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thou bring the individual I have in view. He should be worshipped with respect (instead of being dragged hither with
irreverence).' The messenger having come to the place, did the very reverse of what he had been bidden to do. Attacking that
person, he brought him who had been forbidden by Yama to be brought. Possessed of great energy, Yama rose up at the sight
of the Brahmana and worshipped him duly. The king of the dead then commanded his messenger, saying, 'Let this one be taken
back, and let the other one be brought to me.' When the great judge of the dead said these words, that Brahmana addressed him
and said, 'I have completed my study of the Vedas and am no longer attached to the world. Whatever period may yet remain of
my mortal existence, I wish to pass, dwelling even here, O thou of unfading glory![346]
"Yama said, 'I cannot ascertain the exact period, ordained by Time, of one's life, and hence, unurged by Time, I cannot allow
one to take up one's residence here. I take note of the acts of righteousness (or otherwise) that one does in the world. Do thou,
O learned Brahmana of great splendour return immediately to thy abode. 'I ell me what also is in thy mind and what I can do
for thee, O thou of unfading glory!'
"The Brahmana said, 'Do thou tell me what those acts are by accomplishing which one may earn great merit. O best of all
beings, thou art the foremost of authorities (on the subject) even in the three worlds.'
"Yama said, 'Do thou hear, O regenerate Rishi, the excellent ordinances regarding gifts. The gift of sesame seeds is a very
superior one. It produces everlasting merit. O foremost of regenerate ones, one should make gifts of as much sesame as one
can. By making gifts of sesame every day, one is sure to attain the fruition of one's every wish. The gift of sesame at Sraddhas
is applauded. Verily the gift of sesame is a very superior one. Do thou make gifts of sesame unto the Brahmanas according to
the rites ordained in the scriptures. One should on the day of the full moon of the month of Vaisakha, make gilts of sesame unto
the Brahmanas. They should also be made to eat and to touch sesame on every occasion that one can afford. They that are
desirous of achieving what is beneficial to them should, with their whole souls, do this in their houses.[347] Without doubt,
men should similarly make gifts of water and establish resting places for the distribution of drinking water.[348] One should
cause tanks and lakes and wells to be excavated. Such acts are rare in the world, O best of regenerate persons! Do thou always
make gifts of water. This act is fraught with great merit. O best of regenerate persons, thou shouldst establish resting places
along the roads for the distribution of water. After one has eaten, the gift unto one should especially be made of water for
drink.'
"Bhishma continued, 'After Yama had said these words unto him, the messenger who had borne him from his abode conveyed
him back to it. The Brahmana, on his return, obeyed the instructions he had received. Having thus conveyed him back to his
abode the messenger of Yama fetched Sarmin who had really been sought by Yama. Taking Sarmin unto him, he informed his
master. Possessed of great energy, the judge of the dead worshipped that righteous Brahmana, and having conversed with him a
while dismissed him for being taken back to his abode. Unto him also Yama gave the same instructions. Sarmin, too, coming
back into the world of men, did all that Yama had said. Like the gift of water, Yama, from a desire of doing good to the Pitris,
applauds the gift of lamps to light dark places. Hence, the giver of a lamp for lighting a dark place is regarded as benefiting the
Pitris. Hence, O best of the Bharatas, one should always give lamps for lighting dark spots. The giving of lamps enhances the
visual power of the deities, the Pitris, and one's own self.[349] It has been said, O king, that the gift of gems is a very superior
gift. The Brahmana, who, having accepted a gift of gems, sells the same for performing a sacrifice, incurs no fault. The
Brahmana, who, having accepted a gift of gems makes a gift of them unto Brahmanas. acquires inexhaustible merit himself and
confers inexhaustible merit upon him from whom he had originally received them. Conversant with every duty Manu himself
has said that he, who, observant of proper restraints, earns makes a gift of gems unto a Brahmana observant of proper restraints
earns inexhaustible merit himself and confers inexhaustible merit upon the recipient. The man who is content with his own
wedded wife and who makes a gift of robes, earns an excellent complexion and excellent vestments for himself. I have told
thee, O foremost of men, what the merits are that attach to gifts of kine, of gold, and the sesame agreeably to deserve precepts
of the Vedas and the scriptures One should marry and raise offspring upon one's wedded wives. Of all acquisitions, O son of
Kuru's race, that of male issue is regarded as the foremost.'"
SECTION LXIX
"Yudhishthira said, 'Do thou, O foremost one of Kuru's race, discourse unto me once again of the excellent ordinance regarding
gifts, with especial reference, O thou of great wisdom, to the gift of earth. A Kshatriya should make gifts of earth unto a
Brahmana of righteous deeds. Such a Brahmana should accept the gift with due rites. None else, however, than a Kshatriya is
competent to make gifts of earth. It behoves thee now to tell me what these objects are that persons of all classes are free to
bestow if moved by the desire of earning merit. Thou shouldst also tell me what has been said in the Vedas on this subject.'
"Bhishma said, 'There are three gifts that go by the same name and that are productive of equal merits. Indeed, these three
confer the fruition of every wish. The three objects whose gifts are of such a character are kine, earth, and knowledge.[350]
That person who tells his disciple words of righteous import drawn from the Vedas acquires merit equal to that which is won
by making gifts of earth and kine. Similarly are kine praised (as objects of gifts). There is no object of gift higher than they.
Kine are supposed to confer merit immediately. They are also, O Yudhishthira, such that a gift of them cannot but lead to great
merit. Kine are the mothers of all creatures. They bestow every kind of happiness. The person that desires his own prosperity
should always make gifts of kine. No one should kick at kine or proceed through the midst of kine. Kine are goddesses and
homes of auspiciousness. For this reason, they always deserve worship. Formerly, the deities, while tilling the earth whereon
they performed a sacrifice, used the goad for striking the bullocks yoked to the plough. Hence, in tilling earth for such a
purpose, one may, without incurring censure or sin, apply the goad to bullocks. In other acts, however, bullocks should never
be struck with the goad or the whip When kine are grazing or lying down no one should annoy them in any way. When the
cows are thirsty and they do not get water (in consequence of any one obstructing their access to the pool or tank or river),
they, by merely looking at such a person, can destroy him with all his relatives and friends. What creatures can be more sacred
than kine when with the very dung of kine altars whereon Sraddhas are performed in honour of the Pitris, or those whereon the
deities are worshipped, are cleansed and sanctified? That man, who, before eating himself gives every day, for a year, only a
handful of grass unto a cow belonging to another, is regarded as undergoing a vow or observance which bestows the fruition of
every wish. Such a person ac-quires children and fame and wealth and prosperity, and dispels all evils and dreams.'
"Yudhishthira said, 'What should be the indications of those kine that deserve to be given away? What are those kine that
should be passed over in the matter of gifts? What should be the character of those persons unto whom kine should be given?
Who, again, are those unto whom kine should not be given?
"Bhishma said, 'A cow should never be given unto one that is not righteous in behaviour, or one that is sinful, or one that is
covetous or one that is untruthful in speech, or one that does not make offerings unto the Pitris and deities. A person, by
making a gift of ten kine unto a Brahmana learned in the Vedas, poor in earthly wealth, possessed of many children, and
owning a domestic are, attains to numerous regions of great felicity. When a man performs any act that is fraught with merit
assisted by what he has got in gift from another, a portion of the merit attaching to that act becomes always his with whose
wealth the act has been accomplished. He that procreates a person, he that rescues a person, and he that assigns the means of
sustenance to a person are regarded as the three sires. Services dutifully rendered to the preceptor destroys sin. Pride destroys
even great fame. The possession of three children destroys the reproach of childlessness, and the possession of ten kine dispels
the reproach of poverty. Unto one that is devoted to the Vedanta, that is endued with great learning, that has been filled with
wisdom, that has a complete control over his senses, that is observant of the restraints laid down in the scriptures, that has
withdrawn himself from all worldly attachments, unto him that says agreeable words unto all creatures, unto him that would
never do an evil act even when impelled by hunger, unto one that is mild or possessed of a peaceful disposition, unto one that is
hospitable to all guests,--verily unto such a Brahmana should a man, possessed of similar conduct and owning children and
wives, assign the means of sustenance. The measure of merit that attaches to the gift of kine unto a deserving person is exactly
the measure of the sin that attaches to the act of robbing a Brahmana of what belongs to him. Under all circumstances should
the spoliation of what belongs to a Brahmana be avoided, and his spouses kept at a distance.'"
SECTION LXX
"Bhishma said, 'In this connection, O perpetuator of Kuru's race, is recited by the righteous the narrative of the great calamity
that overtook king Nriga in consequence of his spoliation of what had belonged to a Brahmans. Some time before, certain
young men of Yadu's race, while searching for water, had come upon a large well covered with grass and creepers. Desirous of