 marks)##Answer:.

26,959

Write short notes on: a) Features of Rajasthani paintings b) Madhubani paintings ( 100 words | 5 marks ) each

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##Question:Write short notes on: a) Features of Rajasthani paintings b) Madhubani paintings ( 100 words | 5 marks ) each##Answer:.

26,960

There are Fundamentals as well as Non-fundamental ordinary rights available for the citizens. In this context, explain the significance of Fundamental Rights. Also comment on the evolution of amendability of the fundamental rights. (200 words|

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##Question:There are Fundamentals as well as Non-fundamental ordinary rights available for the citizens. In this context, explain the significance of Fundamental Rights. Also comment on the evolution of amendability of the fundamental rights. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,961

What is doctrine of Eclipse? Briefly explain the different case under this doctrine which gave different explanation. (150 words)

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##Question:What is doctrine of Eclipse? Briefly explain the different case under this doctrine which gave different explanation. (150 words)##Answer:,

26,962

What is meant by "law" in Article 13 of the Indian Constitution? Also, discuss what are some cases of violation of Article 13(2) of the Constitution of India? (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:What is meant by "law" in Article 13 of the Indian Constitution? Also, discuss what are some cases of violation of Article 13(2) of the Constitution of India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:,

26,963

Explain the difference between Constitutional Rights,Ordinary Legal Rightsand Fundamental Rights. (200 words)

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##Question:Explain the difference between Constitutional Rights,Ordinary Legal Rightsand Fundamental Rights. (200 words)##Answer:,

26,964

Give your views on the right to equality as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Discuss significance of equal protection of law. (200 words|

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##Question:Give your views on the right to equality as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Discuss significance of equal protection of law. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,965

What do you understand by “Rule of Law”? What is its significance? (150 words|

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##Question:What do you understand by “Rule of Law”? What is its significance? (150 words|##Answer:,

26,966

Write Short notes on: (50 words| 1. Indira Shawney Case 2. Provisions of Article 15

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##Question:Write Short notes on: (50 words| 1. Indira Shawney Case 2. Provisions of Article 15##Answer:,

26,967

Discuss the evolution of education policy under the British rule in India. (200 words

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##Question:Discuss the evolution of education policy under the British rule in India. (200 words##Answer:,

26,968

Discuss the major judicial and police reforms in British India.(200 words|

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##Question:Discuss the major judicial and police reforms in British India.(200 words|##Answer:,

26,969

Write Short notes on (50 words each) (10 marks) 1. Pitts India Act 1784. 2. Changes in privileges of EIC by Charter Acts.

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##Question:Write Short notes on (50 words each) (10 marks) 1. Pitts India Act 1784. 2. Changes in privileges of EIC by Charter Acts.##Answer:,

26,970

Briefly discuss the land revenue systems adopted by the British in different parts of India. Analyze the effects of the British land revenue policy. (150 words/10 marks)

Approach - Introduction Discuss types of permanent settlements by Britishers Analyse the effect. Conclude briefly. Answer The British in India introduced various land revenue systems in India after they got revenue collection rights in the late 18th Century. The major land revenue systems were – Permanent settlement Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. It had the following distinctive features: • The Zamindar was granted property rights over land. Their right of ownership was made hereditary & transferable. • On the other hand, the cultivators were reduced to the low status of mere tenants and were deprived of long-standing customary rights to land. • The revenue rates were fixed for perpetuity. While the stability of the tax revenue system was supposed to incentivize the landlord to increase agricultural production Ryotwari Settlement: Thomas Munro (1820) recommended the introduction of the Ryotwari system in Madras and Bombay"s presidency. • Under this system, the revenue settlement was to be made directly with the cultivators/ryots. The cultivator was to be recognized as the owner of his plot of land subject to the payment of land revenue • The settlement under the Ryotwari system was not made permanent. It was revised periodically after 20-30 years when the revenue demand was usually raised Mahalwari Settlement : William Bentinck (1822) introduced in Ganga valley, North-West provinces, part of central India and Punjab. Here the revenue settlement was made at the village level IMPACT OF COLONIAL LAND REVENUE POLICIES 1. High burden of taxation: the peasantry suffered under the new revenue settlement systems imposed by the British. 2. Commodification of land and alienation of cultivators from their land: the British system of revenue settlement didn’t recognize the customary rights of cultivators and made the land a marketable commodity. 3. Shift in the pattern of cultivation from food crops to cash crops: to meet the high revenue demands 4. Destruction of self-sufficiency of Indian villages. 5. More pressure on Agriculture 6. Destruction of the livelihood of peasants and artisans 7. Alienation of the old Zamindari class: the inability to meet the high revenue demands imposed by the British saw the old Zamindar being deposed of their erstwhile Zamindari and the rise of the new merchant-Zamindar Conclusion – The new land revenue system of the British changed the rural Indian economy completely and made the village economy dependent on world economics and its fluctuations. This led to discontent among the peasants which ultimately led to peasant revolts.

##Question:Briefly discuss the land revenue systems adopted by the British in different parts of India. Analyze the effects of the British land revenue policy. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Introduction Discuss types of permanent settlements by Britishers Analyse the effect. Conclude briefly. Answer The British in India introduced various land revenue systems in India after they got revenue collection rights in the late 18th Century. The major land revenue systems were – Permanent settlement Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. It had the following distinctive features: • The Zamindar was granted property rights over land. Their right of ownership was made hereditary & transferable. • On the other hand, the cultivators were reduced to the low status of mere tenants and were deprived of long-standing customary rights to land. • The revenue rates were fixed for perpetuity. While the stability of the tax revenue system was supposed to incentivize the landlord to increase agricultural production Ryotwari Settlement: Thomas Munro (1820) recommended the introduction of the Ryotwari system in Madras and Bombay"s presidency. • Under this system, the revenue settlement was to be made directly with the cultivators/ryots. The cultivator was to be recognized as the owner of his plot of land subject to the payment of land revenue • The settlement under the Ryotwari system was not made permanent. It was revised periodically after 20-30 years when the revenue demand was usually raised Mahalwari Settlement : William Bentinck (1822) introduced in Ganga valley, North-West provinces, part of central India and Punjab. Here the revenue settlement was made at the village level IMPACT OF COLONIAL LAND REVENUE POLICIES 1. High burden of taxation: the peasantry suffered under the new revenue settlement systems imposed by the British. 2. Commodification of land and alienation of cultivators from their land: the British system of revenue settlement didn’t recognize the customary rights of cultivators and made the land a marketable commodity. 3. Shift in the pattern of cultivation from food crops to cash crops: to meet the high revenue demands 4. Destruction of self-sufficiency of Indian villages. 5. More pressure on Agriculture 6. Destruction of the livelihood of peasants and artisans 7. Alienation of the old Zamindari class: the inability to meet the high revenue demands imposed by the British saw the old Zamindar being deposed of their erstwhile Zamindari and the rise of the new merchant-Zamindar Conclusion – The new land revenue system of the British changed the rural Indian economy completely and made the village economy dependent on world economics and its fluctuations. This led to discontent among the peasants which ultimately led to peasant revolts.

26,971

Discuss the evolution of the British trade policies with respect to 18 th Century India and its impact. (200 words|10 marks)

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##Question:Discuss the evolution of the British trade policies with respect to 18 th Century India and its impact. (200 words|10 marks)##Answer:.

26,972

To what extent British land revenue policies differed from their pre-colonial counterparts. Discuss. (150 words)

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##Question:To what extent British land revenue policies differed from their pre-colonial counterparts. Discuss. (150 words)##Answer:.

26,973

Railways were introduced mainly to serve the economic and political interest of British colonial rulers. Discuss. (200 words|10 marks)

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##Question:Railways were introduced mainly to serve the economic and political interest of British colonial rulers. Discuss. (200 words|10 marks)##Answer:.

26,974

The war of 1857 was more than a mutiny but less than a war of independence. Discuss. (200 words|

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##Question:The war of 1857 was more than a mutiny but less than a war of independence. Discuss. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,975

Revolt of 1857 was neither the first, nor the national, not the first war of independence. Discuss (200 words)

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##Question:Revolt of 1857 was neither the first, nor the national, not the first war of independence. Discuss (200 words)##Answer:,

26,976

Write short notes on: (50 words|5 marks) 1. Pattern of Industrialization under British rule 2. Drain of Wealth Theory

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##Question:Write short notes on: (50 words|5 marks) 1. Pattern of Industrialization under British rule 2. Drain of Wealth Theory##Answer:,

26,977

Explain the concept of “freedom of speech and expression” as provided under Article 19. Does it cover hate speech also? Discuss the reasons why films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression. (150 words/10 marks)

Approach Brief introduction to Article 19 of the constitution Explain the concept of Freedom of speech and expression and its significance Explain the issue of Hate speech Discuss the reason why Films are treated separately Conclude briefly Answer The Constitution of India guarantees to every citizen certain rights regarding freedom of speech under article 19 of the Constitution of India which involves six clauses in accordance with the freedom of speech Concept “freedom of speech and expression” Freedom of speech and expression is the idea to be able to express one"s beliefs, views and opinions freely and openly without any fear. It has been included in Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution as a fundamental right guaranteed to the citizens of India. India being the world’s largest democracy and the second most populated state in the world has a very broad need to protect the freedom of speech and expression of its citizens. Being a secular state with a huge diversity in language, religion, caste, and creed, freedom of speech basically is a sensitive and essential right guaranteed to the citizens of India. Need to protect freedom of speech can be illustrated as: Active participation in democracy- freedom of speech helps the citizens to actively participate in the smooth functioning and operation of democracy as it helps in proper decision making. Expression of beliefs and attitudes- in a country where there exists people of different religion, caste, and creed; freedom of speech helps in proper expression of beliefs and attitudes of different sets of population Self-fulfillment and development – the exchange of ideas and opinions effectively and freely assists in the healthy development of citizens and also provides significant self-fulfillment Open discussions- in order to discover the truth and facilitate healthy and sound decision making, open discussions significantly help in the running of a democracy and other political institutions contained within. The issue of Hate Speech Hate speech means a publicspeechthatexpresseshateorencouragesviolence towards apersonor groupbasedon something such asrace,religion,sex, orsexualorientation Freedom of Speech and expression comes with certain limitations which have been placed in order to protect the rights of everyone. Certain criteria of restriction are- defamation, incitement to Crime, contempt of Court, public order, decency, morality, friendly relations with neighbors and national security. So this right to express one"s opinion does not include hate speech as it contradicts the right to life and dignity of the other person against whom this hate speech is targeted. Reasons why films in India stand on a slightly different plane Films stand on a different pedestal compared to other types of media and communication. They have larger outreach and substantial influence. Recognizing this fact, it is the only medium which undergoes pre-censorship in India. A Censor board has been set up to make sure stringent guidelines are being followed. Many people might consider this an abridgment of the right to freedom of speech and expression but it is essential to understand that this has been done only regularize this creative medium and not to curb its potential. InK.A. Abbas v UOI, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of censorship and said it comes within the ambit of article 19 (2) and treated motion pictures separately from other forms of art since these motion pictures can stir up “emotions more deeply than any form of art”. Conclusion Thus to conclude, freedom of speech in India is that fundamental freedom that serves the very basis of the smooth operation of democracy. In an emerging economy like India, liberalization and freedom of thought, expression, beliefs and ideas is significantly essential. Freedom to speech is not just fundamental but natural too, therefore any restriction on it should be widely discussed and debated upon.

##Question:Explain the concept of “freedom of speech and expression” as provided under Article 19. Does it cover hate speech also? Discuss the reasons why films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Brief introduction to Article 19 of the constitution Explain the concept of Freedom of speech and expression and its significance Explain the issue of Hate speech Discuss the reason why Films are treated separately Conclude briefly Answer The Constitution of India guarantees to every citizen certain rights regarding freedom of speech under article 19 of the Constitution of India which involves six clauses in accordance with the freedom of speech Concept “freedom of speech and expression” Freedom of speech and expression is the idea to be able to express one"s beliefs, views and opinions freely and openly without any fear. It has been included in Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution as a fundamental right guaranteed to the citizens of India. India being the world’s largest democracy and the second most populated state in the world has a very broad need to protect the freedom of speech and expression of its citizens. Being a secular state with a huge diversity in language, religion, caste, and creed, freedom of speech basically is a sensitive and essential right guaranteed to the citizens of India. Need to protect freedom of speech can be illustrated as: Active participation in democracy- freedom of speech helps the citizens to actively participate in the smooth functioning and operation of democracy as it helps in proper decision making. Expression of beliefs and attitudes- in a country where there exists people of different religion, caste, and creed; freedom of speech helps in proper expression of beliefs and attitudes of different sets of population Self-fulfillment and development – the exchange of ideas and opinions effectively and freely assists in the healthy development of citizens and also provides significant self-fulfillment Open discussions- in order to discover the truth and facilitate healthy and sound decision making, open discussions significantly help in the running of a democracy and other political institutions contained within. The issue of Hate Speech Hate speech means a publicspeechthatexpresseshateorencouragesviolence towards apersonor groupbasedon something such asrace,religion,sex, orsexualorientation Freedom of Speech and expression comes with certain limitations which have been placed in order to protect the rights of everyone. Certain criteria of restriction are- defamation, incitement to Crime, contempt of Court, public order, decency, morality, friendly relations with neighbors and national security. So this right to express one"s opinion does not include hate speech as it contradicts the right to life and dignity of the other person against whom this hate speech is targeted. Reasons why films in India stand on a slightly different plane Films stand on a different pedestal compared to other types of media and communication. They have larger outreach and substantial influence. Recognizing this fact, it is the only medium which undergoes pre-censorship in India. A Censor board has been set up to make sure stringent guidelines are being followed. Many people might consider this an abridgment of the right to freedom of speech and expression but it is essential to understand that this has been done only regularize this creative medium and not to curb its potential. InK.A. Abbas v UOI, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of censorship and said it comes within the ambit of article 19 (2) and treated motion pictures separately from other forms of art since these motion pictures can stir up “emotions more deeply than any form of art”. Conclusion Thus to conclude, freedom of speech in India is that fundamental freedom that serves the very basis of the smooth operation of democracy. In an emerging economy like India, liberalization and freedom of thought, expression, beliefs and ideas is significantly essential. Freedom to speech is not just fundamental but natural too, therefore any restriction on it should be widely discussed and debated upon.

26,978

Article 19(1)(a) has undergone most liberal interpretation at the hand of Supreme Court after article 21. Discuss . (150 words

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##Question:Article 19(1)(a) has undergone most liberal interpretation at the hand of Supreme Court after article 21. Discuss . (150 words##Answer:,

26,979

Explainthe significance of abolition of Untouchability? Discuss its relevance in present context. (150 words|

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##Question:Explainthe significance of abolition of Untouchability? Discuss its relevance in present context. (150 words|##Answer:,

26,980

What is the significance of right to life and personal liberty? How have the courts expanded its meaning over the years? (200 words|

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##Question:What is the significance of right to life and personal liberty? How have the courts expanded its meaning over the years? (200 words|##Answer:,

26,981

Principle of natural justice is a necessary for healthy functioning of democracy”. Discuss. (150 words|

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##Question:Principle of natural justice is a necessary for healthy functioning of democracy”. Discuss. (150 words|##Answer:,

26,982

Differentiate between Procedure established by law and Due process of law. (150 words

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##Question:Differentiate between Procedure established by law and Due process of law. (150 words##Answer:,

26,983

Discuss the relevance of Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion, provided under article 25 of the Indian constitution in the context of Indian society. (200 words)

,

##Question:Discuss the relevance of Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion, provided under article 25 of the Indian constitution in the context of Indian society. (200 words)##Answer:,

26,984

Fundamental Duties are an important part of the Indian constitution, but at the same time, it has its own set of weaknesses. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)

Approach: Brief introduction about Fundamental Duties. Explain the significance of Fundamental Duties. Explain the criticism of Fundamental duties. Conclude Briefly. Answer: The original constitution contained only the fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. The fundamental duties of citizens were added in the Constitution as Article 51 A in 1976 by the 42 nd Constitutional Amendment Act, on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. The fundamental duties are considered significant from the following viewpoints: They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of the duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens. They serve as a warning against anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on. They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. They create a feeling that the citizens are not mere spectators but active participants in the realization of national goals. They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality. They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalties or punishment for failure to fulfil any of them. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in Part IVA of the Constitution have been criticised on the following grounds: The list of duties is not exhaustive as it does not cover other important duties like casting vote, paying taxes, family planning and so on. In fact, the duty to pay taxes was recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee. Some of the duties are vague, ambiguous and difficult to be understood by the common man. For example, different interpretations can be given to the phrases like ‘noble ideals’, ‘composite culture’, ‘scientific temper and so on. They have been described by critics as a code of moral precepts due to their non-justiciable character. Interestingly, the Swaran Singh Committee had suggested penalties or punishment for the nonperformance of Fundamental Duties. Their inclusion in the Constitution was described by critics as superfluous. This is because the duties included in the Constitution as fundamental would be performed by the people even though they were not incorporated in the Constitution. The critics said that the inclusion of fundamental duties as an appendage to Part IV of the Constitution has reduced their value and significance. They should have been added after Part III so as to keep them on par with Fundamental Rights. Though some criticisms are valid, overall, the rights and duties of the citizens are correlative and inseparable. If the constitution provides for the Fundamental rights to citizens, it should also put some obligation on citizens in the form of Fundamental Duties

##Question:Fundamental Duties are an important part of the Indian constitution, but at the same time, it has its own set of weaknesses. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Brief introduction about Fundamental Duties. Explain the significance of Fundamental Duties. Explain the criticism of Fundamental duties. Conclude Briefly. Answer: The original constitution contained only the fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. The fundamental duties of citizens were added in the Constitution as Article 51 A in 1976 by the 42 nd Constitutional Amendment Act, on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. The fundamental duties are considered significant from the following viewpoints: They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of the duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens. They serve as a warning against anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on. They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. They create a feeling that the citizens are not mere spectators but active participants in the realization of national goals. They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality. They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalties or punishment for failure to fulfil any of them. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in Part IVA of the Constitution have been criticised on the following grounds: The list of duties is not exhaustive as it does not cover other important duties like casting vote, paying taxes, family planning and so on. In fact, the duty to pay taxes was recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee. Some of the duties are vague, ambiguous and difficult to be understood by the common man. For example, different interpretations can be given to the phrases like ‘noble ideals’, ‘composite culture’, ‘scientific temper and so on. They have been described by critics as a code of moral precepts due to their non-justiciable character. Interestingly, the Swaran Singh Committee had suggested penalties or punishment for the nonperformance of Fundamental Duties. Their inclusion in the Constitution was described by critics as superfluous. This is because the duties included in the Constitution as fundamental would be performed by the people even though they were not incorporated in the Constitution. The critics said that the inclusion of fundamental duties as an appendage to Part IV of the Constitution has reduced their value and significance. They should have been added after Part III so as to keep them on par with Fundamental Rights. Though some criticisms are valid, overall, the rights and duties of the citizens are correlative and inseparable. If the constitution provides for the Fundamental rights to citizens, it should also put some obligation on citizens in the form of Fundamental Duties

26,985

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution is often described as the cornerstone of the democratic edifice and soul of the constitution. Elucidate. (150 words

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##Question:Article 32 of the Indian Constitution is often described as the cornerstone of the democratic edifice and soul of the constitution. Elucidate. (150 words##Answer:,

26,986

Briefly explain various writs provided under Article 32 of the constitution. Differentiate between the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Court. (250 words)

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##Question:Briefly explain various writs provided under Article 32 of the constitution. Differentiate between the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Court. (250 words)##Answer:,

26,987

The tribal and peasant movements of 19th century British India had certain similarities as well as differences. Elaborate. (200 words|

,

##Question:The tribal and peasant movements of 19th century British India had certain similarities as well as differences. Elaborate. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,988

Discuss the impact of colonial tribal policy and the nature of response to it. (200 words|

,

##Question:Discuss the impact of colonial tribal policy and the nature of response to it. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,989

Write short notes on: (50 words|5 marks) 1. Pabna Agrarian revolt 2. Deccan Agrarian Riots

,

##Question:Write short notes on: (50 words|5 marks) 1. Pabna Agrarian revolt 2. Deccan Agrarian Riots##Answer:,

26,990

Explain how the Uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India. (200 words|

,

##Question:Explain how the Uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,991

In many ways, the weaknesses of 19th century social reforms were addressed by the 20th century social reform movements. Discuss (200 words

,

##Question:In many ways, the weaknesses of 19th century social reforms were addressed by the 20th century social reform movements. Discuss (200 words##Answer:,

26,992

Examine the features of Reformist and Revivalist movements during 19 th Century India. (200 words|

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##Question:Examine the features of Reformist and Revivalist movements during 19 th Century India. (200 words|##Answer:,

26,993

Write short notes on: (150 words/ 10 marks) 1. Cultural and Secular Nationalism 2. Brahmo Samaj’s contribution to the cause of Women

,

##Question:Write short notes on: (150 words/ 10 marks) 1. Cultural and Secular Nationalism 2. Brahmo Samaj’s contribution to the cause of Women##Answer:,

26,994

Examine the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy towards the Socio-religious reforms of the 19th century India. (150 words/10 Marks)

,

##Question:Examine the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy towards the Socio-religious reforms of the 19th century India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:,

26,995

The Moderates and Extremist in the Indian National Congress were different in terms of their ideologies and strategies. Elucidate(200 words

,

##Question:The Moderates and Extremist in the Indian National Congress were different in terms of their ideologies and strategies. Elucidate(200 words##Answer:,

26,996

Early 19th-centurysocial reformers were more universalistic in nature, which metamorphosed into more particularistic ones by late 19 th century. Discuss(200 words/10 Marks)

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##Question:Early 19th-centurysocial reformers were more universalistic in nature, which metamorphosed into more particularistic ones by late 19 th century. Discuss(200 words/10 Marks)##Answer:,

26,997

Write short notes on:(50 words|5 marks) 1. Ideas of Swami Vivekananda 2. Theories on formation of Indian National Congress

,

##Question:Write short notes on:(50 words|5 marks) 1. Ideas of Swami Vivekananda 2. Theories on formation of Indian National Congress##Answer:,

26,998

Explain the need to add DPSPs in the constitution. Also, analyse the rationale to keep them non- justiciable in nature.

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##Question:Explain the need to add DPSPs in the constitution. Also, analyse the rationale to keep them non- justiciable in nature.##Answer:.

26,999

Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (200 words| 10 marks) CSE Mains 2015

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##Question:Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (200 words| 10 marks) CSE Mains 2015 ##Answer:.

27,000

Briefly discuss the stages through which the present state of Directive Principles vis-à-vis Fundamental Rights has emerged. (200 words| 10 marks)

.

##Question:Briefly discuss the stages through which the present state of Directive Principles vis-à-vis Fundamental Rights has emerged. (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.

27,001

To what extent, justice has been done to the goals and objectives of Part IV of the constitution. (200 words

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##Question:To what extent, justice has been done to the goals and objectives of Part IV of the constitution. (200 words##Answer:,

27,002

Explain the difference between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. (200 words

,

##Question:Explain the difference between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. (200 words##Answer:,

27,003

Discuss the process of election and impeachment of President of India. Justify the indirect election process despite India being a Republic. (200 words| 10 marks)

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##Question:Discuss the process of election and impeachment of President of India. Justify the indirect election process despite India being a Republic. (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.

27,004

What are different types of Veto powers available to Indian President? Briefly explain the different cases where the President used it. (200 words| 10 marks)

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##Question:What are different types of Veto powers available to Indian President? Briefly explain the different cases where the President used it. (200 words| 10 marks) ##Answer:.

27,005

Discuss the discretionary powers of Indian President. (200 words| 10 marks)

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##Question:Discuss the discretionary powers of Indian President. (200 words| 10 marks) ##Answer:.

27,006

Discuss the impact of movement against partition of Bengal on India’s freedom struggle. (200 words

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##Question:Discuss the impact of movement against partition of Bengal on India’s freedom struggle. (200 words##Answer:,

27,007

निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्त में नोट लिखिए: (अ) सिविल सेवा (100 शब्द) (ब) डाईआर्ची (Diarchy) and द्विसदनीय व्यवस्था (100 शब्द)

.

##Question:निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्त में नोट लिखिए: (अ) सिविल सेवा (100 शब्द) (ब) डाईआर्ची (Diarchy) and द्विसदनीय व्यवस्था (100 शब्द)##Answer:.

27,009

Discuss the reasons for split of the Congress in the Surat session of 1907. (150 words

,

##Question:Discuss the reasons for split of the Congress in the Surat session of 1907. (150 words##Answer:,

27,010

Discuss the contribution of Militant Nationalists to Indian Freedom Struggle. (200 words

,

##Question:Discuss the contribution of Militant Nationalists to Indian Freedom Struggle. (200 words##Answer:,

27,011

Discuss the reasons for split of the Congress in the Surat session of 1907. (150 words

,

##Question:Discuss the reasons for split of the Congress in the Surat session of 1907. (150 words##Answer:,

27,013

Write a critical note on Morley-Minto reforms of 1909. (150 words)

,

##Question:Write a critical note on Morley-Minto reforms of 1909. (150 words)##Answer:,

27,014

किस हद तक भारतीय संविधान भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1935 से प्रभावित है| चर्चा कीजिए| शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द

.

##Question:किस हद तक भारतीय संविधान भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1935 से प्रभावित है| चर्चा कीजिए| शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द##Answer:.

27,015

पंथनिरपेक्षता को समझाइए| भारतीय पंथनिरपेक्षता पश्चिमी पंथनिरपेक्षता से किस प्रकार भिन्न है| चर्चा कीजिए| शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द

.

##Question:पंथनिरपेक्षता को समझाइए| भारतीय पंथनिरपेक्षता पश्चिमी पंथनिरपेक्षता से किस प्रकार भिन्न है| चर्चा कीजिए| शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द##Answer:.

27,016

Home Rule League Movement, led by Tilak and Annie Besant, was less charged but more effective as compared to other movement of the time. Comment (200 words

,

##Question:Home Rule League Movement, led by Tilak and Annie Besant, was less charged but more effective as compared to other movement of the time. Comment (200 words##Answer:,

27,017

Discuss Indian National Movement’s response to the World War I. (150 words

,

##Question:Discuss Indian National Movement’s response to the World War I. (150 words##Answer:,

27,018

What were the terms of Lucknow pact, 1916? Critically examine its impact on India’s freedom struggle?(150 words

,

##Question:What were the terms of Lucknow pact, 1916? Critically examine its impact on India’s freedom struggle?(150 words##Answer:,

27,019

Mahatma Gandhi’s entry into Indian politics was marked by a paradigm shift in India’s war of independence. Elucidate (200 words

,

##Question:Mahatma Gandhi’s entry into Indian politics was marked by a paradigm shift in India’s war of independence. Elucidate (200 words##Answer:,

27,020

How did Gandhi’s struggle in South Africa shape his thoughts and opinions and influence the course of nationalist struggle in India? (200 words

,

##Question:How did Gandhi’s struggle in South Africa shape his thoughts and opinions and influence the course of nationalist struggle in India? (200 words##Answer:,

27,021

The position of Indian President is that of influence but not power’. Critically analyze.(200 words

,

##Question:The position of Indian President is that of influence but not power’. Critically analyze.(200 words##Answer:,

27,022

Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. What are the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?(200 words

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##Question:Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. What are the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?(200 words##Answer:,

27,023

Indian President is not only vested with executive powers but also the legislative, judicial, military and diplomatic powers.Elaborate(200 words

,

##Question:Indian President is not only vested with executive powers but also the legislative, judicial, military and diplomatic powers.Elaborate(200 words##Answer:,

27,024

Discuss the pardoning powers of the President in detail. (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Discuss the pardoning powers of the President in detail. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:,

27,025